Part 1: Theoretic background information - Review of Hooke’s law for linear elastic materials - The strain energy density of linear elastic materials - Hyperelastic material - Material laws for hyperelastic materials - About selecting the material model and performing tests - Implementation of hyperelastic material laws in Mechanica - Defining hyperelastic material parameters in Mechanica - Test set-ups and specimen shapes of the supported material tests - The uniaxial compression test - Stress and strain definitions in the Mechanica LDA analysis Part 2: Application examples - A test specimen subjected to uniaxial loading - A volumetric compression test - A planar test - Influence of the material law Appendix - PTC Simulation Services Introduction - Dictionary Technical English-German / Teil 1: Theoretische Hintergrundinformation - Das Hookesche Gesetz für linear-elastische Werkstoffe - Die Dehnungsenergiedichte für linear-elastische Materialien - Hyperelastisches Material - Materialgesetze für Hyperelastizität - Auswählen des Materialgesetzes und Testdurchführung - Implementierung der hyperelastischen Materialgesetze in Mechanica - Definieren der hyperelastischen Materialparameter in Mechanica - Testaufbauten und Prüfkörper der unterstützten Materialtests - Der einachsige Druckversuch - Spannungs- und Dehnungsdefinition in der Mechanica-Analyse mit großen Verformungen Teil 2: Anwendungsbeispiele - Ein einachsig beanspruchter Prüfkörper - Ein volumetrischer Drucktest - Ein planarer Test - Einfluss des Materialgesetzes Anhang: - Kurzvorstellung der PTC Simulationsdienstleistungen - Wörterbuch technisches Englisch-Deutsch

Die Arbeit dient der numerischen Simulation der Spurbildung in Asphaltstraßen und der Herstellung widerstandsfähiger Asphaltmischungen. Zur Modellbildung musste die physikalisch-mechanische Ursache der bleibenden Verformungen bei hohen Temperaturen geklärt werden. Im Gegensatz zu bisher existierenden Stoffmodellen ist in dieser Arbeit das Verhalten teilgesättigter granulerer Stoffe unter zyklischer Belastung als die Grundlage der Untersuchung gewählt worden. Diese zeigen bei entsprechend hoher Sättigung der Hohlräume des mineralischen Korngerüsts unter zyklischer Scherbeanspruchung und bei gleichzeitigem Druck das Phänomen der „zyklischen Mobilität”. Die Erklärung dafür ist die Verdichtungsneigung des Korngerüstes und die Inkompressibilität des Porenfluids, wodurch Porenüberdrücke entstehen. Zyklische Mobilität bedeutet den Abfall der Steifigkeit. Durch die Zunahme der Dehnungsamplituden infolge zyklischer Scherbelastung und der Irreversibilität des granularen Materials verursacht dieses Verhalten die erhöhte Spurbildungsneigung. Die richtige Modellwahl konnte durch systematische experimentelle Ergebnisse belegt werden. Die monotonen triaxialen Kompressionsversuche beweisen die Barotropie und Pyknotropie der Steifigkeit, der Festigkeit und der Dilatanz des mineralischen Korngerüstes. Durch Kompression unter zyklischem Scheren wird die Existenz eines optimalen Bitumengehalts bewiesen, bei welchem die höchste Dichte des Kornegerüstes erreicht werden kann. Bei Mischungen über dem optimalen Bindemittelgehalt wird der Porenfluidüberdruck durch Druckmessungen im Mörtel nachgewiesen. Für den Strassenbauasphalt ist erstmalig zur numerischen Simulation das aus Karlsruhe stammende, mit der „intergranularen Dehnung” erweiterte hypoplastische Stoffgesetz herangezogen worden. Den Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildet die Bestimmung der hypoplastischen Stoffparameter und die Überprüfung des gewählten Stoffgesetzes durch Nachrechnung von zyklischen Einfachscherversuchen und Triaxialversuchen. In einer selbstentwickelten Torsionszelle wird durch unmittelbare Messung gezeigt, dass der Bitumengehalt über dem Optimum die Schubsteifigkeit verringert. Die Triaxialversuche beweisen die Möglichkeit des Eintretens der zyklischen Mobilität und dadurch die extreme Neigung zur Spurbildung. Diese Messungen beweisen die praktische Bedeutung des optimalen Bitumengehaltes. Das positive Ergebnis der Überprüfung des genanntes Stoffgesetzes liefert die theoretische Unterstützung der experimentellen Ergebnisse. Diese können als Grundlage einer neuen Perspektive in der rechnerischen Prognose sowie beim Entwurf und bei der Herstellung von Asphaltmischungen dienen.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Marcelo_Roza.pdf: 1255109 bytes, checksum: 0fed736dcde7d2550d7d1cd31a009acb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-22 / Eleven dogs and four cats with buccodental alterations, treated in the Centro Veterinário do Gama, in Brasilia, DF, Brazil, were submitted to cone beam computed tomography. The exams were carried out in a i-CAT tomograph, using for the images acquisition six centimeters height, 40 seconds time, 0,2 voxel, 120 kilovolts (kV) and 46,72 milliampéres per second (mAs). The ideal positioning of the animal for the exam was also determined in this study and it proved to be fundamental for performing the exam, which required a simple and safe anesthetic protocol due to the relatively short time necessary in obtaining the images. Many alterations and diseases had been identified, with extreme accuracy of the images, becoming the cone beam computed tomography as a safe, accessible and feasible imaging method which could be included in the small animals dentistry routine diagnosis / A tomografia computadorizada é uma modalidade de diagnóstico utilizada na odontologia desde a década de 90, que apresenta uma série de vantagens sobre outros exames de imagem, como menor exposição à radiação ionizante, menor tempo na aquisição das imagens, dispensa do processamento químico e menor custo. O exame tomográfico de feixe cônico é empregado na odontologia humana, mas não foram encontrados na literatura consultada trabalhos científicos sobre o assunto. Este estudo teve por objetivo padronizar a tomografia de feixe cônico visando sua utilização na rotina da clínica veterinária de pequenos animais, utilizando pacientes atendidos na rotina clinica odontológica. Na padronização desenvolveu-se primeiramente um dispositivo que possibilitou o posicionamento dos pacientes no tomógrafo de feixe cônico e permitiu a aquisição das imagens de forma correta e sem repetições. Na seqüência estudaram-se os aspectos morfofuncionais da cabeça em cães e gatos e, num segundo momento avaliaram-se alterações dentárias em cães e gatos e temporomandibulares em gatos. O dispositivo desenvolvido e o exame tomográfico de feixe cônico mostraram-se apropriados para avaliar alterações buco dentarias em cães e gatos, podendo ser recomendado para essa finalidade diagnóstica

This thesis focuses on 3D computer graphics and the continuous maximisation of rendering quality and performance. Its main focus is the critical analysis of numerous real-time rendering algorithms and the construction of an empirically derived system for the high-speed rendering of shader-based special effects, lighting effects, shadows, reflection and refraction, post-processing effects and the processing of physics. This critical analysis allows us to assess the relationship between rendering quality and performance. It also allows for the isolation of key algorithmic weaknesses and possible bottleneck areas. Using this performance data, gathered during the analysis of various rendering algorithms, we are able to define a selection engine to control the real-time cycling of rendering algorithms and special effects groupings based on environmental conditions. Furthermore, as a proof of concept, to balance Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) load for and increased speed of execution, our selection system unifies the GPU and CPU as a single computational unit for physics processing and environmental mapping. This parallel computing system enables the CPU to process cube mapping computations while the GPU can be tasked with calculations traditionally handled solely by the CPU. All analysed and benchmarked algorithms were implemented as part of a modular rendering engine. This engine offers conventional first-person perspective input control, mesh loading and support for shader model 4.0 shaders (via Microsoft’s High Level Shader Language) for effects such as high dynamic range rendering (HDR), dynamic ambient lighting, volumetric fog, specular reflections, reflective and refractive water, realistic physics, particle effects, etc. The test engine also supports the dynamic placement, movement and elimination of light sources, meshes and spatial geometry. Critical analysis was performed via scripted camera movement and object and light source additions – done not only to ensure consistent testing, but also to ease future validation and replication of results. This provided us with a scalable interactive testing environment as well as a complete solution for the rendering of computationally intensive 3D environments. As a full-fledged game engine, our rendering engine is amenable to first- and third-person shooter games, role playing games and 3D immersive environments. Evaluation criteria (identified to access the relationship between rendering quality and performance), as mentioned, allows us to effectively cycle algorithms based on empirical results and to distribute specific processing (cube mapping and physics processing) between the CPU and GPU, a unification that ensures the following: nearby effects are always of high-quality (where computational resources are available), distant effects are, under certain conditions, rendered at a lower quality and the frames per second rendering performance is always maximised. The implication of our work is clear: unifying the CPU and GPU and dynamically cycling through the most appropriate algorithms based on ever-changing environmental conditions allow for maximised rendering quality and performance and shows that it is possible to render high-quality visual effects with realism, without overburdening scarce computational resources. Immersive rendering approaches used in conjunction with AI subsystems, game networking and logic, physics processing and other special effects (such as post-processing shader effects) are immensely processor intensive and can only be successfully implemented on high-end hardware. Only by cycling and distributing algorithms based on environmental conditions and through the exploitation of algorithmic strengths can high-quality real-time special effects and highly accurate calculations become as common as texture mapping. Furthermore, in a gaming context, players often spend an inordinate amount of time fine-tuning their graphics settings to achieve the perfect balance between rendering quality and frames-per-second performance. Using this system, however, ensures that performance vs. quality is always optimised, not only for the game as a whole but also for the current scene being rendered – some scenes might, for example, require more computational power than others, resulting in noticeable slowdowns, slowdowns not experienced thanks to our system’s dynamic cycling of rendering algorithms and its proof of concept unification of the CPU and GPU. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Computer Science / unrestricted

The diploma thesis deals with the design of the heating and cooling system, inclu-ding hot water preparation for the administrative part of the production hall. The first part of the thesis briefly discusses the history of heating and cooling of office buildings, legislative requirements and current solutions. The second part contains the design of the entire heating and cooling system with heat pump as a source of heat and cold. The final part of the thesis describes the experimental measure-ment and evaluation of the efficiency of the ice rink source.

The work consists of two parts. The first part is focused on the determination of an anti-skid properties of the test section on Vídenská street. The anti-skid properties will be measured using a pendulum tester and macrotexture will be set at the same time. Microtexture will be measured using a volumetric patch technique. In the second part we will try to gain an initial experience with design and testing of a low noise stone mastic asphalt. We will set basic characteristics and at the same time compare with a standard stone mastic asphalt. For the comparison two various bituminous binders are used. The water sensitivity, resistance against rutting and stiffness moduli are compared.

Aim of this diploma thesis is to choose new pattern wax for Fimes a.s. foundry. New wax should substitute old not fully satisfactory pattern wax which caused problems in technological process resulting in increased number of rejects. New pattern wax should eliminate current problems and help foundry with producing large, thin-walled, high-quality castings. Numbers of pattern waxes supplied by world’s leading wax manufacturers were subjected to laboratory tests and pilot study. This diploma thesis is part of project Alfa TA01010766: „Research and development of production technology large, thin and high quality castings of aluminium alloys “

Cette étude a pour objectif principal d’établir une stratégie de modélisation robuste, fiable et performante pour décrire des propagations de fissures d’échelle centimétrique en régime ductile dans des composants industriels. Le modèle d’endommagement de GTN écrit en grandes déformations est utilisé pour modéliser l’endommagement ductile. Ce modèle conduit généralement à une localisation de la déformation, conformément à l’expérience. L’échelle caractéristique de ce phénomène est introduite dans les équations de comportement via l’adoption d’une formulation non locale.Sur le plan numérique, ce modèle non local rend bien compte de la localisation dans une bande d’épaisseur donnée lorsqu’on raffine suffisamment le maillage. Par ailleurs, le problème de verrouillage numérique associé au caractère initialement isochore de la déformation plastique est limité en utilisant une formulation à base d’éléments finis mixtes. Enfin, la distorsion des éléments totalement cassés (i.e. sans rigidité apparente), qui pourrait nuire à la bonne convergence des simulations numériques, est traitée par une régularisation viscoélastique.L’ensemble de ces ingrédients sont appliqués pour simuler la propagation de fissure dans un milieu infini plasticité confinée), de sorte à établir un lien avec les approches globales en J-Δa. L’émoussement, l’amorçage et la (grande) propagation de fissure sont bien prédits. Le modèle est également appliqué à une tuyauterie métallique testée en grandeur réelle dans le cadre du projet européen Atlas+. Après une phase d’identification des paramètres sur éprouvette, les réponses globales et locales d’autres éprouvettes et du tube sont confrontés aux résultats expérimentaux. Ces résultats illustrent le degré de robustesse, de fiabilité et de performance qu’on peut attendre du modèle. / The major goal of this work is to establish a robust, reliable and efficient modeling technique so as to describe ductile tearing over a distance of several centimeters in industrial cases. The GTN damage model expressed in the context of finite strains is chosen to model ductile damage. Generally, the model leads to strain localization in agreement with experimental observations. The characteristic length scale of this phenomenon is introduced into the constitutive equations through the use of a nonlocal formulation.On a numerical ground, the nonlocal model controls the width of the localization band as soon as the mesh is sufficiently refined. Besides, the issue of volumetric-locking associated with plastic incompressibility is handled using a mixed finite element formulation. Finally, the distortion of broken elements (i.e. without any stiffness), which may affect the computational convergence of numerical simulations, is treated using a viscoelastic regularization.The improved GTN model is applied to simulate crack propagation under small-scale yielding conditions, so as to establish a relation with the global (J-Δa) approach. Crack tip blunting, crack initiation and (large) crack propagation are well captured. The model is also applied to a full-scale metallic pipe in the framework of the UE project Atlas+. After a phase of parameter calibration based on the experimental results on some small specimens, the global and local responses of other small specimens and of the full-scale pre-cracked pipe are compared with the experimental results. The results illustrates the robustness, the reliability and the efficiency of the current model.

Part 1: Theoretic background information - Review of Hooke’s law for linear elastic materials - The strain energy density of linear elastic materials - Hyperelastic material - Material laws for hyperelastic materials - About selecting the material model and performing tests - Implementation of hyperelastic material laws in Mechanica - Defining hyperelastic material parameters in Mechanica - Test set-ups and specimen shapes of the supported material tests - The uniaxial compression test - Stress and strain definitions in the Mechanica LDA analysis Part 2: Application examples - A test specimen subjected to uniaxial loading - A volumetric compression test - A planar test - Influence of the material law Appendix - PTC Simulation Services Introduction - Dictionary Technical English-German / Teil 1: Theoretische Hintergrundinformation - Das Hookesche Gesetz für linear-elastische Werkstoffe - Die Dehnungsenergiedichte für linear-elastische Materialien - Hyperelastisches Material - Materialgesetze für Hyperelastizität - Auswählen des Materialgesetzes und Testdurchführung - Implementierung der hyperelastischen Materialgesetze in Mechanica - Definieren der hyperelastischen Materialparameter in Mechanica - Testaufbauten und Prüfkörper der unterstützten Materialtests - Der einachsige Druckversuch - Spannungs- und Dehnungsdefinition in der Mechanica-Analyse mit großen Verformungen Teil 2: Anwendungsbeispiele - Ein einachsig beanspruchter Prüfkörper - Ein volumetrischer Drucktest - Ein planarer Test - Einfluss des Materialgesetzes Anhang: - Kurzvorstellung der PTC Simulationsdienstleistungen - Wörterbuch technisches Englisch-Deutsch

Part 1: Theoretic background information - Review of Hooke’s law for linear elastic materials - The strain energy density of linear elastic materials - Hyperelastic material - Material laws for hyperelastic materials - About selecting the material model and performing tests - Implementation of hyperelastic material laws in Mechanica - Defining hyperelastic material parameters in Mechanica - Test set-ups and specimen shapes of the supported material tests - The uniaxial compression test - Stress and strain definitions in the Mechanica LDA analysis Part 2: Application examples - A test specimen subjected to uniaxial loading - A volumetric compression test - A planar test - Influence of the material law Appendix - PTC Simulation Services Introduction - Dictionary Technical English-German / Teil 1: Theoretische Hintergrundinformation - Das Hookesche Gesetz für linear-elastische Werkstoffe - Die Dehnungsenergiedichte für linear-elastische Materialien - Hyperelastisches Material - Materialgesetze für Hyperelastizität - Auswählen des Materialgesetzes und Testdurchführung - Implementierung der hyperelastischen Materialgesetze in Mechanica - Definieren der hyperelastischen Materialparameter in Mechanica - Testaufbauten und Prüfkörper der unterstützten Materialtests - Der einachsige Druckversuch - Spannungs- und Dehnungsdefinition in der Mechanica-Analyse mit großen Verformungen Teil 2: Anwendungsbeispiele - Ein einachsig beanspruchter Prüfkörper - Ein volumetrischer Drucktest - Ein planarer Test - Einfluss des Materialgesetzes Anhang: - Kurzvorstellung der PTC Simulationsdienstleistungen - Wörterbuch technisches Englisch-Deutsch