Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:48:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FabianoP_DISSERT.pdf: 3905877 bytes, checksum: 0721827c114aec9f61c1c690dc27dd1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-05 / The visualization of three-dimensional(3D)images is increasigly being sed in the area of medicine, helping physicians diagnose desease. the advances achived in scaners esed for acquisition of these 3d exames, such as computerized tumography(CT) and Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI), enable the generation of images with higher resolutions, thus, generating files with much larger sizes. Currently, the images of computationally expensive one, and demanding the use of a righ and computer for such task. The direct remote acess of these images thruogh the internet is not efficient also, since all images have to be trasferred to the user?s equipment before the 3D visualization process ca start. with these problems in mind, this work proposes and analyses a solution for the remote redering of 3D medical images, called Remote Rendering (RR3D). In RR3D, the whole hedering process is pefomed a server or a cluster of servers, with high computational power, and only the resulting image is tranferred to the client, still allowing the client to peform operations such as rotations, zoom, etc. the solution was developed using web services written in java and an architecture that uses the scientific visualization packcage paraview, the framework paraviewWeb and the PACS server DCM4CHEE.The solution was tested with two scenarios where the rendering process was performed by a sever with graphics hadwere (GPU) and by a server without GPUs. In the scenarios without GPUs, the soluction was executed in parallel with several number of cores (processing units)dedicated to it. In order to compare our solution to order medical visualization application, a third scenario was esed in the rendering process, was done locally. In all tree scenarios, the solution was tested for different network speeds. The solution solved satisfactorily the problem with the delay in the transfer of the DICOM files, while alowing the use of low and computers as client for visualizing the exams even, tablets and smart phones / A visualiza??o de imagens tridimensionais (3D) est? cada vez mais presente na ?rea da medicina, auxiliando os m?dicos no diagn?stico de doen?as e na emiss?o de laudos. Com o avan?o dos equipamentos que geram imagens tomogr?ficas dos pacientes, como os de Tomografia Computadorizada (TC), est?o sendo geradas imagens cada vez mais n?tidas e, portanto, com resolu??es e tamanhos maiores. Atualmente, as imagens contidas em um exame de TC geralmente ocupam o tamanho de dezenas e centenas de megabytes, tornando o processo de visualiza??o 3D cada vez mais pesado - exigindo do usu?rio um equipamento com bom poder computacional. O acesso remoto ? estas imagens, via internet por exemplo, tamb?m n?o ? muito eficiente, pois todas as imagens precisam ser transferidas para o equipamento do usu?rio antes que o processo de visualiza??o 3D seja iniciado. Diante destes problemas (tamanho das imagens e acesso remoto), este trabalho envolve a cria??o e an?lise de um servi?o web para renderiza??o remota de imagens m?dicas 3D, denominado RR3D. Nele, todo o processo de renderiza??o volum?trica ser? realizado por um servidor, ou cluster de servidores, com alto poder computacional e somente a imagem 3D resultante ser? enviada ao cliente, permitindo que este ainda possa fazer opera??es como rota??o, zoom etc. O servi?o web ser? desenvolvido utilizando a linguagem Java e na arquitetura do projeto ser?o utilizados o programa de visualiza??o cient?fica Paraview, o framework ParaviewWeb e o servidor DCM4CHEE

The development of new technologies in the production of concrete over time is allowing increase its compressive strength, workability and durability. Despite their many advantages, concrete has limitations related to its fragile behavior in the presence of tensile loads. An alternative to solve this problem is the use of fibers in the concrete, getting a composite material that has different characteristics of the original material. Seeking collaborate with the evaluation about the efficiency of different fiber types, this work analyses the behavior of fluid concrete reinforced with steel fibers, subjected to tensile loads, evaluating the influence of shape factor and volumetric fraction. The ability of flow has served as a reference for concrete can be used on parts with high rates of reinforcement, whose compacting is not fully efficient. However, because it is a cementitious matrix, the concentration of tensile strength on these points of high rates of reinforcement, may trigger a harmful process of cracking. Are analyzed in this work the effects of the incorporation of steel fibers in the workability, the incorporated air content, the compressive strength, the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. Additionally, a comparison is made between the relationship of the compression strength and tensile of the experimental results with the theoretical relationships of the tensile strength found in the literature , and finally, was seek by the mixture rules evaluate whose parameters of the study are more influents on the behavior of the new composite. For this, were used specimens tests cylindrical of dimensions of 10cm x 20cm of fluid concrete with regular resistance, with percentage of steel fiber of 0,4% and 0,8% of the cement mass and shape factors of 33, 50 and 80, for each of the percentage, in tests of tensile by diametrical compression. Obtained results allowed display, from changes in shape factor and volumetric fraction added to fluid cementitious matrix, that fibers with larger shape factor and higher volumetric fraction tend to be more efficient in the tensile strength of fluid composites. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias na produção do concreto ao longo do tempo vem permitindo elevar a sua resistência à compressão, trabalhabilidade e durabilidade. Apesar de suas muitas vantagens, o concreto apresenta limitações relacionadas ao seu comportamento frágil quando na presença de esforços de tração. Uma alternativa para contornar este problema é a utilização de fibras no concreto, obtendo-se assim um material compósito que possui características diferentes do material original. Buscando colaborar na avaliação da eficiência de diferentes tipos de fibras, o presente trabalho analisa o comportamento de concretos fluidos reforçados com fibras de aço, submetidos à tensões de tração, avaliando a influência do fator de forma e da fração volumétrica. A capacidade de fluir tem servido de referência para que o concreto possa ser utilizado em peças com altas taxas de armadura, cujo adensamento não é totalmente eficiente. Entretanto, por se tratar de uma matriz cimentícia, a concentração de tensões de tração nesses pontos de alta taxa de armadura pode desencadear um processo nocivo de fissuração. São analisados no trabalho os efeitos da incorporação de fibras de aço na trabalhabilidade, no teor de ar incorporado, na resistência à compressão, na resistência à tração e no módulo de elasticidade. Adicionalmente, é executada uma comparação entre a relação das resistências à compressão e à tração dos resultados experimentais com a relação teórica da resistência à tração encontrada na literatura, e por fim, buscou-se através da regra das misturas avaliar quais os parâmetros de estudos são mais influentes no comportamento do novo compósito. Para isso, foram utilizados corpos-de-prova cilíndricos de dimensões de 10cm x 20cm de concreto fluido de resistência usual, com teor de fibras de aço de 0,4% e 0,8% da quantidade de cimento em massa e com fatores de forma de 33, 50 e 80, para cada um dos teores, em ensaios de tração por compressão diametral. Os resultados obtidos permitiram visualizar, a partir das modificações no fator de forma e na fração volumétrica adicionadas a matriz cimentícia fluida, que fibras com maior fator de forma e maior fração volumétrica tendem a ser mais eficientes na resistência à tração dos compósitos fluidos.

Os gliomas de vias ópticas (GVO) representam 5% dos tumores cerebrais pediátricos e geralmente aparecem histologicamente como astrocitomas de baixo grau. Por causa do curso imprevisto dos GVO, as opções de tratamento ainda são controversas, envolvendo vigilância, cirurgia, quimioterapia e radioterapia. Neste estudo, realizamos a análise volumétricas de gliomas de vias ópticas envolvendo as regiões óptico-quiasmáticas e hipotalâmica (GOQH) para comparar a evolução as neoplasias tratadas com e sem quimioterapia, comparando o volume e componentes das lesões. Foram analisados retrospectivamente 14 pacientes com (GOQH) que foram submetidos a Ressonância Magnética em nosso departamento de janeiro de 2000 a outubro de 2015. Um total de 45 RM de encéfalo foram incluídas, com uma média de 3,2 estudos/paciente. A avaliação das lesões foi realizada manualmente por um Neurorradiologista, usando o Software DISPLAY. Quatro destes pacientes eram portadores de NF-1. Oito foram tratados com quimioterapia, sendo carboplatina e vincristina (Carbo/VCR) os agentes de primeira linha. As medidas volumétricas foram realizadas com separação entre os componentes sólidos e císticos das neoplasia, usando as sequências FLAIR e T1 pós contraste, com o apoio de imagens ponderadas em T1 e T2. Um aumento de aproximadamente 30% do volume para as lesões sólidas e uma redução de 19,4% no volume das lesões sólido-císticas foram observados no período global após o tratamento com quimioterapia, porém ambos sem significância estatística. Entre os pacientes não tratados, observou-se uma redução de 16,6 % do volume global das lesões durante o período de acompanhamento. A avaliação da eficácia do tratamento para pacientes com GOQH é difícil, dada a raridade de casos e heterogeneidade radiológica. Os dados de algumas publicações argumentam que o valor da quimioterapia é controverso e não se correlaciona com a resposta radiológica. Em nosso estudo observamos uma pequena redução do volume de neoplasias entre os pacientes tratados e não tratados com quimioterapia, porém sem significância estatística. Ensaios clínicos prospectivos são necessários para melhor avaliar o efeito da quimioterapia sobre OPG. / Optic pathway gliomas (OPG) represent 5% of pediatric brain tumors and generally appear histologically as low-grade astrocytomas. Because of the unpredictable course of OPG, adequate treatment method has been controversial, involving surveillance, surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In this study, we use volumetric imaging to compare evolution between OPG treated with and without chemotherapy, analyzing the volume and components of the lesions. We retrospectively analyzed 14 patients with OPG who underwent MRI in our department from January 2000 to October 2015. A total of 45 brain MRI were included, with an average of 3,2 studies/patient. The assessment of lesions was manually performed by a neuroradiologist, using software DISPLAY. Four of these patients had NF-1. Eight were treated with chemotherapy, using carboplatin and vincristine (Carbo/VCR) as first-line agents. Volumetric measurements of tumors were segmented into solid and cystic components using FLAIR and T1 weighted images after Gadolinium sequences, with support of T1 and T2 weighted images. An increase of approximately 30% of volume for solid lesions and a decrease of 19,4% for solid-cystic lesions were noted following chemotherapy in overall period, both with no statistical significance. Among patients not treated with chemotherapy, we observed a reduction of 16% in overall volume of the lesions Evaluation of treatment efficacy for OPG patients is difficult, given the rarity of cases and radiological heterogeneity. Data from some publications argued that the value of chemotherapy is controversial and does not correlate with radiological response. From our study we observed a small volume reduction of neoplasms among patients treated and not treated with chemotherapy. Larger prospective clinical trials are needed to better evaluate the effect of chemotherapy on OPG.

O interesse pela quantificação da biomassa florestal vem crescendo muito nos últimos anos, sendo este crescimento relacionado diretamente ao potencial que as florestas tem em acumular carbono atmosférico na sua biomassa. A biomassa florestal pode ser acessada diretamente, por meio de inventário, ou através de modelos empíricos de predição. A construção de modelos de predição de biomassa envolve a mensuração das variáveis e o ajuste e seleção de modelos estatísticos. A partir de uma amostra destrutiva de de 200 indivíduos de dez essências florestais distintas advindos da região de Linhares, ES., foram construídos modelos de predição empíricos de biomassa aérea visando futuro uso em projetos de reflorestamento. O processo de construção dos modelos consistiu de uma análise das técnicas de obtenção dos dados e de ajuste dos modelos, bem como de uma análise dos processos de seleção destes a partir do critério de Informação de Akaike (AIC). No processo de obtenção dos dados foram testadas a técnica volumétrica e a técnica gravimétrica, a partir da coleta de cinco discos de madeira por árvore, em posições distintas no lenho. Na técnica gravimétrica, estudou-se diferentes técnicas de composição do teor de umidade dos discos para determinação da biomassa, concluindo-se como a melhor a que utiliza a média aritmética dos discos da base, meio e topo. Na técnica volumétrica, estudou-se diferentes técnicas de composição da densidade do tronco com base nas densidades básicas dos discos, concluindo-se que em termos de densidade do tronco, a média aritmética das densidades básicas dos cinco discos se mostrou como melhor técnica. Entretanto, quando se multiplica a densidade do tronco pelo volume deste para obtenção da biomassa, a utilização da densidade básica do disco do meio se mostrou superior a todas as técnicas. A utilização de uma densidade básica média da espécie para determinação da biomassa, via técnica volumétrica, se apresentou como uma abordagem inferior a qualquer técnica que utiliza informação da densidade do tronco das árvores individualmente. Por fim, sete modelos de predição de biomassa aérea de árvores considerando seus diferentes compartimentos foram ajustados, a partir das funções de Spurr e Schumacher-Hall, com e sem a inclusão da altura como variável preditora. Destes modelos, quatro eram gaussianos e três eram lognormais. Estes mesmos sete modelos foram ajustados incluindo a medida de penetração como variável preditora, totalizando quatorze modelos testados. O modelo de Schumacher-Hall se mostrou, de maneira geral, superior ao modelo de Spurr. A altura só se mostrou efetiva na explicação da biomassa das árvores quando em conjunto com a medida de penetração. Os modelos selecionados foram do grupo que incluíram a medida de penetração no lenho como variável preditora e , exceto o modelo de predição da biomassa de folhas, todos se mostraram adequados para aplicação na predição da biomassa aérea em áreas de reflorestamento. / Forest biomass measurement implies a destructive procedure, thus forest inventories and biomass surveys apply indirect procedure for the determination of biomass of the different components of the forest (wood, branches, leaves, roots, etc.). The usual approch consists in taking a destructive sample for the measurment of trees attributes and an empirical relationship is established between the biomass and other attributes that can be directly measured on standing trees, e.g., stem diameter and tree height. The biomass determination of felled trees can be achived by two techniques: the gravimetric technique, that weights the components in the field and take a sample for the determination of water content in the laboratory; and the volumetric technique, that determines the volume of the component in the field and take a sample for the determination of the wood specific gravity (wood basic density) in the laboratory. The gravimetric technique applies to all components of the trees, while the volumetric technique is usually restricted to the stem and large branches. In this study, these two techniques are studied in a sample fo 200 trees of 10 different species from the region of Linhares, ES. In each tree, 5 cross-sections of the stem were taken to investigate the best procedure for the determination of water content in gravimetric technique and for determination of the wood specific gravity in the volumetric technique. Also, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to compare different statistical models for the prediction o tree biomass. For the stem water content determination, the best procedure as the aritmetic mean of the water content from the cross-sections in the base, middle and top of the stem. In the determination of wood specific gravity, the best procedure was the aritmetic mean of all five cross-sections discs of the stem, however, for the determination of the biomass, i.e., the product of stem volume and wood specific gravity, the best procedure was the use of the middle stem cross-section disc wood specific gravity. The use of an average wood specific gravity by species showed worse results than any procedure that used information of wood specific gravity at individual tree level. Seven models, as variations of Spurr and Schumacher-Hall volume equation models, were tested for the different tree components: wood (stem and large branches), little branches, leaves and total biomass. In general, Schumacher-Hall models were better than Spurr based models, and models that included only diameter (DBH) information performed better than models with diameter and height measurements. When a measure of penetration in the wood, as a surrogate of wood density, was added to the models, the models with the three variables: diameter, height and penetration, became the best models.

The work described in this thesis is part of the Open Space project, a collaboration between Linköping University, NASA and the American Museum of Natural History. The long-term goal of Open Space is a multi-purpose, open-source scientific visualization software. The thesis covers the research and implementation of a pipeline for preparing and rendering volumetric data. The developed pipeline consists of three stages: A data formatting stage which takes data from various sources and prepares it for the rest of the pipeline, a pre-processing stage which builds a tree structure of of the raw data, and finally an interactive rendering stage which draws a volume using ray-casting. The pipeline is a fully working proof-of-concept for future development of Open Space, and can be used as-is to render space weather data using a combination of suitable data structures and an efficient data transfer pipeline. Many concepts and ideas from this work can be utilized in the larger-scale software project.

Recently, the supercritical carbon dioxide (s-CO2) Brayton cycle has been identified as a promising candidate for solar-thermal energy conversion due to its potentially high thermal efficiency (50%, for turbine inlet temperatures of ~ 1000 K). Realization of such a system requires development of solar receivers which can raise the temperature of s-CO2 by over 200 K, to a receiver outlet temperature of 1000 K. Volumetric receivers are an attractive alternative to tubular receivers due to their geometry, functionality and reduced thermal losses. A concept of a ceramic pressurized volumetric receiver for s-CO2 has been developed in this work. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis along with a Discrete Ordinate method (DOM) radiation heat transfer model has been carried out, and the results for temperature distribution in the receiver and the resulting thermal efficiency are presented. Issues regarding material selection for the absorber structure, window, coating, receiver body and insulation are also addressed. A modular small scale prototype with 0.5 kWth solar heat input has been designed. The design of a small scale s-CO2 loop for testing this receiver module is also presented in this work. There is a lot of ongoing investigation for design and simulation of different configurations of heat exchangers and solar receivers using s-CO2 as the working fluid, in which wall temperatures up to 1000 K are encountered. While CO2 is considered to be transparent as far as solar radiation spectrum is concerned, there may be considerable absorption of radiation in the longer wavelength range associated with radiation emission from the heated cavity walls and tubes inside the receivers. An attempt has been made, in this study, to include radiation modelling to capture the effect of absorption bands of s-CO2 and the radiative heat transfer among the equipment surfaces. As a case study, a numerical study has been performed to evaluate the contribution of radiative heat transfer as compared to convection and conduction, for s-CO2 flow through a circular pipe. The intent is to provide a guideline for future research to determine the conditions for which radiation heat transfer modelling inside the pipe can be significant, and what errors can be expected otherwise. The effect of parameters such as Reynolds number, pipe diameter, length to diameter ratio, wall emissivity and total wall heat flux has been studied. The effect of radiation modelling on wall temperatures attained for certain amount of heat flux to be transferred to s-CO2 is also studied. The resulting temperature distribution, in turn, affects the estimation of heat loss to the environment

Semantic interoperability (SI) of a product model refers to automatic exchange of meaning associated with the product data, among applications/domains throughout the product development cycle. In the product development cycle, several applications (engineering design, industrial design, manufacturing, supply chain, marketing, maintenance etc.) and different engineering domains (mechanical, electrical, electronic etc.) come into play making the ability to exchange product data with semantics very significant. With product development happening in multiple locations with multiple tools/systems, SI between these systems/domains becomes important. The thesis presents a feature-based framework for shape model to address these SI issues when exchanging shape models. Problem of exchanging semantics associated with shape model to support the product lifecycle has been identified and explained. Different types of semantic interoperability issues pertaining to the shape model have been identified and classified. Features in a shape model can be associated with volume addition/subtraction to/from base-solid, deformation/modification of base-sheet/base surface, forming of material of constant thickness. The DIFF model has been extended to represent, classify and extract Free-Form Surface Features (FFSFs) and deformation features in a part model. FFSFs refer to features that modify a free-form surface. Deformation features are created in constant thickness part models, for example, deformation of material (as in sheet-metal parts) or forming of material (as in injection molded parts with constant thickness), also referred to as constant thickness features. Volumetric features covered in the DIFF model have been extended to classify and represent volumetric features based on relative variations of cross-section and PathCurve. Shape feature ontology is described based on unified feature taxonomy with definitions and labels of features as defined in the extended DIFF model. Features definitions are used as intermediate and unambiguous representation for shape features. The feature ontology is used to capture semantics of shape features. The proposed ontology enables reasoning to handle semantic equivalences between feature labels, and is used to map shape features from a source to target applications. Reasoning framework for identification of semantically equivalent feature labels and representations for the feature being exchanged across multiple applications is presented and discussed. This reasoning framework is used to associate multiple construction paths for a feature and associate applicable meanings from the ontology. Interface is provided to select feature label for a target application from the list of labels which are semantically equivalent for the feature being exchanged/mapped. Parameters for the selected feature label can be mapped from the DIFF representation; the feature can then be represented/constructed in the target application using the feature label and mapped parameters. This work shows that product model with feature information (feature labels and representations), as understood by the target application, can be exchanged and maintained in such a way that multiple applications can use the product information as their understandable labels and representations. Finally, the thesis concludes by summarizing the main contributions and outlining the scope for future work.

Le matériau terre peut apporter une réponse face aux problèmes que les constructions modernes rencontrent en termes d’enjeux sociétaux, économiques et écologiques. Cependant, les difficultés à comprendre et à prédire son comportement représente un obstacle au développement de cette technique dans les pays développés. Cette thèse s’insère dans un projet de recherche appelé « Primaterre » et financé par l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche française (ANR). Il vise à apporter les connaissances scientifiques nécessaires afin de pallier ce manque et aider à établir des règlementations adaptées. Ce travail s’intéresse plus particulièrement à l’impact de l’eau sur le comportement mécanique de la matrice fine du matériau, qui a un impact essentiel sur le comportement du matériau dans son ensemble. Cette matrice est constituée de sables, de limons, et d’argiles, et ce sur trois types de terres prélevées sur d’anciennes constructions en pisé. Afin de réaliser des échantillons les plus identiques et homogènes possible, un moule a tout d’abord été conçu, ce qui a permis de travailler avec des échantillons cylindriques de 3,5cm de diamètre et 7cm de hauteur. Une cellule triaxiale a été utilisée et, la seconde étape a été de concevoir les dispositifs permettant la mesure des déformations axiales et radiales, le conditionnement à température contrôlée et l’imposition d’un flux d’air humide variable de part et d’autre de l’échantillon. Différents types d’essais ont alors pu être réalisés : des essais triaxiaux à différent taux d’humidité relative ainsi que des essais de gonflement. Les paramètres mécaniques obtenus ont pu être analysés à la lumière des caractéristiques matériaux mesurées en parallèle. Enfin, l’analyse des essais de gonflement a été menée à bien à l’aide d’un modèle numérique, et ce afin de pouvoir évaluer des paramètres caractéristiques plus complexes. Ce travail de thèse se conclut par une étude supplémentaire, visant à évaluer l’impact du changement de taille d’échantillon sur les paramètres mécaniques mesurés précédemment. Ces essais ont été effectués sur des échantillons approximativement deux fois plus grands, et grâce à un dispositif expérimental plus simple, utilisant la mesure par corrélation d’images. / Earthen buildings can provide an answer to face difficulties in modern constructions in both terms of sociology, economics as well as ecology. However, the difficulty to understand and to predict their behavior prevent the spreading of this technique in developed countries. This PhD is part of a research program called “Primaterre” and founded by the French National Agency for Research. It aims at providing the necessary scientific knowledge to overcome this lack and at helping the creation of appropriate standards. This work is more precisely focusing on the impact of water on the mechanical behavior of the fine proportion of the material, including sand, silt and clay, and on three different earths coming from existing rammed earth constructions. In order to be able to produce samples as identical and homogeneous as possible, a mold has first been designed, which enable to manufacture cylindrical samples with diameter of 3.5cm and height of 7cm. A triaxial cell was used and, the second step was to design different devices allowing the measurement of axial and radial deformations, the conditioning at constant temperature, and the command of a variable moist air flux at both sides of the sample. Different types of tests have thus been realized : triaxial tests at different relative humidity, as well as swelling tests. The mechanical parameters thus obtained have been analyzed in comparison with material characteristics measured in parallel. Finally, results of swelling tests have been analysed using numerical modelling, in order to assess more complex material characteristics. This thesis work ends with an additional study, aiming at evaluating the impact of scale change on the mechanical parameters previously measured. Tests have been conducted on sample approximatively twice larger, and thanks to a simpler experimental device using measurement through image correlation.

La modélisation géométrique a été l'un des sujets les plus étudiés pour la représentation des structures anatomiques dans le domaine médical. Aujourd'hui, il n'y a toujours pas de méthode bien établie pour modéliser la forme d'un organe. Cependant, il y a plusieurs types d'approches disponibles et chaque approche a ses forces et ses faiblesses. La plupart des méthodes de pointe utilisent uniquement l'information surfacique mais un besoin croissant de modéliser l'information volumique des objets apparaît. En plus de la description géométrique, il faut pouvoir différencier les objets d'une population selon leur forme. Cela nécessite de disposer des statistiques sur la forme dans organe dans une population donné. Dans ce travail de thèse, on utilise une représentation capable de modéliser les caractéristiques surfaciques et internes d'un objet. La représentation choisie (s-rep) a en plus l'avantage de permettre de déterminer les statistiques de forme pour une population d'objets. En s'appuyant sur cette représentation, une procédure pour modéliser le cortex cérébral humain est proposée. Cette nouvelle modélisation offre de nouvelles possibilités pour analyser les lésions corticales et calculer des statistiques de forme sur le cortex. La deuxième partie de ce travail propose une méthodologie pour décrire de manière paramétrique l'intérieur d'un objet. La méthode est flexible et peut améliorer l'aspect visuel ou la description des propriétés physiques d'un objet. La modélisation géométrique enrichie avec des paramètres physiques volumiques est utilisée pour la simulation d'image par résonance magnétique pour produire des simulations plus réalistes. Cette approche de simulation d'images est validée en analysant le comportement et les performances des méthodes de segmentations classiquement utilisées pour traiter des images réelles du cerveau. / Geometric modeling has been one of the most researched areas in the medical domain. Today, there is not a well established methodology to model the shape of an organ. There are many approaches available and each one of them have different strengths and weaknesses. Most state of the art methods to model shape use surface information only. There is an increasing need for techniques to support volumetric information. Besides shape characterization, a technique to differentiate objects by shape is needed. This requires computing statistics on shape. The current challenge of research in life sciences is to create models to represent the surface, the interior of an object, and give statistical differences based on shape. In this work, we use a technique for shape modeling that is able to model surface and internal features, and is suited to compute shape statistics. Using this technique (s-rep), a procedure to model the human cerebral cortex is proposed. This novel representation offers new possibilities to analyze cortical lesions and compute shape statistics on the cortex. The second part of this work proposes a methodology to parameterize the interior of an object. The method is flexible and can enhance the visual aspect or the description of physical properties of an object. The geometric modeling enhanced with physical parameters is used to produce simulated magnetic resonance images. This image simulation approach is validated by analyzing the behavior and performance of classic segmentation algorithms for real images.

La thèse est principalement centrée sur l'étude de la résolution verticale des diagraphies. On outre, l'arithmétique floue est appliquée aux modèles expérimentaux pétrophysiques en vue de transmettre l'incertitude des données d'entrée aux données de sortie, ici la saturation irréductible en eau et la perméabilité. Les diagraphies sont des signaux digitaux dont les données sont des mesures volumétriques. Le mécanisme d'enregistrement de ces données est modélisé par des fonctions d'appartenance floues. On a montré que la Résolution Verticale de la Fonction d'Appartenance (VRmf) est supérieur d'espacement. Dans l'étape suivante, la fréquence de Nyquist est revue en fonction du mécanisme volumétrique de diagraphie ; de ce fait, la fréquence volumétrique de Nyquist est proposée afin d'analyser la précision des diagraphies. Basé sur le modèle de résolution verticale développée, un simulateur géométrique est conçu pour générer les registres synthétiques d'une seule couche mince. Le simulateur nous permet d'analyser la sensibilité des diagraphies en présence d'une couche mince. Les relations de régression entre les registres idéaux (données d'entrée de ce simulateur) et les registres synthétiques (données de sortie de ce simulateur) sont utilisées comme relations de déconvolution en vue d'enlever l'effet des épaules de couche d'une couche mince sur les diagraphies GR, RHOB et NPHI. Les relations de déconvolution ont bien été appliquées aux diagraphies pour caractériser les couches minces. Par exemple, pour caractériser une couche mince poreuse, on a eu recours aux données de carottage qui étaient disponibles pour la vérification : NPHI mesuré (3.8%) a été remplacé (corrigé) par 11.7%. NPHI corrigé semble être plus précis que NPHI mesuré, car la diagraphie a une valeur plus grande que la porosité de carottage (8.4%). Il convient de rappeler que la porosité totale (NPHI) ne doit pas être inférieure à la porosité effective (carottage). En plus, l'épaisseur de la couche mince a été estimée à 13±7.5 cm, compatible avec l'épaisseur de la couche mince dans la boite de carottage (<25 cm). Normalement, l'épaisseur in situ est inférieure à l'épaisseur de la boite de carottage, parce que les carottes obtenues ne sont plus soumises à la pression lithostatique, et s'érodent à la surface du sol. La DST est appliquée aux diagraphies, et l'intervalle d'incertitude de DST est construit. Tandis que la VRmf des diagraphies GR, RHOB, NPHI et DT est ~60 cm, la VRmf de l'intervalle d'incertitude est ~15 cm. Or, on a perdu l'incertitude de la valeur de diagraphie, alors que la VRmf est devenue plus précise. Les diagraphies ont été ensuite corrigées entre l'intervalle d'incertitude de DST avec quatre simulateurs. Les hautes fréquences sont amplifiées dans les diagraphies corrigées, et l'effet des épaules de couche est réduit. La méthode proposée est vérifiée dans les cas synthétiques, la boite de carottage et la porosité de carotte. L'analyse de partitionnement est appliquée aux diagraphies NPHI, RHOB et DT en vue de trouver l'intervalle d'incertitude, basé sur les grappes. Puis, le NPHI est calibré par la porosité de carottes dans chaque grappe. Le √MSE de NPHI calibré est plus bas par rapport aux cinq modèles conventionnels d'estimation de la porosité (au minimum 33% d'amélioration du √MSE). Le √MSE de généralisation de la méthode proposée entre les puits voisins est augmenté de 42%. L'intervalle d'incertitude de la porosité est exprimé par les nombres flous. L'arithmétique floue est ensuite appliquée dans le but de calculer les nombres flous de la saturation irréductible en eau et de la perméabilité. Le nombre flou de la saturation irréductible en eau apporte de meilleurs résultats en termes de moindre sous-estimation par rapport à l'estimation nette. Il est constaté que lorsque les intervalles de grappes de porosité ne sont pas compatibles avec la porosité de carotte, les nombres flous de la perméabilité ne sont pas valables. / In the subsurface geology, characterization of geological beds by well-logs is an uncertain task. The thesis mainly concerns studying vertical resolution of well-logs (question 1). In the second stage, fuzzy arithmetic is applied to experimental petrophysical relations to project the uncertainty range of the inputs to the outputs, here irreducible water saturation and permeability (question 2). Regarding the first question, the logging mechanism is modelled by fuzzy membership functions. Vertical resolution of membership function (VRmf) is larger than spacing and sampling rate. Due to volumetric mechanism of logging, volumetric Nyquist frequency is proposed. Developing a geometric simulator for generating synthetic-logs of a single thin-bed enabled us analysing sensitivity of the well-logs to the presence of a thin-bed. Regression-based relations between ideal-logs (simulator inputs) and synthetic-logs (simulator outputs) are used as deconvolution relations for removing shoulder-bed effect of thin-beds from GR, RHOB and NPHI well-logs. NPHI deconvolution relation is applied to a real case where the core porosity of a thin-bed is 8.4%. The NPHI well-log is 3.8%, and the deconvolved NPHI is 11.7%. Since it is not reasonable that the core porosity (effective porosity) be higher than the NPHI (total porosity), the deconvolved NPHI is more accurate than the NPHI well-log. It reveals that the shoulder-bed effect is reduced in this case. The thickness of the same thin-bed was also estimated to be 13±7.5 cm, which is compatible with the thickness of the thin-bed in the core box (<25 cm). Usually, in situ thickness is less than the thickness of the core boxes, since at the earth surface, there is no overburden pressure, also the cores are weathered. Dempster-Shafer Theory (DST) was used to create well-log uncertainty range. While the VRmf of the well-logs is more than 60 cm, the VRmf of the belief and plausibility functions (boundaries of the uncertainty range) would be about 15 cm. So, the VRmf is improved, while the certainty of the well-log value is lost. In comparison with geometric method, DST-based algorithm resulted in a smaller uncertainty range of GR, RHOB and NPHI logs by 100%, 71% and 66%, respectively. In the next step, cluster analysis is applied to NPHI, RHOB and DT for the purpose of providing cluster-based uncertainty range. Then, NPHI is calibrated by core porosity value in each cluster, showing low √MSE compared to the five conventional porosity estimation models (at least 33% of improvement in √MSE). Then, fuzzy arithmetic is applied to calculate fuzzy numbers of irreducible water saturation and permeability. Fuzzy number of irreducible water saturation provides better (less overestimation) results than the crisp estimation. It is found that when the cluster interval of porosity is not compatible with the core porosity, the permeability fuzzy numbers are not valid, e.g. in well#4. Finally, in the possibilistic approach (the fuzzy theory), by calibrating α-cut, the right uncertainty interval could be achieved, concerning the scale of the study.