This study investigates the effect of the debt counselling procedure, as well as the other provisions of the National Credit Act, on the choice of the debtor or creditor to make use of the sequestration procedure in terms of the Insolvency Act. The Insolvency Act and the procedures it makes available are discussed in detail. There are two distinguishable options, namely voluntary surrender and compulsory sequestration, and particular focus is placed on the 'advantage to creditors' requirement. This requirement is of the utmost importance because the court will seldom if ever grant a sequestration order if it cannot be proven that the creditors will gain at least some form of benefit from it. The ‘advantage’ requirement is also applicable with regards to compulsory sequestration, but the onus of proof is not as strict as with voluntary surrender. The aim of this requirement is to protect creditors so that they could at least recover part of their debt. The second chapter deals with the procedure in accordance with section 74 of the Magistrates Court Act, referred to as an administration order. This is another type of debt relief available to debtors. However, there are strict requirements that have to be met before a debtor will be allowed to make use of this procedure. These requirements include that the debt owed by the debtor should not exceed R50 000 and the composition of the debt should not be complicated. This procedure is not applied very often as very few debtors owe less that R50 000. The procedures brought into life by the Credit Act are of the utmost importance for this study. The Credit Act added various new terms to the law, including overindebtedness, reckless credit, debt counselling and debt review. Each of these terms’ meaning and their effect on current procedures, as prescribed by legislation, are analysed. Following various court judgments it has become clear that the Credit Act has in fact changed the legal position drastically. In my opinion the debtor is afforded much more protection in terms of the Credit Act when it is compared to the protection that he received in terms of the Insolvency Act. Various mandatory steps were added which a creditor, or credit provider in terms of the Credit Act, must comply with before he will be allowed to claim a debt from a debtor, or consumer in terms of the Credit Act. This creates a situation where the creditor is sometimes disadvantaged since the debtor is granted a reprieve and the period he is allowed to repay his debts is often extended without the consent or input from the creditor. As soon as a debt restructuring order has been made by court, the creditor cannot take the decision on review. Regarding the relationship between insolvency procedures and debt review, it has happened on more than one occasion that creditors as well as debtors have made use of sequestration procedures only then to be forced by the courts to rather make use of debt review. This means that both creditors and debtors no longer have a choice regarding which procedure, and in accordance with which act, they would like to pursue. I am of the opinion that despite this there still is a place for both procedures in South African law. The best procedure to follow would depend on the special circumstances of each individual case. / Thesis (LL.M.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

This study investigates the effect of the debt counselling procedure, as well as the other provisions of the National Credit Act, on the choice of the debtor or creditor to make use of the sequestration procedure in terms of the Insolvency Act. The Insolvency Act and the procedures it makes available are discussed in detail. There are two distinguishable options, namely voluntary surrender and compulsory sequestration, and particular focus is placed on the 'advantage to creditors' requirement. This requirement is of the utmost importance because the court will seldom if ever grant a sequestration order if it cannot be proven that the creditors will gain at least some form of benefit from it. The ‘advantage’ requirement is also applicable with regards to compulsory sequestration, but the onus of proof is not as strict as with voluntary surrender. The aim of this requirement is to protect creditors so that they could at least recover part of their debt. The second chapter deals with the procedure in accordance with section 74 of the Magistrates Court Act, referred to as an administration order. This is another type of debt relief available to debtors. However, there are strict requirements that have to be met before a debtor will be allowed to make use of this procedure. These requirements include that the debt owed by the debtor should not exceed R50 000 and the composition of the debt should not be complicated. This procedure is not applied very often as very few debtors owe less that R50 000. The procedures brought into life by the Credit Act are of the utmost importance for this study. The Credit Act added various new terms to the law, including overindebtedness, reckless credit, debt counselling and debt review. Each of these terms’ meaning and their effect on current procedures, as prescribed by legislation, are analysed. Following various court judgments it has become clear that the Credit Act has in fact changed the legal position drastically. In my opinion the debtor is afforded much more protection in terms of the Credit Act when it is compared to the protection that he received in terms of the Insolvency Act. Various mandatory steps were added which a creditor, or credit provider in terms of the Credit Act, must comply with before he will be allowed to claim a debt from a debtor, or consumer in terms of the Credit Act. This creates a situation where the creditor is sometimes disadvantaged since the debtor is granted a reprieve and the period he is allowed to repay his debts is often extended without the consent or input from the creditor. As soon as a debt restructuring order has been made by court, the creditor cannot take the decision on review. Regarding the relationship between insolvency procedures and debt review, it has happened on more than one occasion that creditors as well as debtors have made use of sequestration procedures only then to be forced by the courts to rather make use of debt review. This means that both creditors and debtors no longer have a choice regarding which procedure, and in accordance with which act, they would like to pursue. I am of the opinion that despite this there still is a place for both procedures in South African law. The best procedure to follow would depend on the special circumstances of each individual case. / Thesis (LL.M.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Providing mental health care to involuntary mental health care users (MHCUs) is challenging and an ethical adversity nurses often have to deal with. The literature, in general, indicates that nurses might possess coping and resiliency in the work environment where they are often faced with adversities. However there is a paucity of information regarding the resilience of nurses providing mental health care (MHC) to involuntary MHCUs. Therefore the research objectives explored the resilience of nurses using the Connor-Davidson scale (CD-RISC), to explore and describe how nurses cope and strengthen their resilience in providing MHC to involuntary MHCUs and to formulate guidelines to strengthen the resilience of these nurses to provide quality nursing care in the work environment where MHCUs are often involuntarily admitted. To achieve these objectives, the research followed both a qualitative and quantitative approach and an exploratory and descriptive design which was contextual in nature. A convenience sampling method was used to achieve a sample size of 28 participants, who were handed questionnaires to complete, containing demographical information, the CD-RISC and a narrative. A response rate of 85.7% was reached. Quantitative data was analysed by using the SPSS programme while data from narratives, for the qualitative data, were grouped and themed. The results in the first phase indicated that resiliency was high amongst participants, as the mean score of the CD-RISC was 79.9 out of a total score of 100; whilst only one participant scored below 50. The mean for the highest scores was on item 25 (pride in your achievements) (3.8) and item 10 (best effort no matter what) (3.6) and two critical aspects which scored low were item 18 (make unpopular or difficult decisions) and item 19 (can handle unpopular feelings) (2.3) amongst participants. Interestingly, the majority of participants (66.7%) do not have training in psychiatric nursing. In the second phase, two themes were identified from the questions. The first theme “Coping mechanisms” identified four methods to cope with involuntary MHCUs. These subthemes are “support system”, “knowledge, skills and experience”, “nurse-patient relationship” and “spirituality and selfcare”. The second theme “Resilience strategies” brought forth five subthemes as follows: “support”, “trained staff”, “security measures and safety”, “teamwork” and “in-service training and education”. Conclusions suggest that nurses are resilient to provide MHC for involuntary MHCUs. Furthermore, they take pride in their achievements and have passion for their work. On the contrary, they find it difficult to make unpopular decisions which affect others and to handle unpleasant feelings. This is indicative of internal conflict and difficulty in being assertive. Nurses take pride in their achievements and want to give nursing care that’s in the best interest of the MHCUs whilst they feel that they might not always be able to do so due to the involuntary nature of the MHCUs admission and treatment. Recommendations for nursing practice, namely guidelines to strengthen the resilience of nurses providing mental health care to involuntary MHCUs could be developed from the research findings. Facilitating assertiveness and a supportive environment might strengthen resilience and should be addressed by management and supervisors. Recommendations for nursing education and further research were also formulated. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Providing mental health care to involuntary mental health care users (MHCUs) is challenging and an ethical adversity nurses often have to deal with. The literature, in general, indicates that nurses might possess coping and resiliency in the work environment where they are often faced with adversities. However there is a paucity of information regarding the resilience of nurses providing mental health care (MHC) to involuntary MHCUs. Therefore the research objectives explored the resilience of nurses using the Connor-Davidson scale (CD-RISC), to explore and describe how nurses cope and strengthen their resilience in providing MHC to involuntary MHCUs and to formulate guidelines to strengthen the resilience of these nurses to provide quality nursing care in the work environment where MHCUs are often involuntarily admitted. To achieve these objectives, the research followed both a qualitative and quantitative approach and an exploratory and descriptive design which was contextual in nature. A convenience sampling method was used to achieve a sample size of 28 participants, who were handed questionnaires to complete, containing demographical information, the CD-RISC and a narrative. A response rate of 85.7% was reached. Quantitative data was analysed by using the SPSS programme while data from narratives, for the qualitative data, were grouped and themed. The results in the first phase indicated that resiliency was high amongst participants, as the mean score of the CD-RISC was 79.9 out of a total score of 100; whilst only one participant scored below 50. The mean for the highest scores was on item 25 (pride in your achievements) (3.8) and item 10 (best effort no matter what) (3.6) and two critical aspects which scored low were item 18 (make unpopular or difficult decisions) and item 19 (can handle unpopular feelings) (2.3) amongst participants. Interestingly, the majority of participants (66.7%) do not have training in psychiatric nursing. In the second phase, two themes were identified from the questions. The first theme “Coping mechanisms” identified four methods to cope with involuntary MHCUs. These subthemes are “support system”, “knowledge, skills and experience”, “nurse-patient relationship” and “spirituality and selfcare”. The second theme “Resilience strategies” brought forth five subthemes as follows: “support”, “trained staff”, “security measures and safety”, “teamwork” and “in-service training and education”. Conclusions suggest that nurses are resilient to provide MHC for involuntary MHCUs. Furthermore, they take pride in their achievements and have passion for their work. On the contrary, they find it difficult to make unpopular decisions which affect others and to handle unpleasant feelings. This is indicative of internal conflict and difficulty in being assertive. Nurses take pride in their achievements and want to give nursing care that’s in the best interest of the MHCUs whilst they feel that they might not always be able to do so due to the involuntary nature of the MHCUs admission and treatment. Recommendations for nursing practice, namely guidelines to strengthen the resilience of nurses providing mental health care to involuntary MHCUs could be developed from the research findings. Facilitating assertiveness and a supportive environment might strengthen resilience and should be addressed by management and supervisors. Recommendations for nursing education and further research were also formulated. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Text in Afrikaans / The background for this study is a survey undertaken by a cluster of congregations in the Wonderboom area of Pretoria, which revealed that their youth ministries are becoming increasingly ineffective. This worldwide trend is related to the reality that traditional program-based approaches to youth ministry not longer reach modern young people. This study proposes that a choice be made for a relationship based youth ministry that focuses on the communication of faith through the building of relationships of trust between adult mentors and the youth. Churches and the youth would benefit from choosing a relationship-based youth ministry. A relational approach demands enough volunteer youth workers who are qualified to work with contemporary adolescents. The study therefore proposes guidelines for the recruitment, selection, training and utilisation of volunteer youth workers, as well as for the implementation of a relational youth ministry in the Dutch Reformed Church. / Die agtergrond tot hierdie studie is 'n ondersoek van die Ring van Wonderboom wat bevind het dat gemeentes in die Ring se jeugbedieninge toenemend minder effeklief raak. Die wereldwye tendens hou daarmee verband dat kerke se tradisionele, programgerigte benaderings nie meer daarin slaag om die hedendaagse jeug le bereik nie. Die studie stel voor dal daar eerder gekies moet word vir 'n verhoudingsgerigte jeugbediening wal daarop ingestel is om geloof te kommunikeer deur diepgaande vertrouensverhoudings tussen die jeug en volwasse mentors daar le stel. Die keuse vir 'n verhoudingsgerigte jeugbediening hou besliste voordele vir die kerke en die jeug in. Die benadering vereis genoeg vrywillige jeugwerkers wat geskool en gemotiveerd is om met die hedendaagse jeug te werk. Die studie gee daarom riglyne vir die werwing, keuring, skoling en aanwending van vrywillige jeugwerkers, asook vir die implementering van 'n verhoudingsgerigte jeugbediening in die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / M. Diac. (Jeugwerk)

Text in Afrikaans / The background for this study is a survey undertaken by a cluster of congregations in the Wonderboom area of Pretoria, which revealed that their youth ministries are becoming increasingly ineffective. This worldwide trend is related to the reality that traditional program-based approaches to youth ministry not longer reach modern young people. This study proposes that a choice be made for a relationship based youth ministry that focuses on the communication of faith through the building of relationships of trust between adult mentors and the youth. Churches and the youth would benefit from choosing a relationship-based youth ministry. A relational approach demands enough volunteer youth workers who are qualified to work with contemporary adolescents. The study therefore proposes guidelines for the recruitment, selection, training and utilisation of volunteer youth workers, as well as for the implementation of a relational youth ministry in the Dutch Reformed Church. / Die agtergrond tot hierdie studie is 'n ondersoek van die Ring van Wonderboom wat bevind het dat gemeentes in die Ring se jeugbedieninge toenemend minder effeklief raak. Die wereldwye tendens hou daarmee verband dat kerke se tradisionele, programgerigte benaderings nie meer daarin slaag om die hedendaagse jeug le bereik nie. Die studie stel voor dal daar eerder gekies moet word vir 'n verhoudingsgerigte jeugbediening wal daarop ingestel is om geloof te kommunikeer deur diepgaande vertrouensverhoudings tussen die jeug en volwasse mentors daar le stel. Die keuse vir 'n verhoudingsgerigte jeugbediening hou besliste voordele vir die kerke en die jeug in. Die benadering vereis genoeg vrywillige jeugwerkers wat geskool en gemotiveerd is om met die hedendaagse jeug te werk. Die studie gee daarom riglyne vir die werwing, keuring, skoling en aanwending van vrywillige jeugwerkers, asook vir die implementering van 'n verhoudingsgerigte jeugbediening in die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Diac. (Jeugwerk)

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / Across the world children are affected by factors such as poverty, HIV/AIDS, divorce and loss. More organisations are getting involved in the training of voluntary counsellors. Although these counsellors have the necessary theoretical knowledge they still experience problems in working effectively with these children. Possible reasons for this are these counsellors' own unfinished issues and loss. Within this study the focus is on creating awareness for counsellors within training situations from a Gestalt approach. As part of the fulfilment of the literature study an empirical study has been done. A qualitative study with a small portion of quantitative research has been done with the implementation of a training programme for voluntary counsellors. Various mediums were used to create heightened self-awareness with regard to various topics. Training guidelines are than given for creating awareness within training situations for voluntary counsellors. / Dwarsoor die wereld word kinders beinvloed deur faktore soos armoede, HIV/VIGS, egskeiding en verlies. Al meer organisasies, soos Philippi Trust Namibia, raak betrokke in die opleiding van vrywillige beraders, ten einde bekostigbare dienste vir hierdie kinders daar te stel. Alhoewel hierdie beraders oor voldoende teoretiese kennis beskik, ervaar hulle steeds probleme om effektief met kinders te werk. Moontlike redes is vrywillige beraders se eie onvoltooidhede en verlies. Binne hierdie studie word op die bewusmaking van beraders binne opleidingsituasies gefokus ten einde selfbelewing daar te stel. 'n Literatuurstudie is gedoen waartydens aspekte bekom is: teoretiese perspektief op die volgende > Bewustheid en die vrywillige berader vanuit die Gestalt-benadering. > Riglyne binne opleidingsituasies vir verhoogde bewustheidsbelewing. Deur bogenoemde teoretiese perspektief word die eerste navorsingsdoelwit van die studie beantwoord. Ter aanvulling van die literatuurstudie is empiriese ondersoek ondermeem. Kwalitatiewe studie met kleiner komponent van kwantitatiewe navorsing is voltooi deur die implementering van 'n program vir vrywillige beraders. Die program het oor vyf dae geskied. Verskeie mediums is gebruik om selfbelewing rondom spesifieke onderwerpe te verhoog. Deur bogenoemde empiriese ondersoek word die tweede doelwit van die studie beantwoord. Na aanleiding van die studie word opleidingsriglyne vir die verhoging van bewustheid binne opleidingsituasies vir vrywillige beraders daargestel. / Social work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / Across the world children are affected by factors such as poverty, HIV/AIDS, divorce and loss. More organisations are getting involved in the training of voluntary counsellors. Although these counsellors have the necessary theoretical knowledge they still experience problems in working effectively with these children. Possible reasons for this are these counsellors' own unfinished issues and loss. Within this study the focus is on creating awareness for counsellors within training situations from a Gestalt approach. As part of the fulfilment of the literature study an empirical study has been done. A qualitative study with a small portion of quantitative research has been done with the implementation of a training programme for voluntary counsellors. Various mediums were used to create heightened self-awareness with regard to various topics. Training guidelines are than given for creating awareness within training situations for voluntary counsellors. / Dwarsoor die wereld word kinders beinvloed deur faktore soos armoede, HIV/VIGS, egskeiding en verlies. Al meer organisasies, soos Philippi Trust Namibia, raak betrokke in die opleiding van vrywillige beraders, ten einde bekostigbare dienste vir hierdie kinders daar te stel. Alhoewel hierdie beraders oor voldoende teoretiese kennis beskik, ervaar hulle steeds probleme om effektief met kinders te werk. Moontlike redes is vrywillige beraders se eie onvoltooidhede en verlies. Binne hierdie studie word op die bewusmaking van beraders binne opleidingsituasies gefokus ten einde selfbelewing daar te stel. 'n Literatuurstudie is gedoen waartydens aspekte bekom is: teoretiese perspektief op die volgende > Bewustheid en die vrywillige berader vanuit die Gestalt-benadering. > Riglyne binne opleidingsituasies vir verhoogde bewustheidsbelewing. Deur bogenoemde teoretiese perspektief word die eerste navorsingsdoelwit van die studie beantwoord. Ter aanvulling van die literatuurstudie is empiriese ondersoek ondermeem. Kwalitatiewe studie met kleiner komponent van kwantitatiewe navorsing is voltooi deur die implementering van 'n program vir vrywillige beraders. Die program het oor vyf dae geskied. Verskeie mediums is gebruik om selfbelewing rondom spesifieke onderwerpe te verhoog. Deur bogenoemde empiriese ondersoek word die tweede doelwit van die studie beantwoord. Na aanleiding van die studie word opleidingsriglyne vir die verhoging van bewustheid binne opleidingsituasies vir vrywillige beraders daargestel. / Social work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

South Africa has already implemented three tax–amnesty programmes: the Second Small Business Tax Amnesty 10 of 2006, the Exchange Control Amnesty Act 12 of 2003 and the Tax Amnesty Act 19 of 1995. In the 2010 budget announcement the Minister of Finance, Mr. Pravin Gordan, announced that there will be another chance for taxpayers to get their tax affairs in order with the Voluntary Disclosure Programme. The main goal of this study is to determine whether the Voluntary Disclosure Programme will prove to be effective or not. The research method utilised is based on an advanced literature study. The secondary goals are as follows: * to obtain a thorough knowledge regarding the three previous tax–amnesties that was implemented in South Africa. A prediction as to the success of the Voluntary Disclosure Programme can be made when using the total number of applications received and the amount of revenue that was received by the previous amnesties, as a measure of success; * to obtain a thorough knowledge of other countries' amnesty–programs, including the following: Australia, Ireland, Canada and the United Kingdom. Their experience and successes regarding their amnesty–programs will be used to predict the success of the Voluntary Disclosure Programme; an * to determine whether the Voluntary Disclosure Programme can be declared as fair. This study indicated that the Voluntary Disclosure Programme may not be effective and that it may have a negative impact on the tax compliance of taxpayers. A recommendation from this study is that the government should win the trust of taxpayers, which will lead to an automatic improvement in tax compliance. This study indicated that the tax amnesty programs should not be used as a mechanism to enhance tax compliance. An issue that needs further exploration is the impact that the Voluntary Disclosure Programme will have in the long–term on tax compliance in South Africa. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tax))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

South Africa has already implemented three tax–amnesty programmes: the Second Small Business Tax Amnesty 10 of 2006, the Exchange Control Amnesty Act 12 of 2003 and the Tax Amnesty Act 19 of 1995. In the 2010 budget announcement the Minister of Finance, Mr. Pravin Gordan, announced that there will be another chance for taxpayers to get their tax affairs in order with the Voluntary Disclosure Programme. The main goal of this study is to determine whether the Voluntary Disclosure Programme will prove to be effective or not. The research method utilised is based on an advanced literature study. The secondary goals are as follows: * to obtain a thorough knowledge regarding the three previous tax–amnesties that was implemented in South Africa. A prediction as to the success of the Voluntary Disclosure Programme can be made when using the total number of applications received and the amount of revenue that was received by the previous amnesties, as a measure of success; * to obtain a thorough knowledge of other countries' amnesty–programs, including the following: Australia, Ireland, Canada and the United Kingdom. Their experience and successes regarding their amnesty–programs will be used to predict the success of the Voluntary Disclosure Programme; an * to determine whether the Voluntary Disclosure Programme can be declared as fair. This study indicated that the Voluntary Disclosure Programme may not be effective and that it may have a negative impact on the tax compliance of taxpayers. A recommendation from this study is that the government should win the trust of taxpayers, which will lead to an automatic improvement in tax compliance. This study indicated that the tax amnesty programs should not be used as a mechanism to enhance tax compliance. An issue that needs further exploration is the impact that the Voluntary Disclosure Programme will have in the long–term on tax compliance in South Africa. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tax))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.