Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención: Fitotecnia / Se realizó un ensayo para evaluar el efecto fitotóxico de dos herbicidas, bentazon y fomesafen, sobre dos variedades de poroto verde para consumo fresco, Venus INIA y Magnum, y su efecto sobre el rendimiento y calidad de las vainas. Se trabajó con 5 tratamientos, incluyendo dos dosis de bentazon (1,0 y 1,2 L i.a. /ha), dos de fomesafen (0,25 y 0,37 L i.a. /ha) y un testigo sin herbicidas, los que se aplicaron en tercera hoja trifoliada para ambas variedades de poroto verde. Esta investigación se realizó en la Estación Experimental Agronómica Antumapu, de la Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas de la Universidad de Chile, comuna de La Pintana, Región Metropolitana. En forma independiente, para cada variedad se hicieron observaciones para determinar posible daño por fitotoxicidad y se midió a la cosecha: ancho, largo, peso fresco, número de vainas, vainas curvas, vainas deformes y rendimiento. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos, no se encontraron síntomas de daño visual por fitotoxicidad en ninguna variedad. En Venus, no se encontraron diferencias significativas para el largo y el número de vainas. La aplicación de fomesafen en esta variedad produjo vainas de menor ancho y peso fresco comparado con el testigo. En el rendimiento se experimentó diferencias estadísticas solo con bentazon a 1,2 L i.a. /ha. En Magnum, no se registraron diferencias estadísticas para las características de la vaina como ancho, largo y peso fresco con el uso de bentazon y fomesafen. Además el rendimiento no se vio afectado con el uso de estos herbicidas aplicados en tercera hoja trifoliada. En ambas variedades se presentaron vainas curvas y deformes que no representaron diferencias estadísticas. / A trial was conducted to assess the phytotoxic effects by applying two herbicides, bentazon and fomesafen, on two green bean varieties for fresh consumption, Venus INIA and Magnum and its effect on yield and pod quality. Five treatments consisting of two doses of bentazon (1.0 and 1.2 L ai / ha), two doses of fomesafen (0.25 and 0.37 L ai / ha) and a control without application were applied in the third trifoliate leaf stage, for both green bean varieties. This research was conducted in Antumapu Agricultural Experimental Station, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Chile, located in the commune of La Platina, Metropolitan Region. Independently for each variety, observations were made to determine phytotoxicity and possible damage to crops. Width, length, fresh weigth, number of pods, pods curved, misshapen pods and yield were measured. According to the results, there were no visual symptoms of phytotoxicity damage in any variety. For Venus, there were no significant differences for length and number of pods. The application of fomesafen produced wider pods and pods with lower fresh weight compared to the control. Yield was tested with only statistical difference of 1.2 L ai bentazon / ha. For Magnum, there were no statistical differences for the pod characteristics such as width, length and fresh weight between the use of bentazon and fomesafen. Moreover, the yield was not affected by the use of these herbicides applied in the third trifoliate leaf. In both varieties presented curves and deformed pods that did not represent statistical differences.

By the discovery of the therapeutic properties of ultra-violet light, vast possibilities in the treatment of all tubercular lesions have been opened up. Not the least important of these lesions is lupus vulgaris, which until now has, in many cases, obstinately defied cure. The ultra-violet light universal bath, while still in its childhood regarding experience of technique, etc., has already proved itself the greatest curative agent yet discovered for lupus vulgaris, producing dramatic results in many an old-standing case which has resisted every other method of treatment. In this Thesis I shall endeavour to show the marvellous results of carbon arc-light baths in lupus vulgaris, and though the improvement may appear slow, we must allow for the amount of destruction of shin in the disease, and its many years' duration in most cases.

Objectives: In this pilot study, our intention was to ascertain what formulation of a carbohydrate-derived fulvic acid (CHD-FA) topical applicator was optimal for patients to use during a larger study where the efficacy of fulvic acid (CHD-FA) in treating moderate acne vulgaris will be investigated. Methods: 15 individuals with inflammatory acne with an acne grade of III or lower were asked to volunteer for the study. They were split into 3 groups. Each group was asked to use a different formulation (a cream base, gel base and wet applicator formulation) each week. After each week, the individuals returned to fill out a questionnaire evaluating the formulation they used that week. They were also examined by the clinician for any possible side effects, and given the next formulation to use for the following week. The trial was 3 weeks long, and after using all 3 formulations the individuals were asked to fill out a final questionnaire evaluating all 3 formulations. The clinician was also asked to fill out a questionnaire giving his/her opinion on the formulations. Results: The results did not give conclusive evidence of one particular formulation being favored above all the others. All the formulations performed more or less equally as well. According to the final questionnaire, 6 out of the 15 individuals were most satisfied with the wet applicator, 4 out of 15 preferred the cream base and 5 out of 15 preferred the gel base. 5 out of 15 individuals were least satisfied with the wet applicator, 3 out of 15 with the cream base, and 7 out of 15 were least satisfied with the gel. While there was no conclusive indication for one particular formulation, there were some common complaints or observations by individuals about each formulation. Most individuals said the wet applicator had an initial burning sensation to the skin upon application, but it disappeared a few seconds after application. Many individuals said they felt the cream base was oily and made the skin appear oily after application. The gel base was said to smell the worst, along with the wet applicator, while the cream smelt the least. A few individuals complained that the gel left a residue on the skin. Conclusion: While the study did not give a clear indication of one particular formulation that was preferred by individuals, it did produce interesting results that can be used to make some of the formulations more favourable. In the main trial, further investigation will be done to optimize the formulation. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Pharmacology / unrestricted

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2015-10-20T10:34:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 380322 bytes, checksum: 37682b534964b0f0822d32e21e27fd28 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-20T10:34:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 380322 bytes, checksum: 37682b534964b0f0822d32e21e27fd28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Entre os estados produtores, Minas Gerais ocupa a segunda posição, sendo precedido apenas pelo Paraná. Entre os tipos de feijão mais cultivados no Brasil estão o carioca e o preto; entretanto, outros tipos de grãos, embora de menor expressão nacional, têm importância regionalizada, como é o caso do feijão-vermelho, amplamente cultivado na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. Assim, pela importância desse tipo de feijão na região, há uma grande demanda por novos cultivares com maior potencial produtivo, arquitetura ereta, resistência às doenças, entre outros caracteres de importância agronômica. Assim, a Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), em parceria com a Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (Epamig) e Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) participam da condução dos ensaios de Valor de Cultivo e Uso (VCU) em Minas Gerais, com o objetivo de avaliar as linhagens elites desenvolvidas pelos vários Programas de Melhoramento. Uma etapa importante e que antecede os ensaios de VCU é a obtenção das linhagens e sua avaliação preliminar, para que as melhores sejam indicadas para comporem os ensaios de VCU. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de famílias e linhagens de feijão-vermelho do Programa de Seleção Recorrente da UFV, para identificar as melhores famílias para derivação de linhagens, e as melhores linhagens para compor os ensaios de VCU. Para isso, foram realizados dois experimentos; no primeiro, para selecionar famílias de dois ciclos de seleção recorrente para a derivação de linhagens, foram avaliadas 30 famílias de feijão-vermelho, em conjunto com as testemunhas Ouro Vermelho, Vermelhinho, Vermelho 2157, AFR 140 e OVR. O experimento foi conduzido em Coimbra, MG, nas safras da seca e inverno de 2013. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Avaliaram-se a arquitetura das plantas, a produtividade de grãos, o aspecto de grãos e tempo o de cocção. Os dados foram submetidos às análises de variância individuais e conjuntas e também foi estimado o índice da distância genótipo-ideótipo considerando todos os caracteres avaliados em conjunto. Das 30 famílias avaliadas, a maioria apresentou potencial para derivação de linhagens agronomicamente superiores. No segundo experimento, correspondente à avalição preliminar de linhagens para composição de ensaios de VCU, foram avaliadas 23 linhagens e as testemunhas Ouro Vermelho e Vermelhinho. O experimento foi conduzido na safra da seca de 2009, em Florestal, MG, safras das secas de 2009 e 2010 e safra das águas de 2013, em Viçosa, MG, e nas safras do inverno de 2009, seca de 2010, seca e inverno de 2012 e seca de 2013, em Coimbra, MG, totalizando nove ambientes em três municípios de Minas Gerais. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Avaliaram-se a arquitetura das plantas, as severidades de mancha-angular e ferrugem, a produtividade de grãos, o aspecto de grãos e o tempo de cocção. Foram realizadas análises de variância individuais e conjuntas. Além das mesmas análises realizadas no primeiro experimento, procedeu-se análise de adaptabilidade para produtividade de grãos pelo método centroide. Cinco linhagens foram identificadas como promissoras para composição de ensaios de VCU vermelho em Minas Gerais. / Brazil is the world's largest producer of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Among the producing states, Minas Gerais ranks the second position, being preceded only by Paraná. Among the most cultivated types of beans in Brazil are the carioca and black; however, other types of grain, although of smaller national expression has regional importance, such as the red bean, widely cultivated in the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais. Thus, by the importance of this type of bean in the region, there is a great demand for new cultivars with higher productive potential, erect architecture, resistance to diseases, among other traits of agronomic importance. Therefore, the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), in partnership with the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Agricultural Research Company of Minas Gerais (Epamig) and the Brazilian Agricultural Research Company (Embrapa) participate in the conduct of the trials of Value of culture and use (VCU) in Minas Gerais, in order to evaluate the elite lineages developed by several Improvement Programs. An important step that precedes the VCU trials is the lineages acquisition and its preliminary assessment, so that the best are indicated to compose the VCU trials. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of families and red beans lineages of Recurrent Screening Program from UFV, to identify the best families for lineages derivation, and the best lineages to compose the VCU trials. For this, two experiments were conducted; at first, to select families of two cycles of recurrent selection for the lineages derivation included 30 red beans families, together with the witnesses Red Gold, Little Red, Red 2157, AFR 140 and OVR. The experiment was conducted in Coimbra, MG, in dry and winter crops of 2013. We used the randomized blocks delineation with three replications. We evaluated the architecture of plants, grain productiviy, the aspect of grain and the digestion time. The data were submitted to individual and combined analyses of variance and was also estimated the index of the genotype-ideotype distance considering all parameters evaluated together. Of the 30 families evaluated, the majority showed derivation potential for lineages agronomically superior. In the second experiment, corresponding to the preliminary assessment of lineages to compose the VCU trials were evaluated 23 lineages and the witnesses Red Gold and Little Red. The experiment was conducted in the 2009 dry crop, in Florestal, MG, crops of 2009 and 2010 and 2013 water crop in Viçosa, and in the winter and dry crop of 2009, 2010 dry, 2012 dry and winter and 2013 dry in Coimbra, MG, totaling nine environments in three cities of Minas Gerais. We used the randomized blocks delineation with three replications. We evaluated the architecture of plants, the severity of angular leaf spot and rust, grain productivity, the aspect of grains and the digestion time. Individual and combined analyses of variance were performed. Besides the same analyses performed in the first experiment, we proceeded to analysis of adaptability for grain productivity by the centroid method. Five lineages were identified as promising for composition of red VCU trials in Minas Gerais.

Submitted by Amauri Alves (amauri.alves@ufv.br) on 2015-11-03T15:06:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1310681 bytes, checksum: ae3d027db5649c35ff8ef366ea4689e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-03T15:06:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1310681 bytes, checksum: ae3d027db5649c35ff8ef366ea4689e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Bacillus thuringiensis é uma espécie comumente associada a solos, insetos e plantas. Diversas linhagens são importantes para diferentes formas de controle biológico na agricultura e em outras áreas. Neste trabalho, foi sequenciado e anotado o genoma de B. thuringiensis BAC3151 endofítico do feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris), um isolado que tem demonstrado atividade antimicrobiana contra bactérias patogênicas, incluindo bactérias fitopatogênicas do feijoeiro, possuindo, portanto, potencial para biocontrole de doenças nessa leguminosa. O genoma de BAC3151 e o de outros B. thuringiensis publicados forneceu a oportunidade para realizarmos análises de genômica comparativa entre diferentes linhagens dessa espécie dinâmica. A análise filogenômica utilizando os genes core das linhagens avaliadas agrupou BAC3151 com B. thuringiensis MC28 isolado de solo. Também foram identificados rearranjos cromossomais de grandes segmentos em BAC3151 e em outras linhagens, sugerindo que rearranjos podem contribuir para diferenças funcionais dessas linhagens. O genoma core das linhagens estudadas consistiu em 3413 sequências codificadoras de proteínas (CDSs) e incluiu as CDSs com funções fisiológicas gerais e de sobrevivência da espécie, enquanto as CDSs do genoma acessório foi associada a plasmídeos e a regiões cromossômicas específicas. Além disso, foram encontrados múltiplos genes potencialmente envolvidos na ação antagonista de BAC3151 contra outros micro-organismos e insetos, incluindo genes inseticidas, policetídeos sintases, bacteriocinas, peptídeos não-ribossomais sintetases, sideróforos, quitinases, N-acil homoserina lactonase e outros. Este estudo mostrou diversas variações entre linhagens de B. thuringiensis em nível genômico e também que B. thuringiensis BAC3151 endofítico do feijoeiro é potencialmente útil para o desenvolvimento de estratégias para o controle biológico de doenças nessa importante leguminosa. / Bacillus thuringiensis is a species commonly associated with soil, insects and plants. Several strains are important for different types of biological control in agriculture and other areas. In this work, was sequenced and annotated the genome of endophytic B. thuringiensis BAC3151 of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), an isolate that has demonstrated antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria, including plant pathogenic bacteria of the common bean, having, in this way, potential for biocontrol of diseases in this legume. The genome of BAC3151 and the other B. thuringiensis published provided the opportunity to accomplish comparative genomic analysis between different strains of this dynamic species. The phylogenomic analysis using the core genes of the evaluated strains grouped BAC3151 with B. thuringiensis MC28 isolated from soil. Also, large chromosomal rearrangements were identified in BAC3151 and other strains, suggesting that rearrangements may contribute to functional differences of these strains. The core genome of the strains studied consisted of 3413 sequences encoding proteins (CDSs) and included the CDSs with general physiological functions and species survival, while the accessory genome CDSs were associated with plasmids and specific chromosomal regions. In addition, were found multiple potential genes involved in the antagonistic action of BAC3151 against other microorganisms and insects, including insecticidal genes, polyketide synthases, bacteriocins, nonribosomal peptide synthetases, siderophores, chitinases, N-acyl homoserine lactonase and others. This study showed several variations among strains of B. thuringiensis in genomic level and also that endophytic B. thuringiensis BAC3151 of common bean is potentially useful for the development of strategies for biological control in this important legume.

Submitted by MARCOS LEANDRO TEIXEIRA DE OLIVEIRA (marcosteixeira@ufv.br) on 2018-09-25T14:04:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2565738 bytes, checksum: b4b2a4e7cbb68178f9dc7ccfcb09f28a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-25T14:04:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2565738 bytes, checksum: b4b2a4e7cbb68178f9dc7ccfcb09f28a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-11 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de MInas Gerais / Ao longo de vários anos de melhoramento genético de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) no Brasil, inúmeras cultivares foram recomendadas, especialmente dos grupos comerciais preto e “carioca”. A cultura do feijoeiro é um dos produtos agrícolas de maior importância econômico-social, devido especialmente à mão-de-obra empregada desde o preparo para a semeadura até chegar ao produto final. O estudo da diversidade genética de linhagens de feijão preto e “carioca” é importante para facilitar o processo de conhecimento e direcionamento dos programas de melhoramento da cultura no país. Assim, os objetivos destes estudos foram: 1) avaliar a diversidade genética das linhagens de feijão preto e “carioca” recomendadas no Brasil nos últimos 50 anos, por meio de técnicas multivariadas, considerando a interação genótipos x ambientes (GxA) e 2) identificar as melhores linhagens de feijão preto e “carioca” para compor blocos de cruzamentos, com base no índice de seleção FAI, o qual se baseia na análise de fatores. Foram utilizadas 77 cultivares e três linhagens elites do programa de melhoramento da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, totalizando 40 genótipos do grupo comercial preto e 40 do “carioca”, avaliadas em sete experimentos, nos municípios de Viçosa e Coimbra-MG, no período de 2013 e 2016. Os resultados do primeiro estudo mostraram interação GxA para todos os 15 caracteres morfoagronômicos avaliados, com predominância de interação do tipo complexa, o que refletiu em diferentes dendrogramas em cada ambiente auferidos pela estatística M 2 de Procrustes. As linhagens recomendadas após a década de 90 apresentaram melhor aspecto de grão e maiores produtividade e massa de 100 grãos, número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por planta e número de grãos por vagem. As linhagens de feijão preto apresentaram arquitetura de planta mais ereta e maior diâmetro do hipocótilo comparadas às de grãos carioca. O número de vagens por planta e aspecto de grãos foram os caracteres que mais contribuíram para a diversidade genética. Há variabilidade genética entre as linhagens dos dois grupos comerciais, bem como entre as linhagens oriundas de diferentes instituições de pesquisa e décadas de recomendação. Linhagens de feijão preto e “carioca” apresentam entre si elevada variabilidade genética, com maior diversidade entre as linhagens de feijão do grupo “carioca” do que as do preto. A estratégia de soma das matrizes de dissimilaridade genética se mostrou eficiente para quantificar a diversidade multiambientes. O segundo estudo baseou-se em oito caracteres morfoagronômicos avaliados em sete ambientes, totalizando 56 caracteres analisadas. Os resultados obtidos a partir do índice FAI, o qual se baseia na análise de fatores, identificaram as linhagens de maior potencial para rendimento de grãos, independente de grupo comercial que são: IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Tiziu, BRS Expedito, IAC Ybaté, Iapar 65, IPR Uirapurú, BRSMG Majestoso, IPR Andorinha, VC 15 e IPR Tuiuiú. As linhagens BRS Valente, IPR Graúna, IPR Uirapurú, BRS Supremo, BRS Esplendor, IPR Tuiuiú, IPR Tiziu, VP 22, IPR Gralha (grupo comercial preto) e BRS Cometa (grupo comercial “carioca”) devem ser consideradas em blocos de cruzamento quando o objetivo for melhorar a arquitetura de planta. As linhagens do grupo comercial “carioca”: VC 15, IAC Alvorada, IPR 139, IAC Formoso, Pérola, IPR Tangará, BRS Estilo, IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Andorinha e IAC Imperador devem ser consideradas em blocos de cruzamento quando o objetivo for melhorar aspectos de grão. O desempenho de linhagens em ambientes favoráveis e desfavoráveis contribui para a escolha de genitores divergentes e deve ser consideradana formação dos blocos de cruzamentos. / Over several years of genetic improvement of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Brazil, numerous cultivars were recommended, especially from the black and "carioca" commercial groups. The common bean crop is one of the agricultural products of major economic and social importance, especially due to the workforce employed from the preparation for sowing to the final product. The study of the genetic diversity of common beans black and "carioca" lines is important to facilitate the process of knowledge and direction of the breeding programs of the culture in the country. Thus, the objectives of these studies were: 1) to evaluate the genetic diversity of black and "carioca" common bean lines recommended in Brazil in the last 50 years, using multivariate techniques and considering genotypes x environments interaction and 2) to recommend the best crosses of lines of black and "carioca" groups based on the FAI selection index, which is based on factor analysis. A total of 77 cultivars and three elite lines of the breeding program of the Federal University of Viçosa were used, totaling 40 genotypes of the commercial black group and 40 of the "carioca" group, evaluated in seven experiments in the municipalities of Viçosa and Coimbra-MG in the period of 2013 and 2016. The results of the first study showed interaction GxE for all 15 morphoagronomic characters evaluated, with a predominance of complex type interaction, which reflected in different dendrograms in each environment obtained by the Procrustes M 2 statistic. The recommended lines after the 90s presented better grain appearance and higher yield and mass of 100 grains, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant and number of grains per pod. The black common bean lines presented a more erect plant architecture and a larger hypocotyl diameter compared to those of carioca grains. The number of pods per plant and grain aspect were the main contributors to genetic diversity. There is genetic variability between the lines of the two commercial groups, as well as between the lines coming from different research institutions and decades of recommendation. Black and "carioca" common bean lines have high genetic variability among them, with greater diversity among the common bean lines of the carioca group than those of black. The sum strategy of the genetic dissimilarity matrices was shown to be efficient in quantifying the multienvironmental diversity. The second study was based on eight morphoagronomic characters evaluated in seven environments, totaling 56 analyzed variables. The results obtained from the FAI index, which is based on the analysis of factors, identified the 10 lines of greatest potential for grain yield, independent of commercial group: IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Tiziu, BRS Expedito, IAC Ybaté, Iapar 65, IPR Uirapurú, BRSMG Majestoso, IPR Andorinha, VC 15 e IPR Tuiuiú. The lines BRS Valente, IPR Graúna, IPR Uirapurú, BRS Supremo, BRS Esplendor, IPR Tuiuiú, IPR Tiziu, VP 22, IPR Gralha (black commercial group) and BRS Cometa ("carioca" commercial group) should be considered in crossing blocks when the aim is to improve plant architecture. The lines of the "carioca" commercial group: VC 15, IAC Alvorada, IPR 139, IAC Formoso, Pérola, IPR Tangará, BRS Estilo, IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Formoso and IAC Imperador should be considered in crossing blocks when the objective is to improve aspects of grain. The performance of lines in favorable and unfavorable environments contributes to the choice of divergent parents and should be considered as the formation of crossing blocks.

To assess polishing of anaerobic secondary effluent and symbiotic bioremediation of primary effluent by microalgae, bench scale bubbling column reactors were operated in batch modes to test nutrients removal capacity and associated factors. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) together with oil and grease in terms of hexane extractable material (HEM) in the reactors were measured after batch cultivation tests of Chlorella Vulgaris, indicating the releasing algal metabolites were oleaginous (dissolved HEM up to 8.470 mg/L) and might hazard effluent quality. Ultrafiltration adopted as solid-liquid separation step was studied via critical flux and liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) analysis. Although nutrients removal was dominated by algal assimilation, nitrogen removal (99.6% maximum) was affected by generation time (2.49 days minimum) instead of specific nitrogen removal rate (sN, 20.72% maximum), while phosphorus removal (49.83% maximum) was related to both generation time and specific phosphorus removal rate (sP, 1.50% maximum). COD increase was affected by cell concentration (370.90 mg/L maximum), specific COD change rate (sCOD, 0.87 maximum) and shading effect. sCOD results implied algal metabolic pathway shift under nutrients stress, generally from lipid accumulation to starch accumulation when phosphorus lower than 5 mg/L, while HEM for batches with initial nitrogen of 10 mg/L implied this threshold around 8 mg/L. HEM and COD results implied algal metabolic pathway shift under nutrients stress. Anaerobic membrane bioreactor effluent polishing showed similar results to synthetic anaerobic secondary effluent with slight inhibition while 4 symbiotic bioremediation of raw municipal wastewater with microalgae and activated sludge showed competition for ammonium together with precipitation or microalgal luxury uptake of phosphorus. Critical flux was governed by algal cell concentration for ultrafiltration membrane with pore size of 30 nm, while ultrafiltration membrane rejected most biopolymers (mainly polysaccharides). Further research would focus on balancing cell growth, specific nutrients removal, and specific COD change by utilizing rotating biological contactor.

This project is focused on transformation of Silene vulgaris mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes. S. vulgaris is a good model plant to study gynodioecy, an evolutionary step from bisexuality to dioecy. Gynodioecious plants form in some individuals bisexual flowers, while the others possess only female flowers. The aim of this research is do develop a technique to introduce foreign genes into this plant to study its developmental consequences. Using A. rhizogenes we successfuly prepared hairy root cultures, which unfortunately do not form shoot regenerants. We have prepared a protocol to induce plant regenerants from S. vulgaris leaf fragments. The first results do not confirm that A. tumefaciens infected plant regenerants harbor reporter transgenes. We used Nicotiana tabacum as a positive control.

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungal pathogen Cercospora beticola, is one of the most destructive foliar diseases on sugar beet. It severely affects productivity and profitability of the sugar beet industry. CLS is managed by using resistant cultivars, rotating with non-host crops, and applying effective fungicides in a timely manner. In North Dakota and Minnesota, site-specific fungicides, such as quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) and demethylation inhibitors (DMIs), had been widely and extensively applied to control C. beticola which has developed resistances to these fungicides. The mycelial growth, spore production, spore germination, and aggressiveness of QoI and/or DMI resistant isolates were compared to sensitive isolates in a laboratory and greenhouse study. Results indicated that the QoI and/or DMI resistant isolates had a relatively slower disease development on sugar beet leaves due to their fitness penalty in sporulation and mycelial growth but still caused high disease severities as sensitive isolates. Fungicides were evaluated to manage the QoI and/or DMI resistant C. beticola isolates in a sensitivity study and a greenhouse and field study. Copper-based multisite activity fungicides were evaluated for controlling fungicide resistant C. beticola. The mean EC50 values for nine copper-based chemicals ranged from 1 to 10 ug/ml using a spore germination assay. In a greenhouse study, Fertileader (a copper-based fertilizer) caused leaf injury and was not evaluated, but the other tested chemicals provided significantly better control of CLS compared to the control check with Badge X2, Champion, Cuprofix, COCS and Ridomil having significantly small AUDPC. Newer site specific fungicides with different modes of action that have never been used for CLS management in North Dakota and Minnesota were also tested. The mean EC50 values were 4.9, 33.1, 99.4, and 481.6 ug/ml using mycelial growth assay and 5.7, 4.1, 9.2, and 4.2 ug/ml using spore germination assay for cyprodinil, fluazinam, pydiflumetofen, and Chlorothalonil, respectively. In a two-year field study, all the fungicides resulted in significantly better disease control, significantly higher beet tonnage, and recovered sucrose compared to the nontreated check. However, none of tested fungicide treatments performed better than the industry?s standard fungicide, triphenyltin hydroxide.

Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the amelioration effect of Ca salts (CaS04 and CaC12 ) on the growth of snapbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under sodium stress and to determine the effect of ion speciation on the uptake of Ca, Na, S04, and Cl by snapbeans. In Experiment 1, the seeds were grown in styrofoam pots, with a growing medium of sand and vermiculite at a volume ratio of 3:1. The treatment solutions were 0 (Hoagland's solution), 20, 40, 60, and 80 mmolc/L NaCl or Na2S04. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed that NaCl treatments depressed the growth of snapbeans more than corresponding Na 2S04 treatments. Also NaCl treatments increased the uptake of Na and Ca as compared to Na2S04treatments. Sodium uptake appeared to be related to the concentrations of complex species rather than to free Na ion, whereas Ca uptake strongly correlated with free Ca2+ concentration. In Experiment 2, the seeds were grown in a sand growing medium. The treatment solutions were 0 (Hoagland's solution), 15, 30, 45, and 60 mmolc/L NaCl or Na2S04 , combined with CaSO4 • 2H20 or CaCl2 • 2H20 at concentrations of 15 or 30 mmolc/L . In addition, one replicate was planted in PVC cells (with electrodes) in order to monitor the electrical conductivity of the media using the four probe. The results showed that addition of CaS04 to NaCl or Na2S04 was associated with a better amelioration of Na stress than CaCl2 • Also the presence of CaS04 , with NaCl or Na2S04 , decreased the uptake of Ca and Na ions relative to CaCl2 treatment. Ion speciation data suggested that Na complexation was more important than free ion concentration in affecting Na uptake by the plant, whereas Ca, S04 , and Cl uptake were correlated to free ion concentrations. With respect to EC, determinations, the four probe was used to monitor salinity during the whole experiment period. Ion speciation data showed that Na2S04 treatments had a lower EC than NaCl at the same molar concentration levels. Also, CaS04 treatments, regardless of the Na salt, had lower EC values than CaCl2 treatments of equal concentration.