A technique involving Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was used to observe the DNA fragment polymorphism between a bean cultivar with I/I genotype and a bean cultivar with i/i genotype. The I gene encodes immunity to bean common mosaic virus (BCMV).

No description available.

No description available.

Acne vulgaris is an extremely common disease, affecting large numbers of adolescents and adults, with substantial physical and psychosocial impacts. Antibiotics have been used for many years in the anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory treatment of acne, and have generated reasonable success rates. In recent years, along with a growing popularity of oral contraceptives to reduce unwanted pregnancies, they have also been applied in acne treatment because of their overall anti-androgenic effects. Very little direct comparisons between these two methods have been published, and this study serves as a preliminary measure for the effectiveness of both treatments against each other. Using an extensive literature search of PUBMED and MEDLINE for randomized clinical trials involving antibiotics or oral contraceptives, data were taken and used in an analysis to assess efficiency of both drug groups in the reduction of lesion counts and percentage reduction in inflammatory acne lesions, non-inflammatory lesions, and total lesions based off original baseline counts in each study. A total of 15 studies were used in the analysis. Antibiotics, oral contraceptives, and placebo treatment groups were evaluated at three months’ time, while oral contraceptives and placebo treatments were also continued out to six months to reflect longer trial durations. In all cases, antibiotics were superior to placebo at three months. Oral contraceptives were also superior to all placebo arms at both three and six months, except for in the average percent reduction of total lesions where the placebo at six months is not significantly different than the contraceptives at three months. Antibiotics and contraceptives showed no significant difference between each other at three or six months times, except for the lesion number reduction at three months for inflammatory lesions compared to antibiotics. All comparisons used the average percentage or number reduction, and 95% confidence intervals to determine significance. After three months, antibiotics showed a 45.40% weighted mean reduction in total lesion counts, compared to 36.41% for oral contraceptives at three months and 43.76% at six months. With the confidence intervals, the ranges for significance are 38.40%-52.40%, 31.92%-40.90%, and 33.87%-53.64% respectively, corresponding to an insignificant difference between all three treatments. Percentage changes for both inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesion reductions were also similar in their confidence intervals overlapping. The study showed a surprising similarity between antibiotics and contraceptives in their ability to treat acne, in both inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions. With the exception of the three month antibiotics out-performing the oral contraceptives at three months’ time for reduction of inflammatory lesions, the percentage reduction was not significantly different, indicating discrepancies with starting numbers. Overall, both treatments were effective in the treatment of acne lesions, but the limitations of oral contraceptives including their utility is confined to women, and the relatively short recommended treatment time for oral antibiotics each have their drawbacks. Oral contraceptives seem to represent a better long term treatment plan for women who are comfortable taking birth control.

No description available.

No description available.

Recent studies have provided conflicting results in regards to equine intradermal skin testing and its use in defining causative antigens in IgE mediated diseases such as equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). This study was divided into two experiments. In the first experiment of this study, the hypothesis tested was normal horses would have minimal variability in the wheals formed by intradermal injection of positive control stimulants. This was evaluated by examining the repeatability of skin test wheals created by 5 concentrations of histamine, compound 48/80, and phaseolus vulgaris (PHA) within a normal horse and between 12 normal horses at 0.5 hours, 4 hours, and 24 hours post injection. Minimal variability was detected within individual horses and between 12 horses for histamine and compound 48/80 at 0.5 hours and for PHA at 4 hours. This information suggests that the intradermal injection of positive control substances is a repeatable test in normal horses. In the second experiment of this study, the hypothesis tested was normal horses react differently to intradermal injection of positive control stimulants (histamine, compound 48/80, PHA) and/or an environmental antigen (Aspergillus) in comparison to horses affected with RAO. This was evaluated by identifying differences in wheal responses between normal horses and RAO affected horses. Concentration response curves were created in normal and RAO affected horses to the aforementioned stimulants at 0.5 hours, 4 hours, and 24 hours post injection. No statistically significant differences were noted in concentration response between normal and ROA affected horses when compound 48/80 and PHA were evaluated. RAO affected horses demonstrated a greater slope at the 0.5 hour time when compared to normal horses suggesting that RAO affected horses are hypersensitive to intradermal injection of histamine. Injection of Aspergillus mix at 4000 protein nitrogen units/ml caused an intradermal wheal reaction at the 24-hour time in 4/5 RAO horses. This reaction was not noted in normal horses. This information suggests that there may be a positive relationship between causative antigens (i.e. Aspergillus) that may induce clinical RAO and positive intradermal skin test results. An additional aspect that was evaluated in both experiments involved histologic examination of skin biopsies taken from wheals created by intadermal injection of histamine, compound 48/80, PHA, and Aspergillus at various times post injection. In the first experiment, intradermal injection of histamine caused severe dermal edema and margination of neutrophils and eosinophils at 0.5 hours. Compound 48/80 demonstrated mild to modest dermal edema at 0.5 hours while PHA demonstrated severe dermal edema, hemorrhage, and lymphactic ectasia at 4 and 24 hours. PHA also demonstrated a neutophilic inflammation at 4 hours that progressed to a mixed lymphohistiocytic and neutrophilic inflammation at 24 hours. In the second experiment, no edema and modest to moderate neutrophilic inflammation was noted in normal horses after intradermal injection of Aspergillus at 24 hours. In contrast, RAO affected horses demonstrated mild to modest edema and a mild to moderate mixed inflammatory response (lympho-histocytic, neutrophilic, eosinophilic) after intradermal injection of Aspergillus at 24 hours suggesting a delayed type response. / Master of Science

Durante la presente investigación, se formularán y fabricarán diferentes piensos extrusionados conteniendo diferentes aglutinantes y atrayentes con objetivo de que lo acepten e ingieran los pulpos. Posteriormente se trabajará en la mejora de las condiciones físicas de los piensos, como la dureza y la elasticidad, además de la composición nutricional, con el fin de mejorar, tanto la ingesta como el crecimiento de los pulpos. / Querol Ordóñez, P. (2014). Diseño y optimización de un pienso extrusionado para la alimentación y crecimiento del pulpo común (Octopus vulgaris) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/38758

O feijão é considerado uma fonte importantes de nutrientes, para toda a população mundial, principalmente para os países em desenvolvimento. Porém, os feijões também possuem fatores antinutricionais e facilidade para adquirir defeitos texturais quando submetidos a condições inadequadas de armazenamento. Temperatura e umidade de armazenamento elevadas, desencadeiam o aparecimento do defeito textural conhecido como hard-to-cook, que provoca o endurecimento das sementes e inúmeras perdas econômicas e nutricionais. Para estudar este fenômeno, isolou-se a parede celular solúvel (PCS-Co) e insolúvel (PCl-Co) do cotilédone de feijões armazenados a 4°C, temperatura ambiente (TA) e 37°Cn5% umidade relativa (U.R.) e analisou-se a sua composição em açúcares. A PCl-Co foi fracionada com solução quelante de cálcio e com gradiente de hidróxido e analisadas quanto ao conteúdo de açúcares. A PCl-Co compõem 12,3% do cotilédone dos feijões controle e é formada principalmente de polissacarídeos solubilizados com NaOH 4N (29,4%), composto por arabinose (55,0%), xilose (10,3%) e ácidos urônicos (18,9%) e de polissacarídeos solubilizados com NaOH 0,5N (16,8%) e 1,0 N (17,2%), composto na sua maioria por glicose (92,1% e 90,7%). A PCS-CO compõem 9,0% do cotilédone em feijões controle e é constituída por arabinose (38,6%), ácidos urônicos (23,4%), galactose (12,7%) e xilose (11,2%). Esta composição apresentou alterações com o envelhecimento em feijões armazenados a TA e 37°C. A PCI-Co de feijões armazenados a TA e 37°C apresentaram aumento no conteúdo de arabinose (44,8% e 31,7%), ácidos urônicos (54,3% e 42,9%) e xilose (38,6% e 27,2%), provenientes de pectinas, e diminuição de glicose (64,0% e 48,6%), proveniente de hemicelulose. A PCS apresentaram redução, principalmente no conteúdo de arabinose (40,2% e 15,9%). Além disso, os feijões armazenados a TA e 37°C apresentaram aumento no tempo de cocção (2,3 e 8 vezes superior ao controle) e redução na germinação (17% e 100%). Isto pode significar que, com o envelhecimento, ocorreria insolubilização das pectinas, devido a formação de ligações cruzadas, contribuindo com o endurecimento dos feijões. Os feijões armazenados a 4°C apresentaram alterações na germinação e no perfil de fracionamento, mas não apresentaram alterações consideráveis na composição de açúcares da PCI-Co e PCS-Co. / Common beans is one of the most important source of nutrients for the world population, mainly in developing countries. Nevertheless, they have severaI undesirable characteristics, such as antinutrients components and facility to acquire textural defects when stored under inadequate conditions. High temperature and humidity of storage cause the development of hard-to-cook phenomenon, characterized by extended cooking time for cotyledon softening and responsible for economic and nutritional losses. In order to study this phenomenon, soluble cell wall material (SCWM) and insoluble cell wall material (ICWM) were isolated from cotyledons of beans stored at 4°C, room temperature (RT) and 37°C/75% relative humidity (RH) and analysed about their sugar composition. ICWM was fractionated with aqueous solutions of chelating agents and hidroxide solutions gradient. Each fractions were analysed about their sugar composition. Control beans cotyledon contained 12.3% of ICWM, composed mainly for polysaccharides solubilized by NaOH 4.0N (29.4%), composed in its majority of arabinose (55.0%), xylose (10.3%), uronic acid (18.9%) and polysaccharides solubilized by NaOH 0.5N (16.8%) and NaOH 1.0N (17.2%), composed in most part of glucose (92.1% and 90.7% respectively). About 9.0% of cell wall of control beans is composed by SCWM, that contain arabinose (38.6%), uronic acids (23.4%), galactose (12.7%) and xylose (11.2%). The cell wall composition showed alterations with aging in beans stored at RT and 37°C. Cotyledon ICWM of beans stored at RT and 37°C showed a increase in arabinose (44.8% and 31.7%), uronic acid (54.3% and 42.9%) and xylose contents (38.6% and 27.2%), originating of pectins and decrease of glucose contents (64.0% and 48.6%), probably originating by hemicellulose. SCWM showed reduction mainly in arabinose contents (40.2% and 15.9%). Besides, beans stored at RT and 37°C, showed increase in cooking time (2.3 and 8 times higher than control) and decrease in germinability (17% and 100%). It could be a indication of cross-linking formation and pectins insolubilization during aging, contributing with bean hardening. Beans stored at 4°C showed alterations in germinability and fractionation profile, but didn\'t show considerably alterations in cotyledon ICWM and SCWM sugar composition.

As técnicas utilizadas no preparo do produto minimamente processado (PMP) devem preconizar a menor perda possível dos principais compostos funcionais e de qualidade durante o preparo e armazenamento dos alimentos. No entanto, há respostas dos PMPs quanto ao dano sofrido durante seu preparo, que disparam várias reações relacionadas com a fisiologia do estresse, que podem ser amenizadas com a aplicação de aditivos antioxidantes. Assim, torna-se importante determinar os pontos principais de perdas dos compostos funcionais, bem como, entender a relação de aditivos antioxidantes durante o processamento e o armazenamento. Foram avaliadas as perdas qualitativas nas etapas do processamento de beterraba minimamente processada. Após, foi testada a utilização de cisteína (aminoácido antioxidante) para manutenção da qualidade visual, capacidade antioxidante, betalaínas e polifenóis no armazenamento. Como principais resultados, o descascamento foi a etapa crítica do processo, com a perda das principais camadas celulares (colênquima) de acúmulo de compostos bioativos. Com a aplicação de cisteína, esta foi mais efeticaz nas maiores dosagens (0,1% e 0,2%) para manutenção dos aspectos visuais e controle do esbranquiçamento superficial, dos teores de betalaínas e compostos fenólicos totais. Isso refletiu na manutenção da capacidade antioxidante do produto durante os dias de análise. No entanto, dosagens mais altas não impedem a ação enzimática da polifenoloxidase (PPO), o que resulta principalmente na perda das concentrações de ácidos hidroxicinâmicos. Ainda, foi identificada pela primeira vez em beterraba uma betacianina fosforilada de ocorrência sazonal, a 2\'O- apiosil betanina. Em conclusão, este trabalho apresenta importante contribuição para o entendimento das relações entre as perdas dos principais compostos bioativos e os processos de preparo e armazenamento de beterraba minimamente processada. Além disso, foi demonstrado que a cisteína é eficiente para conservação das propriedades funcionais em beterraba minimamente processada, atendendo aos requisitos de um produto antioxidante para aplicação em alimentos, sendo eficaz em baixas concentrações. / The techniques used in the preparation of the fresh-cut product should recommend the lowest possible loss of the main functional and quality compounds during the preparation and storage of the food. However, there are several responses from the fresh-cut product regarding the damage suffered during their preparation, which trigger several reactions related to the physiology of stress, which can be mitigated by the application of antioxidant additives. Thus, it is important to determine the main loss points of the functional compounds, as well as to understand the interaction of antioxidant additives, such as cysteine, in order to avoid or mitigate such losses, being analyzed for the direct interference of processing and storage. The qualitative losses in the processing stages of fresh-cut beets were evaluated. After that, the use of cysteine (antioxidant amino acid) for the maintenance of visual quality, antioxidant capacity, betalains and polyphenols in storage was tested. As the main results, peeling was the critical stage of the process, with loss of the main cellular layers (collenchyma) of accumulation of bioactive compounds. Cysteine application, was more effective in the higher dosages (0.1% and 0.2%) for maintenance of the visual aspects and control of the superficial whitening, the contents of betalains and total phenolic compounds. This reflected in conservation the antioxidant capacity of the product during the days of analysis. However, higher dosages do not prevent the enzymatic action of polyphenoloxidase (PPO), which results mainly in the loss of hydroxycinnamic acid concentrations. As well, a seasonally occurring phosphorylated betacyanin, 2\'O-apiosyl betanine, was first time identified in beet. In conclusion, this work presents an important contribution to the understanding of the relationships between the losses of the main bioactive compounds and the processes of preparation and storage of minimally processed beets. In addition, it has been demonstrated that cysteine is efficient for preserving the functional properties in minimally processed beets, meeting the requirements of an antioxidant product for food application, being effective in low concentrations.