Lord Neuberger describes open justice as a procedural principle requiring that "what goes on in court and what a court decides is open to scrutiny".1 The prime rationale typically given for this principle is that it is a safety check on the right to a fair trial, and so instrumental to the fulfilment of the justice purposes of criminal and civil justice processes. The thesis argues that such a conception of open justice only applies on a relatively superficial level to inquests into use-of-force deaths at the hands of the state. Rather it is clear that openness in these inquests is intrinsic to the purposes of the inquests themselves, and that this is also true of other types of investigation in these circumstances. The thesis examines the practice of, and rationales behind, opening up deaths at the hands of the police, or in police or prison custody to scrutiny in order to frame a context-specific conception of open justice in the aftermath of such deaths. The focus of the thesis is police and PPO investigations into deaths in prisons, IPCC investigations into deaths involving the police, and inquests and inquiries under the Inquiries Act 2005 (where the latter replace and fulfil the role of an inquest). The thesis introduces recognition theory both as a way of understanding the potential harms that may be associated with a lack of openness regarding deaths in these circumstances, and to provide a normative link between openness and justice in these circumstances—a link that is implicit in the term ‘open justice’ but rarely explored in these non-retributive, non-compensatory justice processes.

Though there are approximately 400 women’s libraries or information centres internationally they are not generally the focus of research within either library studies or feminist research. This thesis addressed this gap in relation to women’s libraries in the British Isles, focusing particularly on Wales where there is currently no physical women’s library. The research analysed the nature of current women’s libraries; examined their place within librarianship and feminist research and investigated whether there is potential for a women’s library in Wales. Interviews were held with staff at nine women’s libraries or archive projects: Archif Menywod Cymru/Women’s Archive of Wales, Feminist Archive (South), Feminist Library, Glasgow Women’s Library, Swansea Multicultural Women’s Resource and Training Centre, Women’s History Project, Women in Jazz, Women’s Library, and the Women’s Resource Centre. The findings reveal three models of women’s libraries: research-orientated institutions; community-based women’s resource centres and online databases of material pertaining to women. A fourth model is developing in Wales: that of distributed donations of material in local record offices. On the positive side, all the physical women’s libraries have extensive and important collections, and they provide spaces for women’s learning. Conversely, they are constrained by limited financial and human resources. They are not closely engaged with librarianship or with feminism; and librarianship and feminist research do not appear to be closely linked to them. Given the resource implications of creating and maintaining a physical women’s library in Wales, possible future developments include a mapping exercise of women’s archives in Wales; raising awareness of the value of women’s archives; and developing the work of Swansea Women’s Centre to meet contemporary information needs of women. Whilst these organisations contribute to the field of librarianship and archives there does not appear to be the potential to create a physical women’s library in Wales along traditional lines.

Shortfin eels (Anguilla australis) and longfin eels (A. reinhardtii) are true freshwater eels of the genus Anguilla. There are many mysteries still unsolved for the freshwater eel lifecycle, such as location of the spawning grounds, conditions that promote metamorphosis from the leptocephalid to glass eel phase, and the mechanisms that affect glass eel recruitment. In Australia, little is also known about the estuarine habitats of glass eels as they migrate towards freshwater, and the age at which these eels enter estuaries. Both species are of commercial importance in the estuary fishery where they are caught in eel traps for export. There is also a small, but potentially lucrative, aquaculture industry for ongrowing glass eels to market demand size. This thesis investigates the spatial and temporal recruitment of both species of glass eels to estuaries within NSW, the habitats that may be of importance to them as they continue their upstream migration, and the age at which these eels entered the estuaries. Firstly, a new sampling device needed to be developed since conventional methods to catch glass eels often required constant observation of gear, multiple operators, specific physical site characteristics, and/or were expensive. The artificial habitat collectors that were developed were then used to sample six estuaries in NSW monthly within one week of the new moon. Shortfins showed a more consistent and defined recruitment across all sites than longfins, where the peak shortfin recruitment season was from April - August. Longfins recruited primarily from January - May but often recruited outside of this period. Five year collections at one of these sites provided important recruitment information. It appeared that longfins failed to recruit to this site during 2000/01, which could affect commercial catches of this species when they enter the fishery. The East Australian Current (EAC) probably transports glass eels from spawning sites in the Coral Sea southward to the east coast of Australia but there was no predicted lag time in the recruitment of eels from northern to southern estuaries. Therefore, it was not possible to predict the timing of recruitment of glass eels in one estuary based on the timing of recruitment in another more northern estuary. When glass eels enter estuaries their upstream migration is assisted by the night flood tide. During the ebb tide, glass eels burrow into the substrate and resurface at the next night flood tide. The eels do not select particular habitats at this time, rather, their location is dictated by the tide. However, once glass eels reach the estuarine/freshwater interface, they may prefer more complex habitats such as seagrass/macrophytes or rocks/cobbles in which to hide during the day. At this interface, glass eels undergo a physiological change to adapt to a freshwater existence and this change may take up to a few weeks. During this time, glass eels commonly enter the water column during the night flood tide and may be able to locate more suitable habitats in which to hide during the day. The ages of shortfin and longfin glass eels caught in estuaries were examined both spatially and temporally. As the EAC travels north to south, glass eels recruiting to the southern sites were expected to be older. However, shortfins that recruited to the northern-most site in this thesis were older than at all other sites while there was no difference in the ages of longfins. Also, when the ages of longfins that recruited during the main recruitment period were compared to the ages of longfins that recruited outside of this period, there was no difference in ages. Therefore, the hypothesis that these later recruiting eels may have been caught in an eddy prior to their estuarine arrival has been disproved. The ages of shortfins that recruited in two separate years were significantly different from each other and may be due to shortfins' ability to detrain more easily from the weaker currents that exist at these recruitment periods. Conversely, there was no difference in the ages of longfins that recruited in the same month during three separate years. The estimated hatch dates for shortfins was estimated at October to January, while for longfins, estimated hatch time was July to September for eels that recruited during the peak recruitment period. For longfins that recruited outside of the main recruitment period, estimated hatch times were from December to February. It is unknown, however, whether longfins have an extended spawning period, or whether silver eels arrived at the spawning grounds later and thus produced later arriving longfins. Continuous monitoring of glass eel recruitment to estuaries is necessary to determine whether there are long term declines in the recruitment of Australian eels similar to the declines recently observed for eels in Europe and Asia.

This thesis examines the meaning and significance that professional sculling was created for Australian, and particularly New South Wales, society and it analyses the critical components that changed its meaning for that society and contributed to the sport’s decline. Some major themes examined include organisation, capital, regionalism, patriotism, nationalism, amateurism, professionalism, and social class. The thesis is a chronological study of the period between 1876 and 1927. It examines the fortunes of the world and national champions and the various organisational methods used to sustain the sport as a national symbol and mass spectacle. In the analysis of the sport’s post-war fortunes, specific focus is given to the sport’s prolonged apathy towards organisational and structural concerns, how imperialism and self-interest came to dominate the sport and why professional sculling lost its meaning and significance within a progressive and increasingly erudite society. Among the many findings of this thesis, the traditional belief that gambling and corruption destroyed professional sculling is refuted. The failure of the sport to endure and prosper was of its own making, as it failed to adapt to the increasingly sophisticated organisational demands, institutionalisation and commodification of twentieth-century society. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) (History)

Transported regolith has the capacity to mask underlying mineralisation by restricting the migration of most trace elements to the surface. Oxidation of sulphides generates highly mobile H+ which may migrate to surface, resulting in alteration of minerals and redistribution of elements within transported regolith cover. A detailed geochemical and geophysical study has been conducted at the Mandamah Cu-Au deposit in central-western New South Wales, where sub-economic mineralisation is covered by ~50 m of transported regolith and ~30 m of in situ regolith. A shallow-penetration electromagnetic survey was undertaken on nine transects and detailed mineralogical and selective extraction/ICP-MS geochemical analysis performed on regolith samples obtained from 107 soil cores and 16 pits spanning three extensive traverses across buried mineralisation. The selective extractions used were ammonium acetate, hydroxylamine.HCl and aqua regia. A distinct vertical zonation exists in the upper two metres of the transported regolith cover across the site and is related to soil mineralogy, soil pH, electrical conductivity and the amount of selectively extractable elements using the different geochemical extractions. The upper zone of near-neutral soil pH contains organic material but little carbonate; the intermediate high-pH zone has up to 2% Mg-calcite; the underlying low-pH zone displays Fe mottling. This zonation results from precipitation of salts due to evaporation, changes in redox potentials and accumulation of organic materials, in an otherwise relatively homogeneous quartz-clay alluvium. Ground conductivity measurements and selective extraction geochemistry display a strong response to parts of the underlying mineralisation. The principal signature is the depletion of Ca, S and Na, a reduction in the cation exchange capacity, the presence of non-carbonate alkalinity and a low electrical conductivity. A model to account for these patterns has been developed and involves a "prograde" stage of alteration of clay mineralogy and a redistribution of carbonates and various trace elements due to the development of an "acid chimney" above the oxidizing mineralisation during a period of elevated water tables and a "retrograde" stage involving a redistribution of some mobile elements back into the former acid chimney zone following the onset of more arid conditions. The results of this research demonstrate that the effects of sulphide mineralisation on the upper transported regolith at Mandamah can be detected using a combination of selective extraction geochemistry and shallow depth conductivity measurements. This technique has potential application in similar arid to semi-arid terrains.

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Streams draining coniferous plantations contain higher loadings of hydrogen ion, aluminium, sulphate and nitrate, in comparison with streams in adjacent grasslands. Almost all of this ion-load is transported to streams via subsurface water-pathways. An incontrovertible, physical characterization of these pathways within a natural, layered hillslope, has yet to be presented. This research has sought to provide such a characterization for two hillslopes - one afforested with conifers, the other an improved grassland. Much of the uncertainty associated with the identification of soil-water-pathways stems from an inadequate characterization of the errors imposed by the use of each measurement technique. This research has, therefore, compared the predictions of a number of quasi-independent field and analytical techniques, to attempt to lessen the impact of measurement error upon the observed response of the true hydrological system. The impact of conifers upon the detailed water-pathways and lumped catchment response was monitored to educe any changes in the hydrological response which could account for the increased loading of acidic solutes within forest streams. The results of the analysis, indicated that the pathways of water through hillslopes could be predicted from the response of hydrological properties averaged over control volumes of soil-pores. The accuracy of these solutions was proven by the concordance of the response of all of the properties contained within the Darcy-Richards equation. The marked horizon development within the ferric podzol soil of the instrumented forest hillslope, in particular the presence of an indurated B horizon, deflects most percolation laterally within the 0/A and A/E horizons. This pathway was indicted by the results of techniques which included numerical and approximative calculations, discontinuities between the state-dependent hydraulic conductivity of each soil horizon, and the generation of steep, vertical potential gradients in layered porous media. The instrumented grassland hillslope was ploughed 11 years prior to instrumentation. This greatly increased the conductivity of the controlling B horizon, allowing almost all flow to percolate to depth. During winter-storms, the forest hillslope generated flows smaller than those within the grassland hillslope, concomitant with the 29 percent difference in the rainfall-runoff behaviour of the catchment areas. This increased loss of runoff within the afforested areas, may result from the high losses of wetted-canopy-evaporation (39 percent of gross-precipitation) from the Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis. Bong. Carr.) trees. Individual conifer trees growing on the steep, ferric podzol hillslope appeared to enhance the lateral deflection of flow within the O/A and A/E horizons, probably as a result of their platy root systems, and the high rates of precipitation input to soil at the stem-base. The enhancement of both lateral near-surface flow and below-canopy ion concentrations could, therefore, generate the chemical signatures characteristic of streams draining coniferous forests.