Warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology has now been successfully used in Ontario for a few years. This shift in usage relates to extensions in construction season, reduced emissions, larger compaction windows, and potential fuel savings. This research between Miller Paving Ltd. and the Centre for Pavement and Transportation Technology attempts to better quantify the difference in hot mix asphalt (HMA) and WMA. The object of this study was three-fold. The first part of the research was to examine the strength characteristics of HMA and WMA as a function of storage time. The purpose of this evaluation was to quantify indirect tensile strength (ITS) and moisture susceptibility of HMA and WMA over time. The second objective involved evaluating the performance characteristics of HMA and WMA. Resilient modulus and dynamic modulus testing were completed on plant-produced HMA and WMA material, which was used to determine long-term performance properties of both mixes. The third and final objective of this study was an economic analysis performed to determine the difference in cost for construction and maintenance for the HMA and WMA pavements. This was completed to determine if the cost of the warm mix technology used in the production of the WMA was offset by fuel savings at the plant. The findings of the research included: • HMA and WMA had statistically equivalent air voids over a four-week storage period. • Dry and wet ITS results for the WMA increased over a four-week storage period while the HMA specimens did not show this same increase. • WMA material had slightly better workability than the HMA material although the values were statistically equivalent. • WMA mix had higher resilient modulus values than the HMA mix. • Dynamic modulus testing showed that at high temperatures, WMA showed to be slightly more susceptible to rutting than the HMA mix, and at lower temperatures, the HMA showed to be slightly more susceptible to fatigue cracking than the WMA mix. • The MEPDG showed that both the HMA and WMA pavements were deemed to be structurally adequate. • An economic analysis of the HMA and WMA pavements compared a life cycle cost analysis over a 20-year design life which included all costs associated with construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation of both the HMA and WMA and showed that the HMA was slightly more cost effective than the WMA. • A field trial was performed by Miller Paving Limited on Highway 62 in Madoc, Ontario showed that the WMA material was more effective at maintaining the temperature of the asphalt mixture during long hauling distances. • Overall the WMA exhibited the same performance properties as the HMA.

No description available.

This thesis investigated the emission and transport of very short–lived halogens (VSLS) over the tropics. VSLS are described as organic halogen gases with lifetimes of less than 6 months. In areas of rapid convective transport they reach the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere where they contribute to total bromine loading (~20 pptv) in the stratosphere that is a cause of ozone (O3) depletion. This thesis investigated speed of transport in the tropics using model age of air (Chapter 3), the strength of VSLS source regions in tropical troposphere (Chapter 4), and quantification of their monthly emission fluxes (Chapter 5). The two most abundant VSLS bromoform (CHBr3) and CH2Br2 were focussed on. A new model age of air calculation was used to describe transport of ocean emissions in the tropical latitudes. Age of air describes how long an air mass has been out of contact with the emission source region. The two most rapid convection regions of the Indian Ocean (InO) and Western Pacific (WPa) showed age of air in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) to be 25 days. This is similar to the lifetime of CHBr3 (24 days). Using age of air estimated from simulations covering 1989–2013, it was shown how strong El Niño events can increase the age of air over the WPa by 5–7 days in the mid–troposphere, and up to 12 days in the TTL. This increase in age was due to a change in the Walker Circulation, weakening convection in the WPa and increasing convection over the CPa. Over this period, it was shown that age decreases in the tropical circulation system (the Hadley Cell). Decreasing age results from increasing convection, and more rapid transport of VSLS to the upper troposphere, lower stratosphere (UTLS). To study regional emission sources over the WPa, a tagged CHBr3 and CH2Br2 model was developed. It is the first study to quantify how open and coastal emissions contribute separately to the vertical profiles of CHBr3 and CH2Br2 in the WPa. Variability over the WPa is dominated by an open oceanic emission source, with enhanced coastal emissions influencing concentrations in the upper troposphere. Estimations of 3.14 pptv of CHBr3 and CH2Br2 contribution to TTL Bry were in agreement with recent observational studies (3.27 pptv, Navarro et al. (2015)) over the same region. Comparison with aircraft observations showed that the model has a positive bias and this is attributed to over estimation of model emissions. Ground–based observations were used in an inverse model to estimate surface emissions of CHBr3. This method has not been previously used to estimate CHBr3 emissions. The monthly a posteriori emissions had seasonal cycles in the northern and southern hemisphere coastal emissions, and reductions over tropical open oceans. A posteriori emissions were put in to the model and the predicted volume mixing ratios were able to reproduce ground stations observations over the mid–latitude and tropical stations, important for convective transport of VSLS. The model still showed a bias when compared to CAST and CONTRAST aircraft observations over the Western Pacific, but the mean model minus observed residual was reduced by around 0.3 pptv and 0.1 pptv for respective CAST and CONTRAST campaigns from the a priori emissions.

Lake biotic responses to natural climate variability, fire disturbances, and human impacts over the Holocene were studied at two proximate sites in southwestern Québec. Sediments from Lac Noir and Lac Brûlé had annually deposited laminations (varves), enabling for the precise dating of continuous time-series and high-resolution analysis of subfossil diatom assemblages. The Lac Noir (45°46’31”N, 75°8’23”W, 176 m a.s.l.) record spanned ~11000 years of the Holocene. Stratigraphic changes in diatom assemblages of the lake could be divided into early, mid-, and late periods, broadly paralleling Milankovitch-scale climate intervals and vegetation changes inferred from regional palynological records. The early Holocene (11.1-8.0 ka) climate was cooler and dry, vegetation in the region was comprised of Picea-dominated woodlands, and the lake diatom flora included primarily benthic taxa. Warming in the mid-Holocene (8.0-3.6 ka) allowed for stabilization of soils and forests in the catchment, stronger thermal stratification in the lake, and resultant increases in oligo-mesotrophic diatom taxa such as Discostella stelligera. During the late Holocene (3.6 ka to present), an increase in the abundance of deciduous trees (e.g. Betula and Alnus) in response to cooling led to nutrient-enrichment and higher overall lake productivity. The record from Lac Brûlé (45°43’09”N, 75°26’32”W, 270 m a.s.l.) encompassed the last ~1200 years of the late Holocene. Generalized additive models (GAM) revealed a tight coupling between diatoms and catchment-mediated processes (e.g. vegetation and disturbances), which were closely aligned with climate variations. During the Medieval Warm Period (800-1300 CE), pollen-based inferences of warmer summer temperatures were associated with high abundances of Cyclotella bodanica var. intermedia and Cyclotella rossii; this signalled oligotrophic lake conditions and prolonged thermal stratification. The onset of the Little Ice Age (1450-1850 CE) marked a cooling in the region, and a decline in Tabellaria flocculosa str. IIIp indicated increased nutrient loading from the catchment area. Situated less than 300m from Lac Brûlé are remnants of the Wallingford-Back Mine, which ran from 1924-1972 CE; activities at the mine resulted in local changes to nutrient availability and primary productivity at this site. In previous studies of both Lac Noir and Lac Brûlé, pollen records had indicated overall similarities in the vegetation histories in response to climate variability during the late Holocene. Diatom assemblages were influenced by individual lake conditions and were thus unique to each site; nevertheless, they were closely linked with local and regional patterns of vegetation composition. A main point of difference in the paleo-records from both lakes was attributed to a local fire in the Lac Brûlé catchment at 1345 CE, which caused an early decline in hemlock (Tsuga). The decrease in hemlock was seen at Lac Noir only centuries later, and diatoms in each lake responded according to vegetation changes within their own respective catchments. This research shows that high-resolution sampling of lake sediments is able to detect diatom responses to both long-term and abrupt changes in the environment. Individual sites show similarly timed responses of other proxy-indicators, such as pollen and cladocera, to climate and land-use changes. However, distinct differences in the aquatic biota of well-dated proximate sites can be used to identify influences of regional climate variations, which are sometimes masked by localized, non-climatic processes.

In recent years, self-myofascial release has gained popularity as a post-exercise therapeutic technique in regards to alleviating pain or muscle soreness. New developments have led many researchers and practitioners to examine self-myofascial release, in the form of foam rolling, pre-exercise. The effects of foam rolling, in combination with a dynamic warm-up, is not quite understood. Minimal research has been published on this topic. To date, there has been one article that examines how a dynamic warm-up and foam rolling can improve performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine if an acute bout of foam rolling in the form of self-myofascial release in addition to a dynamic warm-up could improve performance. Fourteen active male and female participants (N = 14; age: 20.931.44; height: 68.043.21, weight: 80.0922.82, BMI: 26.47 5.89) with no prior experience foam rolling volunteered to engage in this counterbalanced, within-subjects design. Participants engaged in experimental condition groups: a general warm-up (GW) group, a dynamic warm-up (DYN) group, and a foam rolling (FM) group. Following each condition, participants performed a series of performance tests. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to compare the effect of the independent variable (group: general warm-up, dynamic warm-up, and foam rolling group) on the dependent variable (scores: flexibility, vertical jump, standing long jump, and sprint scores) to determine if significant differences exist. When the omnibus F-test statistic was significant, pairwise comparisons using Sidak comparisons were performed. The data indicated that the foam rolling group showed significant differences in flexibility and power (specifically in the standing long jump) when compared to a general or dynamic warm-up. Furthermore, no significant differences were found in the vertical jump or the speed test among the three groups. The results suggest that total-body foam rolling session may be valuable for improvements in certain aspects of performance. Implications from this study suggest foam rolling can be used before a workout routine.

abstract: This project examines over 40 publications consisting of published warm-ups, routines, and materials suitable for daily routines. The books were all written specifically for the horn and published between 1940 and 2015. They are split into periods of twenty years each during this timeframe: 1940-1959, 1960-1979, 1980-1999, and 2000-2015. Included are brief annotations for each of the books which consist of general biographical information on the author, a summary of the material presented in each routine including a breakdown of how much each author covers a set of defined components, and suggestions for which type of student would be best to utilize each routine through an assessment of its strengths. Trends are also examined within each time period that attempt to demonstrate the larger evolution within the project over the course of the entire 75-year period. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Music 2016

Warm mix asphalt (WMA) represents a group of technologies that allows production of asphalt mixtures at lower temperatures compared to traditional hot mix asphalt (HMA). This results in less fuel consumption and reduction in CO2 ¬and fumes emission. This research was conducted in order to provide North Dakota department of transportation (NDDOT) with a thorough study on state of the practice of WMA in USA and compare WMA performance with HMA. Extensive literature study was conducted, collecting reports and field experiment data from DOTs of states with climate similar to ND. Viewpoints of experts in the field were collected and analyzed using a comprehensive survey. These were added to analysis of collected data on WMA performance. The research results suggest using foaming processes (Double Barrel Green in particular) and chemical additives (Evotherm in particular) at this early stage with guidelines for modifications in WMA specification and testing compared to HMA. / North Dakota Department of Transportation

This diploma thesis is focused on the design project of ventilation and warm air heating of a service station. The thesis starts with the introduction into this issue and the layout of the service station is presented here. Afterwards, calculations of the heat penetration coefficient, heat losses and heat load, as well as the amount of fresh air are presented here. Furthermore, the amount of supply air is assigned in this part. Consequently, a design project of ventilation and air heating is set up based on these calculations. The design project also includes the choice, dimensioning of local exhausting, a slot diffuser and of air duct paths. Moreover, pressure losses are calculated and the choice of an ventilation and heating unit is made. A design documentation with material specifications is also part of this diploma thesis.

The thesis deals with verification of applicability of biogenic binders during casting of gray cast iron. Applicability of these binders for making moulds as well as cores was verificated. The introduction describes strength of cured mixture with biogenic binder including influence of additives and refractory coating. The main part describes process of manufacturing of castings being poured into the biogenic binder bonded moulds. Pouring castings with cores bonded with the same binder is described as well. The last part deals with assessment of the given tests. The thesis comprises photodocumentation of poured samples.

The purposes of these studies were to determine if an acute static stretch influenced isokinetic peak torque (IPT), and to examine if the order in which the warm up routine was performed affected peak knee extension torque. Twenty trained college male students performed maximal isokinetic knee extensions under four conditions: a control consisting of no stretching, a stretch only trial, jog then stretch, and stretch then jog conditions. Each stretch was held for a total volume of 360 s. Measurements were taken on a Biodex System 3 isokinetic dynamometer at speeds of 60º s-1 and 300º s-1. Data were analyzed using t-tests to compare the stretch condition with the control. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the stretch and the control at 300 º s-1 (p = 0.03 t = 2.42) but not at 60 º s-1 (p = 0.16). A 2 x 3 ANOVA (300 º s-1 x 60 º s-1, and control x stretch then jog x jog then stretch) yielded no significance at either speed (p > 0.05). Conclusions from this study indicate that stretching should not be the sole exercise in a warm-up routine as previous research confirms the decrease in IPT after stretching. Another finding of this study is that the negative effects of stretching can be diminished when combined with an aerobic activity such as jogging prior to performance. Further research is needed to determine the underlying factors that contribute to the post stretch decrease in IPT and the factors that lead to the restoration of force after aerobic activity. Caution is advised since these were controlled tests in a laboratory and results may vary with actual performance.