Syftet med studien var att undersöka vad känslor spelar för roll för beslutet att donera pengar till välgörande ändamål. Dessutom undersöktes om motivet ”social signaling” (publikt/anonymt) har någon påverkan på beslutet att ge pengar till en välgörenhetsorganisation. I ett experiment fick försökspersoner fatta ekonomiska beslut om donation till Rädda Barnen. Resultaten visade att generellt är människor generösare när de fattade besluten publikt än anonymt. Positiva/negativa känslor styrde hur personer fattar donationsbeslut. Känslor påverkades dock inte av att de fattade beslutet publikt eller anonymt. Överlag kände de sig positivare när de förlorade mindre pengar och välgörenhetsorganisationen fick mer pengar, dock inte när de både förlorade mer och välgörenhetsorganisationen fick mer. Sammantaget visar studien att både känslor och sociala motiv påverkar donationsbeteende.

Med ett naturligt fältexperiment studeras betydelsen av social påverkan för individers benägenhet att skänka pengar. Den dominerande teorin inom nationalekonomin som förklaring till välgörenhet är warm glow altruism. Teorin säger att människor skänker pengar på grund av en kombination av altruism och warm glow. Men det finns även teorier som förutsäger att socialt tryck spelar roll. I experimentet ställdes frågor till pantkunder om deras bidrag till välgörenhet. Individerna i behandlingsgruppen blev tillfrågade innan de började panta och kunnat välja om de ska skänka panten. I kontrollgruppen besvarades frågorna efteråt. Resultatet tyder på att social påverkan spelar stor roll för benägenheten att skänka panten.

<p>Med ett naturligt fältexperiment studeras betydelsen av social påverkan för individers benägenhet att skänka pengar. Den dominerande teorin inom nationalekonomin som förklaring till välgörenhet är warm glow altruism. Teorin säger att människor skänker pengar på grund av en kombination av altruism och warm glow. Men det finns även teorier som förutsäger att socialt tryck spelar roll. I experimentet ställdes frågor till pantkunder om deras bidrag till välgörenhet. Individerna i behandlingsgruppen blev tillfrågade innan de började panta och kunnat välja om de ska skänka panten. I kontrollgruppen besvarades frågorna efteråt. Resultatet tyder på att social påverkan spelar stor roll för benägenheten att skänka panten.</p>

<p>Never before has the interest for charity been greater. At this writing, U.S. charities have collected nearly one billion U.S. dollars (!) only in the aid for the disaster victims in Haiti.But can you get people to give even more? Are there yet unexplored market in which charitable organizations still have growth potential? Traditional economic theory which is based in individuals' rational behavior and self-utility maximization has a hard time to explain the phenomenon of charitable donations. But relatively new research can possibly connect the theory and the phenomenon through the theorem of warm-glow in why people actually donate money anonymously and indirectly to people they never met or will ever know who made the donation. This thesis will examine whether or not a small change in the environment could influence individuals to donate more money and / or more frequently. The study was conducted as a field experiment at an ICA store deposit station where people are faced with the choice to donate their deposit to the Swedish Red Cross instead of getting a voucher for themselves. The obtained results shows a statistically significant difference between the donation of the pledge of over 13 percentage more in the presence of a visual stimulus, more specifically a picture of a poor boy drinking clean water from a tap. That results in a doubling in nominal amounts of donations for the charity. Moreover, I find that people who already before the experiment are sympathetic to donating the pledge do so to a greater extent than people who were not. Neither sex nor age seemed to affect the results in any way.</p>

Never before has the interest for charity been greater. At this writing, U.S. charities have collected nearly one billion U.S. dollars (!) only in the aid for the disaster victims in Haiti.But can you get people to give even more? Are there yet unexplored market in which charitable organizations still have growth potential? Traditional economic theory which is based in individuals' rational behavior and self-utility maximization has a hard time to explain the phenomenon of charitable donations. But relatively new research can possibly connect the theory and the phenomenon through the theorem of warm-glow in why people actually donate money anonymously and indirectly to people they never met or will ever know who made the donation. This thesis will examine whether or not a small change in the environment could influence individuals to donate more money and / or more frequently. The study was conducted as a field experiment at an ICA store deposit station where people are faced with the choice to donate their deposit to the Swedish Red Cross instead of getting a voucher for themselves. The obtained results shows a statistically significant difference between the donation of the pledge of over 13 percentage more in the presence of a visual stimulus, more specifically a picture of a poor boy drinking clean water from a tap. That results in a doubling in nominal amounts of donations for the charity. Moreover, I find that people who already before the experiment are sympathetic to donating the pledge do so to a greater extent than people who were not. Neither sex nor age seemed to affect the results in any way.

Why do people work in the voluntary sector? Is the sector distinct, with characteristics that differentiate it from the private and public sectors? Is it important to consider the existence of the so-called ‘third sector’ when analysing behaviour in the labour market? Is altruism really an important motivation for workers in this sector? This dissertation is concerned specifically with the labour market in the voluntary sector: that is, workers who are the paid employees of independent nonprofit organisations. Using a large, national dataset, we explore empirically the predictions of the economic theory of voluntary organisations. In particular, is there evidence for a ‘warm glow’, the extra utility that workers receive for working towards a goal that they share with their employer? Does this glow exist, and is it brighter in the voluntary sector? We examine in turn sector differences in wages, working hours, and find evidence that employment in the voluntary sector is significantly different in some characteristics from both the private and public sectors. The main economic theories of voluntary sector wage-setting rely on some formulation of ‘warm glow’ utility or intrinsic motivation derived from working for an organisation with a mission shared by motivated employees. This leads to a prediction of lower wages in the voluntary sector. The empirical findings in the existing literature have focussed on US data, and the results have been mixed. Using pooled cross-sectional and panel datasets based on UK employment data between 1997 and 2007, we show that there is some evidence of warm-glow wage discounts in the sector for male workers, but that these wage differences have been eroded as the sector has grown. Although there is not a significant sector wage difference found for women, there is evidence that they have also experienced faster wage growth in the voluntary sector than the private. There are significant sector differences in working hours within the Health & Social Work industries, particularly in overtime working. Workers in the voluntary sector work more hours of unpaid overtime, whilst those in the private sector work more hours of paid overtime. Controlling for overtime hours has a significant effect on sector wage differentials. In particular, accounting for unpaid overtime results in evidence of a warm-glow wage discount for female workers. We analyse this data at a time when the sector has been growing dramatically, driven by government policy to reform public services. Our findings suggest that this policy has had unintended consequences for the voluntary sector labour market.

Antalet hemlösa EU-migranter har på senare år ökat kraftigt i Sverige, och närmare hälften av dem saknar inkomstkälla helt medan många andra försörjer sig genom tiggeri. Numera måste individer förutom att ta ställning till huruvida de ska ge pengar till etablerade välgörenhetsorganisationer även besluta om de ska ge pengar till tiggande EU-migranter. Utifrån antagandet att det existerar asymmetrisk information, och institutionella faktorer som kan påverka individers givande till respektive typ av välgörenhet är det intressant att undersöka om det finns skillnader i benägenheten att ge till tiggande EU-migranter jämfört med etablerade välgörenhetsorganisationer.Forskningsstudiens huvudsakliga syfte är att undersöka benägenheten hos individer att ge pengar till tiggande EU-migranter jämfört med etablerade välgörenhetsorganisationer. Vidare är syftet också att identifiera och analysera olika individspecifika egenskaper som tänkbart påverkar individers givande till respektive typ av välgörenhet. För att besvara syftet samlas primärdata in i Linköpings stad genom en enkätundersökning och analyseras sedan med hjälp av ekonometriska verktyg.Forskningsstudiens resultat indikerar att individer generellt är mindre benägna att ge pengar till tiggande EU-migranter jämfört med etablerade välgörenhetsorganisationer. De egenskaper som har betydelse för att förklara individers givande till tiggande EU-migranter är kön, ålder, härkomst, kunskap om tiggande EU-migranters livssituation och inställning till lagförslag att förbjuda tiggeri. I jämförelse till detta har ålder, utbildning, härkomst, äktenskap och sociala faktorer betydelse för att förklara givandet till etablerade välgörenhetsorganisationer. / In recent years, the number of homeless EU migrants has increased substantially in Sweden, and almost half of them lack an income whereas many others live by begging. Nowadays, individuals in addition to decide whether to give money to established charities also have to decide whether to give money to begging EU migrants. Based on the assumption that asymmetric information and institutional factors exists, which can affect each type of willingness to donate to charity, it is interesting to investigate whether there are differences in propensity to give money to begging EU migrants compared to established charities.The purpose of the research study is to examine individual’s propensity to give money to begging EU migrants compared to established charities. Furthermore, the aim is also to identify and analyze various individual characteristics that conceivably affect individuals' donation to each type of charity. To answer the purpose of the research study primary data is collected in Linkoping city by a questionnaire and the material is analyzed with econometric models.The results of the study indicate that individuals generally are less likely to give money to begging EU migrants compared with established charities. Variables that affect individuals' willingness to give money to begging EU migrants are gender, age, descent, knowledge of begging EU migrants living situation and attitude towards banning begging. Compared to this, factors that affect the willingness to donate to established charities are age, education, descent, married and social factors.

This article investigates the decision of consumers at bottle refund machines to either reclaim their bottle deposit or to donate the refund to a non-profit organization. The study documents the unique pre-intervention data on donating behaviour and introduces a field experiment to increase donation levels. The design comprised the strategic framing of the situation by highlighting different cues about the normative, descriptive and local expectations of charitable giving as well as cues about the warm glow of donating money. The experiment took place in 20 supermarkets in Germany and lasted for 12 months. By varying the experimental design and using different modelling approaches, the study arrives at the conclusion that individuals largely act consistent with the assumption having self-regarding preferences that are stable and difficult to change. Hence, our pre-test and postintervention data stand in sharp contrast to results from lab experiments.

Nous capturons la décision de contribuer volontairement au bien public en groupe restreint et important, en nous basant sur un classique de l’économie expérimentale. Contrairement aux prévisions, la décision dépend négativement du rendement du bien public en groupe important. Les joueurs percevraient l’enjeu comme faible. La décision dépend positivement, mais trop fragilement, du nombre de bénéficiaires du bien public en groupe restreint et n’en dépend pas en groupe important. La décision dépend toujours négativement de l’avancement du jeu, mais sans convergence vers la stratégie dominante. Le mode de calcul de la rémunération aurait une incidence. La réciprocité et l’aversion à l’iniquité sont toujours absentes. Cela serait lié au fait que les joueurs ne sont pas représentatifs de la population. Dans le sens des prévisions, deux propriétés de l’investissement public se dégagent et concordent avec les décisions observées dans la vie courante. La décision dépend positivement du rendement public en groupe restreint, dans la logique de cet incitatif à contribuer. L’altruisme est présent sous forme de traces en groupe restreint et disparaît en groupe important, désavantagé par la dilution du don. L’éclat chaleureux du don voit sa présence s’accroître en groupe important, favorisé par le changement de nature du don. Nous modélisons ces résultats en nous basant sur l’équilibre Logit. Il s’agit de fonctions de réponse perturbées comprenant différents composants. Les propriétés de ces fonctions rencontrent adéquatement la prise de décision et ont l’avantage de ne pas représenter certains errements empiriques. / We capture decision-making to voluntarily contribute to public good in small and large group, based on a Classic in experimental economics. Contrary to forecasts, decision-making is negatively correlated with Marginal Per Capita Return to investing in the public group in large group. Subjects appear to view the issue as weak. Decision-making is positively correlated, but too weakly, with number of subjects in small group and is not correlated in large group. Decision-making is always negatively correlated with game process, but without convergence to the dominant strategy. The method used in calculating compensation can have an impact. Reciprocity and aversion to inequity are always missing. This can be linked to the fact that subjects are not representative of the true population. In line with forecasts, two properties of public investment emerge and are consistent with decision-making of everyday life. Decision-making is negatively correlated with Marginal per Capita Return in small group, following logic of this incentive to contribute. There are signs of altruism in small group disappearing in larger group, disadvantaged by dilution of Giving. Presence of Warm-Glow Giving increases in large group, supported by changing nature of Giving. We model these results using the Logit equilibrium. It is noisy response functions including different components. Function’s properties properly meet decision-making and have advantage of not modeling some empirical contradictions.