Tropical soils are a globally important store of terrestrial carbon (C) and source of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), regulated by the activity of soil microorganisms, through the mineralisation of plant residues and soil organic matter (SOM). Climatic warming will influence microbial activity, and this may accelerate the rate of C release from soils as CO2, contributing to alterations in current atmospheric composition, and generating feedbacks to climate change. Yet the magnitude of C loss from tropical soils remains uncertain, partly because we do not fully understand how non-climatic factors – including the chemistry of plant inputs, the availability of soil nutrients and the composition of the decomposer community – will interact to determine the response to changes in temperature. This thesis examines how these factors together regulate the rate of C cycling in contrasting soils across a 3400 m tropical elevation gradient in the Peruvian Andes, spanning a 20 ºC range (6.5 – 26.4 ºC) in mean annual temperature. Large-scale field-based manipulation experiments, translocating leaves and soil-cores across the elevation gradient (to impose an in-situ experimental warming treatment), were combined with controlled laboratory studies to examine the microbial-scale mechanisms which underlie the processes of decomposition and soil respiration observed in-situ. Results show that, across the gradient, rates of leaf-decomposition were determined principally by temperature and foliar chemical traits, while soil fertility had no significant influence. The effect of temperature was, however, stronger across higher-elevation sites, suggesting a greater vulnerability of the C-rich soils in montane systems to increased C loss under climatic warming. In lowland forests, the presence of invertebrate macrofauna also accelerated rates of decomposition, but leaf chemistry explained the greatest proportion of the observed variance, with a strong role for leaf chemical traits also identified under controlled conditions. Despite marked differences in microbial abundance and community composition among soils, these metrics were not associated with observed rates of decomposition. These results suggest that climate-related changes to plant species distributions (with associated changes to the chemistry of leaf-inputs), and upslope extension of macrofaunal ranges, could strongly influence future rates of leaf decomposition, independently of the direct response to warming. From the soil translocation study, root-soil interactions stimulated substantial net C loss from montane soils following translocation downslope (experimental warming treatment), indicating that warming-related changes to root productivity, exudation and/or species-composition could represent an important mode of future C loss from these soils. To examine more closely how inputs of plant-derived C influence the turnover of pre-existing SOM, and whether soil nutrient availability modulates the response, soils were amended with simple and complex 13C-labelled substrates in combination with inorganic nutrient treatments. Isotopic partitioning was used to determine the degree to which C and nutrient inputs accelerated (positive priming) or retarded (negative priming) the decomposition of SOM. Amendment of upper montane forest and montane grassland soils with nitrogen (N; alone and in combination with C) substantially retarded the decomposition of SOM, suggesting that microbial demand for N strongly regulates the turnover of organic matter in these soils. In contrast, amendment of lower montane and lowland forest soils with C stimulated positive priming of SOM, which was strongest in response to the simple C substrate and was not influenced by nutrient treatments, suggesting that microorganisms in these soils are primarily constrained by availability of labile C. Functional differences among microbial groups were also evident, with gram-negative bacteria and fungi using more labile sources of C while gram-positive bacteria used more complex C. Together, results from these studies considerably advance our understanding of soil C dynamics across lowland and montane systems, painting a rich picture of interacting processes which will determine the future soil C balance in tropical ecosystems. They show that the influence of temperature on the rate of soil C cycling is strongly affected by the nature and composition of plant-derived and atmospheric inputs, the principal additional constraints varying with elevation, leading to both opposing and reinforcing effects on rates of decomposition. The greater observed temperature sensitivity of decomposition at higher elevations is coupled with high microbial demand for N which regulates the turnover of SOM, whereas at lower elevations leaf decomposition is accelerated by active macrofaunal breakdown, while microbial decomposition of SOM is constrained by the availability of labile C. Under a global change scenario of increased temperature and N deposition, results therefore suggest that: (i) modified chemistry of plant inputs will influence rates of decomposition, independently of climate; (ii) increased availability of labile C will lead to more rapid decomposition of SOM at lower elevations; (iii) greater root productivity (associated with warming and plant-community shifts) will stimulate soil C loss across montane regions; but (iv) at higher elevations, a possible countervailing effect may be imposed on rapid warming-accelerated decomposition if increased N availability reduces microbial mineralisation of SOM. The net effect on the ecosystem C budget will depend on the balance of C gain from primary productivity and C loss from soils. Overall, however, the results presented here suggest that the large soil C stores in higher-elevation montane regions are particularly vulnerable to substantial reductions under exposure to short- and medium-term climatic warming.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Recentes observações satelitais têm demonstrado um aumento na extensão total do gelo marinho Antártico e redução do gelo marinho no Ártico. Apesar destas constatações, no Oceano Sul análises regionais apontam tendências negativas nos mares de Bellingshausen-Amundsen e positivas no mar de Ross, enquanto que para o Ártico ocorrer uma redução uniforme do gelo marinho. Neste estudo, foi realizada uma análise multivariada para identificar as mudanças na extensão do gelo marinho Antártico e Ártico em resposta à variabilidade de um conjunto de forçantes/parâmetros/índices climáticos de reconhecida importância em escala global. Especificamente, as associações entre o gelo marinho e os parâmetros e forçantes climáticos foram examinadas através da correlação linear e da análise de agrupamento. Diferentes respostas em diferentes setores foram examinadas e discutidas. Os resultados indicam que a variabilidade do gelo marinho Antártico e Ártico é um fenômeno multivariado e que a extensão de gelo marinho mínima, média e máxima podem apresentar diferentes padrões espaciais e responderem a diferentes conjuntos de parâmetros e forçantes climáticos. Foi identificado um significativo impacto de forçantes/parâmetros/índices climáticos sobre o gelo marinho no Oeste Antártico. No hemisfério Norte o aumento da temperatura média global e do CO2 atmosférico são os principais responsáveis pela redução na extensão do gelo marinho. / Recent satellite observations have shown an increase in the total extent of Antarctic sea ice and a reduction of sea ice in the Arctic. Despite these findings, regional analyses in the Southern Ocean indicates negative trends in the Bellingshausen-Amundsen Sea and positive trends in the Ross Sea, while in the Arctic seems to occur a uniform reduction of sea ice. In this study, mutivariate analysis was performed to identify changes in Antarctic sea ice in response to changes in a set of climate forcings/parameters/indices. More specifically, the relationships between sea ice and climate forcings and parameters were examined by linear correlation and cluster analysis. Different responses in different sectors were examined and discussed. The findings indicate that Antarctic sea ice variability is a multivariate phenomenon and that the minimum, maximum, and mean sea ice extent depicts different spatial pattern and may respond to a different set of climate forcings/parameters/indices. A significant impact of climate forcings/parameters/indices occurs over western Antarctic. In the northern hemisphere the increase in global mean temperature and atmospheric CO2 seems to be the major responsible for the reduction in sea ice extent.

A importância sócio-econômica do agronegócio paulista e a vulnerabilidade agrícola aos eventos atmosféricos evidenciam a necessidade da constante investigação da dinâmica climática do Estado de São Paulo. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi realizar a descrição estatística de séries temporais de precipitação pluvial (PRE), temperatura do ar máxima (Tmax) e mínima (Tmin) do Estado de São Paulo, determinando as respectivas probabilidades de ocorrência, possíveis periodicidades, tendências e variações climáticas. O estudo considerou as escalas anual, mensal e absoluta. Essa última refere-se ao maior e menor valor diário de temperatura do ar (Tmaxabs e Tminabs, respectivamente) e ao maior total de precipitação pluvial (Preabs) ocorrido ao longo de um dia dentro de cada agrupamento anual. Análises estatísticas de séries temporais, métodos paramétricos e não paramétricos foram aplicados a dados meteorológicos de nove localidades. Considerando as escalas mensal e anual, nas séries de Tmin foram detectados os indícios mais significativos de tendências de elevação temporal. Essas alterações foram mais severas nas localidades de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, Ribeirão Preto e, especialmente, Ubatuba. Nas séries de Monte Alegre do Sul e Pindorama tais indícios são observados de forma pouco significativa. Mesmo após a adoção de um período comum de análise (1948 a 2007) não foi possível estabelecer uma concomitância/significância na variabilidade temporal das séries de Tmin analisadas. Essa incoerência espacial indica provável influência de forçantes de escala local na variabilidade temporal desses dados de temperatura pertencentes ao Estado de São Paulo. As alterações observadas nas séries de Tmax são, de forma geral, inferiores às observadas nos dados de Tmin. A principal característica das séries de PRE é a elevada variabilidade temporal de seus dados. Para esse elemento meteorológico foram verificados, nas localidades situadas fora da faixa litorânea, deslocamentos à direita das curvas de probabilidades associadas aos anos mais recentes. Essa elevação no regime de PRE deve-se especialmente ao mês de maio. Nos dados de PRE, relativos à localidade de Ubatuba, foram observadas características opostas às verificadas nas demais séries do estudo com deslocamento a esquerda das curvas de probabilidade relativas aos últimos 36 anos. Na escala de valores absolutos, foram verificadas tendências de elevação apenas nas séries de precipitação máxima absoluta da localidade de Pindorama e de temperatura mínima absoluta de Ubatuba. Nenhuma das três variáveis evidenciou marcantes periodicidades em suas séries temporais. Contudo os maiores picos do espectro de potência local da ondaleta, relativos aos dados mensais e absolutos de Tmax, coincidem com os eventos de seca mais severos já registrados na literatura científica do Estado. A não concomitância dos picos de variância dos dados de temperatura máxima e mínima, aliada às diferentes variabilidades observadas nessas séries temporais, nas distintas localidades utilizadas, permite inferir que os extremos superiores e inferiores desse elemento meteorológico são influenciados de forma diferenciada pelas forçantes moduladoras do clima do Estado de São Paulo. / The socio-economic relevance of São Paulo State agribusiness, and the vulnerability of agriculture atmospheric events indicate the need for constant study of the dynamics of the climate system of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The propose of this work was to study the statistics of time series of rainfall (PRE), maximum air temperature (Tmax), and minimum air temperature (Tmin) of the State of São Paulo. The probability of occurrence of these data and presences of periodicity, trends, and climate variations, on the time series, were investigated. The study was carried out considering annual, monthly, and absolute time scales. This last scale refers to the largest and to the smallest air temperature daily value, observed each year, (Tmaxabs and Tminabs, respectively). The absolute time scale also refers to the largest daily rainfall amount, observed each year (Preabs). Time series analysis, parametric and non parametric methods were applied to PRE, Tmax and Tmin data of nine weather stations. The highest significance levels of increasing trends were detected in both annual and monthly Tmin series. These climate alterations were more severe in the regions of Campinas, Cordeirópolis, Ribeirão Preto and, especially, Ubatuba (coastal region of the state). For Tmin series from Monte Alegre do Sul and Pindorama, trends were mostly statistically non significant. In spite of adopting the same period of analysis, 1948 to 2007, it was not possible to find a concomitance/similarity in the temporal variability of Tmin analyzed series. This spatial incoherence indicates the presence of important local forcing on air temperature data. The climate alterations observed in Tmax series was, in general, much less significant than those observed in Tmin series. The most important feature of the PRE series is the high temporal variability. For the weather stations in the mainland, it was verified shifts to the right in the PRE probabilities distributions associated with the most recent years. This temporal increase on rainfall amounts is mainly observed in May. For the Ubatuba PRE series, shifts to the left, in the probabilities distributions associated with the last 36 years, were found. For the absolute time scale, increasing trends were detected only in Pindorama Preabs time series and Ubatuba Tmin time series. No important periodicity was found in any of the analyzed time series. However, the local wavelet power spectrum (WPS) higher peaks, for monthly and absolute Tmax series, are concomitant with the most severe drought event described in scientific literature of the State of São Paulo. The non coincidence of the Tmax and Tmin WPS peaks, associated with the different temporal variability of those series, allows us to infer that those variables are influenced at a different way by the climate forcing that modulates the climate system of the State of São Paulo.

A importância sócio-econômica do agronegócio paulista e a vulnerabilidade agrícola aos eventos atmosféricos evidenciam a necessidade da constante investigação da dinâmica climática do Estado de São Paulo. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi realizar a descrição estatística de séries temporais de precipitação pluvial (PRE), temperatura do ar máxima (Tmax) e mínima (Tmin) do Estado de São Paulo, determinando as respectivas probabilidades de ocorrência, possíveis periodicidades, tendências e variações climáticas. O estudo considerou as escalas anual, mensal e absoluta. Essa última refere-se ao maior e menor valor diário de temperatura do ar (Tmaxabs e Tminabs, respectivamente) e ao maior total de precipitação pluvial (Preabs) ocorrido ao longo de um dia dentro de cada agrupamento anual. Análises estatísticas de séries temporais, métodos paramétricos e não paramétricos foram aplicados a dados meteorológicos de nove localidades. Considerando as escalas mensal e anual, nas séries de Tmin foram detectados os indícios mais significativos de tendências de elevação temporal. Essas alterações foram mais severas nas localidades de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, Ribeirão Preto e, especialmente, Ubatuba. Nas séries de Monte Alegre do Sul e Pindorama tais indícios são observados de forma pouco significativa. Mesmo após a adoção de um período comum de análise (1948 a 2007) não foi possível estabelecer uma concomitância/significância na variabilidade temporal das séries de Tmin analisadas. Essa incoerência espacial indica provável influência de forçantes de escala local na variabilidade temporal desses dados de temperatura pertencentes ao Estado de São Paulo. As alterações observadas nas séries de Tmax são, de forma geral, inferiores às observadas nos dados de Tmin. A principal característica das séries de PRE é a elevada variabilidade temporal de seus dados. Para esse elemento meteorológico foram verificados, nas localidades situadas fora da faixa litorânea, deslocamentos à direita das curvas de probabilidades associadas aos anos mais recentes. Essa elevação no regime de PRE deve-se especialmente ao mês de maio. Nos dados de PRE, relativos à localidade de Ubatuba, foram observadas características opostas às verificadas nas demais séries do estudo com deslocamento a esquerda das curvas de probabilidade relativas aos últimos 36 anos. Na escala de valores absolutos, foram verificadas tendências de elevação apenas nas séries de precipitação máxima absoluta da localidade de Pindorama e de temperatura mínima absoluta de Ubatuba. Nenhuma das três variáveis evidenciou marcantes periodicidades em suas séries temporais. Contudo os maiores picos do espectro de potência local da ondaleta, relativos aos dados mensais e absolutos de Tmax, coincidem com os eventos de seca mais severos já registrados na literatura científica do Estado. A não concomitância dos picos de variância dos dados de temperatura máxima e mínima, aliada às diferentes variabilidades observadas nessas séries temporais, nas distintas localidades utilizadas, permite inferir que os extremos superiores e inferiores desse elemento meteorológico são influenciados de forma diferenciada pelas forçantes moduladoras do clima do Estado de São Paulo. / The socio-economic relevance of São Paulo State agribusiness, and the vulnerability of agriculture atmospheric events indicate the need for constant study of the dynamics of the climate system of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The propose of this work was to study the statistics of time series of rainfall (PRE), maximum air temperature (Tmax), and minimum air temperature (Tmin) of the State of São Paulo. The probability of occurrence of these data and presences of periodicity, trends, and climate variations, on the time series, were investigated. The study was carried out considering annual, monthly, and absolute time scales. This last scale refers to the largest and to the smallest air temperature daily value, observed each year, (Tmaxabs and Tminabs, respectively). The absolute time scale also refers to the largest daily rainfall amount, observed each year (Preabs). Time series analysis, parametric and non parametric methods were applied to PRE, Tmax and Tmin data of nine weather stations. The highest significance levels of increasing trends were detected in both annual and monthly Tmin series. These climate alterations were more severe in the regions of Campinas, Cordeirópolis, Ribeirão Preto and, especially, Ubatuba (coastal region of the state). For Tmin series from Monte Alegre do Sul and Pindorama, trends were mostly statistically non significant. In spite of adopting the same period of analysis, 1948 to 2007, it was not possible to find a concomitance/similarity in the temporal variability of Tmin analyzed series. This spatial incoherence indicates the presence of important local forcing on air temperature data. The climate alterations observed in Tmax series was, in general, much less significant than those observed in Tmin series. The most important feature of the PRE series is the high temporal variability. For the weather stations in the mainland, it was verified shifts to the right in the PRE probabilities distributions associated with the most recent years. This temporal increase on rainfall amounts is mainly observed in May. For the Ubatuba PRE series, shifts to the left, in the probabilities distributions associated with the last 36 years, were found. For the absolute time scale, increasing trends were detected only in Pindorama Preabs time series and Ubatuba Tmin time series. No important periodicity was found in any of the analyzed time series. However, the local wavelet power spectrum (WPS) higher peaks, for monthly and absolute Tmax series, are concomitant with the most severe drought event described in scientific literature of the State of São Paulo. The non coincidence of the Tmax and Tmin WPS peaks, associated with the different temporal variability of those series, allows us to infer that those variables are influenced at a different way by the climate forcing that modulates the climate system of the State of São Paulo.

The object of the present study is to introduce three analytical time series models for the purpose of developing more effective economic and environmental forecasting models, among others. Given a stochastic realization, stationary or nonstationary in nature, one can utilize exciting methodology to develop an autoregressive, moving average or a combination of both for short and long term forecasting. In the present study we analytically modify the stochastic realization utilizing (a) a k-th moving average, (b) a k-th weighted moving average and (c) a k-th exponential weighted moving average processes. Thus, we proceed in developing the appropriate forecasting models with the new (modified) time series using the more recent methodologies in the subject matter. Once the proposed statistical forecasting models have been developed, we proceed to modify the analytical process back into the original stochastic realization. The proposed methods have been successfully applied to real stock data from a Fortune 500 company. A similar forecasting model was developed and evaluated for the daily closing price of S&P Price Index of the New York Stock Exchange. The proposed forecasting model was developed along with the statistical model using classical and most recent methods. The effectiveness of the two models was compared using various statistical criteria. The proposed models gave better results. Atmospheric temperature and carbon dioxide, CO2, are the two variables most attributable to GLOBAL WARMING. Using the proposed methods we have developed forecasting statistical models for the continental United States, for both the atmospheric temperature and carbon dioxide. We have developed forecasting models that performed much better than the models using the classical Box-Jenkins type of methodology. Finally, we developed an effective statistical model that relates CO2 and temperature; that is, knowing the atmospheric temperature we can at the specific location estimate the carbon dioxide and vice versa.

I examine how two different realizations of bed morphology affect Thwaites Glacier response to ocean warming through the initiation of marine ice sheet instability and associated grounding line retreat. A state of the art numerical ice sheet model is used for this purpose. The bed configurations used are the 1-km resolution interpolated BEDMAP2 bed and a higher-resolution conditional simulation produced by John Goff at the University of Texas using the same underlying data. The model is forced using a slow ramp approach, where melt of ice on the floating side of the grounding line is increased over time, which gently nudges the glacier toward instability. Once an instability is initiated, the anomalous forcing is turned off, and further grounding line retreat is tracked. Two model experiments are conducted. The first experiment examines the effect of different anomalous forcing magnitudes over the same bed. The second experiment compares the generation and progress of instabilities over different beds. Two fundamental conclusions emerge from these experiments. First, different bed geometries require different ocean forcings to generate a genuine instability, where ice dynamics lead to a positive feedback and grounding line retreat becomes unstable. Second, slightly different forcings produce different retreat rates, even after the anomalous forcing is shut off, because different forcing magnitudes produce different driving stresses at the time the instability is initiated. While variability in the retreat rate over time depends on bed topography, the rate itself is set by the magnitude of the forcing. This signals the importance of correct knowledge of both bed shape and ocean circulation under floating portions of Antarctic ice sheets. The experiments also imply that different ocean warming rates delivered by different global warming scenarios directly affects the rate of Antarctic contribution to sea level rise.

Global warming has become a major threat to life, yet very little information systems research has been conducted to help sustain the environment and many people do not understand how social media can be used to combat global warming and climate change to save the earth. The purpose of this single qualitative case study was to explore whether social media can be used to increase the use of green technology, thereby reducing the cost of environmental sustainment. According to the integrated sustainability framework, which served as the conceptual framework for the study, firms should include green practices in their business processes, extend green culture to their customers, be innovative, and increase their green market share for the environment to be sustained. Twelve green energy professionals working in the United States were recruited from LinkedIn to participate in the study. Data were collected using structured telephone interviews, and data were analyzed using Stake's data analysis process and member checking. Key themes regarding the use of social media to increase the use of green technology included awareness, education, and reach. Key themes regarding the benefits of green technology outweighing the cost included cleaner, cheaper, and more profitable. This study shows that social media can be used to reach millions of people to educate and keep them aware of the benefits of various green technologies that can be used to live a green-friendly lifestyle towards sustaining the environment, people, and firms. The results of this study may encourage humans to use social media to increase the use of green technology to combat the threat of global warming and climate change.

This thesis project will evaluate which kind of electrical motor is best suited for aircraft propulsion and which parameters effect the efficiency. An economic analysis was conducted, comparing the fuel price (Jet A1) for a gas turbine and the electricity price for an electric motor of 1MW. The study was conducted by using analytical methods in MATLAB. Excel was used to compile and present the data. The data used in this thesis project were assumed with regards to similar studies or pre-determined values. The main losses for the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) were calculated to achieve a deeper understanding of the most important parameters and how these parameters need to improve to allow for future electric propulsion systems. The crucial parameters for the losses were concluded to be the temperature, voltage level, electrical frequency, magnetic flux density, size of the rotor and rotational speed. The three main losses of a PMSM was illustrated through the analytical equations used in MATLAB. The calculations present how the ohmic losses depend on the temperature (0-230°C) at different voltages (700V and 1000V), how the core losses depend on frequency (0-1000Hz) at different magnetic flux densities and how the windage losses depend on rotational speed (7000-10000 rpm). It could be concluded that at 8500 rpm an efficiency of 91,26% could be achieved at 700V, 1.5T and 90.4% at 1000V, 1.65T. The decrease in efficiency is a result of the increase in magnetic flux density. When looking at the economic viability of electrical integration the power to weight ratio and energy price was compared for the gas turbine and electrical motor including an inverter and battery. This resulted in a conclusion that a pure electrical system may not compete with a gas turbine in 30 years of time due to the low energy density of the battery. It was also concluded that the emissions during cruise could be lowered significantly. If the batteries were charged in Sweden the emissions would decrease from ~937 kg CO2 to ~31 kg CO2. If the batteries were charged in the Nordic region the emissions would decrease to ~119kg CO2. However, if the batteries were to be charged in the US the carbon dioxide emission would be ~1084 kg CO2, which is an increase in CO2 emission compared to the gas turbine.

Master of Engineering / Global warming and diminishing energy supplies are two major current concerns. Disposal of plastic wastes is also a major concern. The aim of this research is to address these three concerns by developing a solar powered process, using waste plastics as fuel to generate energy. Research into: i) solar concentrators for high temperature thermochemical processes, and ii) pyrolysis/gasification of waste plastics has been separately reported in the literature. In this study the aim was to bring these fields of research together to design a solar receiver-reactor suitable for the production of a synthesis gas, consisting of hydrogen, from waste plastics. To achieve this aim, studies of plastic decomposition behaviour using the thermal analysis method known as thermogravimetric analysis were conducted. Solar concentrators and their potential to be used for thermochemical processes were also studied. Firstly, the thermal decomposition behaviour of common plastics, namely low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PET), were studied using thermogravimetry at heating rates of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 ºC/min. The kinetic parameters for the decomposition were determined from these experiments. Secondly, a simple solar receiver-reactor in which the plastic decomposition could be achieved was designed. The solar receiver-reactor designed was a quartz tube reactor which can be placed in the focus of a dish type parabolic concentrator capable of generating up to 3 kW in the focus of diameter 50 mm. The thermogravimetric analysis of plastic samples showed that LDPE, HDPE and PET have a single-step decomposition, whereas PVC has a two-step decomposition. The first step was related to the release of hydrogen chloride from the PVC and the second step was related to the release of hydrocarbon from the polymer backbone. If PVC is pretreated to release HCl it can be mixed with other plastics for a single step decomposition. It is likely that a single step plastic decomposition can be achieved in a directly irradiated solar receiver-reactor to generate useful gases consisting of hydrogen.

<p>Today the talk about global warming and climate change are on top of the public agenda. There for schools and schoolbooks also debate the issue of global warming. A newcomer on the school stage is the sponsored school materials that studies show to be a growing phenomenon. In a debate like that of global warming which is filled with uncertainties and so much political and economic interest, I find it interesting to study how these schoolbooks talk about the issue.</p><p>In my study I have tried to analyze and compare how school materials for primary school discuss the phenomenon of global warming. I have compared two different types of schoolbooks. The first are books published by publishing companies. The other group is sponsored books made by corporations, pressure groups and government organizations which are made available to schools for free. By doing a text analysis of different schoolbooks studied how my material chooses to discuss the <em>global warming and the severity of the problem, the cause, effects and how it can be solved.</em></p><p>My results show that as a whole there is not much difference in how these two types of books talk about global warming. The main focus is on global warming as a serious issue. The only given explanation to the global warming are manmade discharge of greenhouse gases. No alternative natural explanations are given by any of the books. However my study shows that the sponsored material gives a more uncertain and nuanced picture of the issue. The study also shows that the sponsored material has a tendency to focus their reasoning around there own interests.</p>