Thesis (M.Sc. (Geography)) - Rhodes University, 2008

Ce travail a permis de modéliser le bilan de masse superficiel sur le bassin versant du Glacier 15 du massif Antisana (0.28 km2; 0°28'S, 78°09'W), dans les Andes tropical de l'Equateur. Le bilan de masse superficiel (MBS) entre 2000 et 2008 sur le glacier 15a de l'Antisana a été modélisé en utilisant deux approches parallèles : un modèle empirique de type degré-jour et un modèle physique de type bilan d'énergie.Dans un premier temps, la fonte a été calculée à l'aide de la température moyenne et des cumuls de précipitations alors que le calcul de la sublimation a été réalisé grâce à la vitesse du vent. Ce modèle a été appliqué au pas de temps journalier et a été calé à 4900 m d'altitude entre mars 2002 et août 2003 et validé entre janvier et novembre 2005. Un lien significatif entre la température et la fonte apparaît lorsqu'une distinction entre neige et glace est effectuée. La relation entre la fusion et la température est expliquée essentiellement par le lien significatif existant entre le bilan radiatif de courtes longueurs d'onde et la température, car le rayonnement solaire est aussi le principal moteur de la fonte. Néanmoins, cette relation disparaît dès lors que le vent devient intense. Ce point a cependant peu de conséquences sur les calculs effectués, car les périodes ventées sont marquées par des températures faibles. Le modèle a été appliqué pour évaluer dans quelle mesure cette approche est appropriée pour modéliser le bilan de masse superficiel, l'ablation, et les altitudes de la ligne de neige et de la ligne d'équilibre. Les résultats montrent qu'un modèle empirique de type degré-jour permet une modélisation précise du MBS à l'échelle d'un glacier en Equateur. Néanmoins, ce modèle ne devrait pas être appliqué à d'autres régions tropicales, en particulier là où la sublimation est importante (grâce à une saison sèche prononcée) ou lorsque les glaciers sont situés au-dessus de l'altitude moyenne de l'isotherme 0°C.Dans un deuxième temps, un modèle de bilan d'énergie superficiel (BES) distribué développé initialement pour des applications en Terre d'Adélie (Antarctique) a été appliqué sur le site du glacier 15a de l'Antisana pour quantifier l'ablation de la glace et de la neige. Ce modèle a été adapté pour les conditions tropicales puis forcé à l'aide des mesures météorologiques obtenues à proximité et sur glacier 15a. Le modèle a tout d'abord été appliqué à une altitude de référence à 4900 m pour une pente de 28° et avec un azimut NO (45°). La spatialisation du bilan d'énergie a ensuite été effectuée en discrétisant le glacier par tranches de 50 m d'altitude, puis en calculant la pente et l'azimut moyen de chaque tranche à l'aide de un modèle numérique de terrain (MNT) précis du glacier. Les données d'entrées ont été distribuées sur la langue du glacier 15a en supposant que les forçages météorologiques varient selon des gradients verticaux constants. Ces gradients ont été établis à partir de mesures de terrain. Le modèle a été calé à partir des données de bilan de masse mensuel et d'albédo journalier mesurées sur le glacier 15a entre mars 2002 et août 2003, puis validé à partir de mesures obtenues entre janvier 2005 et décembre 2008. Le modèle reproduit précisément les variations spatiales et temporelles du bilan de masse entre 4850 m et 5700 m d'altitude. Les résultats inédits de bilan d'énergie de surface distribués sur le glacier 15a ont ainsi permis d'analyser les processus physiques à l'origine des variations spatio-temporelles de l'ablation. Enfin, cette étude explique pour la première fois pourquoi les modèles de type degré-jour donnent systématiquement des résultats de bonne qualité dans cette région, venant contredire les résultats d'études antérieures. Cette thèse constitue ainsi une étape importante dans la compréhension de la sensibilité des bilans de masse aux variations de température dans cette région. / Antisana Glacier 15 basin surface mass balance (SMB) (0.28 km2;0°28'S,78° 09'W, 5750 m), located in the tropical Andes of Ecuador, between 2000 and 2008 has been modeled using two models: an empirical positive degree-day (PDD) and other physical surface energy balance approach..As a first stage, melting was calculated using daily temperature and the cumulative precipitation while sublimation was computed as wind-speed function. The PDD was applied at daily-time step and calibrated at 4900 m a.s.l. The period time to calibrate was March 2002 - August 2003 and validated was January - November 2005. A significant link between melting rates and temperature was revealed when model discriminates snow and ice surface. This relationship is explained by the link between the short-wave radiation and air temperature. However, this relationship disappears under intense wind-speed events, however this events show low air temperature, therefore they are not affect the final results. The PDD model was applied for modeling SMB, ablation, snow-line position and equilibrium line altitude. The results show this model type fits to SMB measures over Antisana glacier. However, it should not apply to other tropical regions, particularly where there are high sublimation rates (pronounced dry seasons) or where glaciers are located under the isotherm 0 ° C.A second stage, a distributed surface energy balance (DBES) model over glacier 15a of the Antisana was applied to quantify ice and snow ablation. For this task was used a model adapted to tropical conditions from Adélie Land-Antarctica BES model. Initially, the model was applied at 4900 m.a.s.l. , with a slope of 28º and NW (45 °) azimuth. For computing DBES, the glacier was divided in 18 altitude strips ( 50m/level). The model generated slops and azimuths from a digital elevation model (DEM). The meteorological vertical gradients were measured in the study zone. This values was used into de model as constants during both periods calibration and validation. The DBES model reproduced the spatial variation and temporal of SMB between 4850 m.a.s.l. and 5700 m.a.s.l.. The unpublished results of SEB distributed on the glacier 15a allowed to analyze the physical processes that to generate the spatio-temporal variation of the ablation.The DBES results show that the model applied in a former research was based on wrong assumptions and inaccurate. The results of DBES and PDD models show that the accumulated precipitation measured at the bottom of the glacier are greatly underestimated. It implies the need for new protocols for improving the precipitation measurement. Both the former research and SEB confirm the crucial role of shortwave radiation and albedo values over glacier melt. It puts also in evidence that snow metamorphism in the study zone occurs faster than other latitudes, associated with accelerated degradation of surface albedo. Finally, this research explains the reason why the PDD model provides good quality results in this region, which contradicted the results of previous study. This research contributes a better understanding about sensibility of SMB with temperature variations in the inner tropics.

abstract: The global transport and deposition of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) to downwind ecosystems are significant and continue to increase. Indeed, atmospheric deposition can be a significant source of N to many watersheds, including those in remote, unpopulated areas. Bacterial denitrification in lake sediments may ameliorate the effects of N loading by converting nitrate (NO3-) to N2 gas. Denitrification also produces nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas. The ecological effects of atmospheric N inputs in terrestrial ecosystems and the pelagic zone of lakes have been well documented; however, similar research in lake sediments is lacking. This project investigates the effects N of deposition on denitrification and N2O production in lakes. Atmospheric N inputs might alter the availability of NO3- and other key resources to denitrifiers. Such altered resources could influence denitrification, N2O production, and the abundance of denitrifying bacteria in sediments. The research contrasts these responses in lakes at the ends of gradients of N deposition in Colorado and Norway. Rates of denitrification and N2O production were elevated in the sediments of lakes subject to anthropogenic N inputs. There was no evidence, however, that N deposition has altered sediment resources or the abundance of denitrifiers. Further investigation into the dynamics of nitric oxide, N2O, and N2 during denitrification found no difference between deposition regions. Regardless of atmospheric N inputs, sediments from lakes in both Norway and Colorado possess considerable capacity to remove NO3- by denitrification. Catchment-specific properties may influence the denitrifying community more strongly than the rate of atmospheric N loading. In this regard, sediments appear to be insulated from the effects of N deposition compared to the water column. Lastly, surface water N2O concentrations were greater in high-deposition lakes compared to low-deposition lakes. To understand the potential magnitude of deposition-induced N2O production, the greenhouse gas inventory methodology of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was applied to available datasets. Estimated emissions from lakes are 7-371 Gg N y-1, suggesting that lakes could be an important source of N2O. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Biology 2010

abstract: ABSTRACT Water resources in many parts of the world are subject to increasing stress because of (a) the growth in demand caused by population increase and economic development, (b) threats to supply caused by climate and land cover change, and (c) a heightened awareness of the importance of maintaining water supplies to other parts of the ecosystem. An additional factor is the quality of water management. The United States-Mexican border provides an example of poor water management combined with increasing demand for water resources that are both scarce and uncertain. This dissertation focuses on the problem of water management in the border city of Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua. The city has attracted foreign investment during the last few decades, largely due to relatively low environmental and labor costs, and to a range of tax incentives and concessions. This has led to economic and population growth, but also to higher demand for public services such as water which leads to congestion and scarcity. In particular, as water resources have become scarce, the cost of water supply has increased. The dissertation analyzes the conditions that allow for the efficient use of water resources at sustainable levels of economic activity--i.e., employment and investment. In particular, it analyzes the water management strategies that lead to an efficient and sustainable use of water when the source of water is either an aquifer, or there is conjunctive use of ground and imported water. The first part of the dissertation constructs a model of the interactive effects of water supply, wage rates, inward migration of labor and inward investment of capital. It shows how growing water scarcity affects population growth through the impact it has on real wage rates, and how this erodes the comparative advantage of Ciudad Juarez--low wages--to the point where foreign investment stops. This reveals the very close connection between water management and the level of economic activity in Ciudad Juarez. The second part of the dissertation examines the effect of sustainable and efficient water management strategies on population and economic activity levels under two different settings. In the first Ciudad Juarez relies exclusively on ground water to meet demand--this reflects the current situation of Ciudad Juarez. In the second Ciudad Juarez is able both to import water and to draw on aquifers to meet demand. This situation is motivated by the fact that Ciudad Juarez is considering importing water from elsewhere to maintain its economic growth and mitigate the overdraft of the Bolson del Hueco aquifer. Both models were calibrated on data for Ciudad Juarez, and then used to run experiments with respect to different environmental and economic conditions, and different water management options. It is shown that for a given set of technological, institutional and environmental conditions, the way water is managed in a desert environment determines the long run equilibrium levels of employment, investment and output. It is also shown that the efficiency of water management is consistent with the sustainability of water use and economic activity. Importing water could allow the economy to operate at higher levels of activity than where it relies solely on local aquifers. However, at some scale, water availability will limit the level of economic activity, and the disposable income of the residents of Ciudad Juarez. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Sustainability 2011

abstract: The rights of American Indians occupy a unique position within the legal framework of water allocations in the western United States. However, in the formulation and execution of policies that controlled access to water in the desert Southwest, federal and local governments did not preserve the federal reserved water rights that attached to Indian reservations as part of their creation. Consequentially, Indian communities were unable to access the water supplies necessary to sustain the economic development of their reservations. This dissertation analyzes the legal and historical dimensions of the conflict over rights that occurred between Indian communities and non-Indian water users in Arizona during the second half of the twentieth century. Particular attention is paid to negotiations involving local, state, federal, and tribal parties, which led to the Congressional authorization of water rights settlements for several reservations in central Arizona. The historical, economic, and political forces that shaped the settlement process are analyzed in order to gain a better understanding of how water users managed uncertainty regarding their long-term water supplies. The Indian water rights settlement process was made possible through a reconfiguration of major institutional, legal, and policy arrangements that dictate the allocation of water supplies in Arizona. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. History 2011

abstract: The goal of the study was twofold: (i) to investigate the synthesis of hematite-impregnated granular activated carbon (Fe-GAC) by hydrolysis of Fe (III) and (ii) to assess the effectiveness of the fabricated media in removal of arsenic from water. Fe-GAC was synthesized by hydrolysis of Fe(III) salts under two Fe (III) initial dosages (0.5M and 2M) and two hydrolysis periods (24 hrs and 72 hrs). The iron content of the fabricated Fe-GAC media ranged from 0.9% to 4.4% Fe/g of the dry media. Pseudo-equilibrium batch test data at pH = 7.7±0.2 in 1mM NaHCO3 buffered ultrapure water and challenge groundwater representative of the Arizona Mexico border region were fitted to a Freundlich isotherm model. The findings suggested that the arsenic adsorption capacity of the metal (hydr)oxide modified GAC media is primarily controlled by the surface area of the media, while the metal content exhibited lesser effect. The adsorption capacity of the media in the model Mexican groundwater matrix was significantly lower for all adsorbent media. Continuous flow short bed adsorber tests (SBA) demonstrated that the adsorption capacity for arsenic in the challenge groundwater was reduced by a factor of 3 to 4 as a result of the mass transport effects. When compared on metal basis, the iron (hydr)oxide modified media performed comparably well as existing commercial media for treatment of arsenic. On dry mass basis, the fabricated media in this study removed less arsenic than their commercial counterparts because the metal content of the commercial media was significantly higher. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S.Tech Applied Biological Sciences 2011

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:37:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_fm_me_jabo.pdf: 1727699 bytes, checksum: 313dc75be2151f2ca67f5d3d6d6d57d1 (MD5) / Funep / Desde que as microbacias hidrográficas podem ser hierarquizadas como primeira ou segunda ordem e são as principais unidades territoriais de trabalho para o planejamento de uso e gerenciamento dos recursos naturais, este trabalho teve como principal objetivo avaliar as características hidrológicas, do solo, e do sedimento em 4 microbacias hidrográficas. A área está situada no Município de Taquaritinga, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os parâmetros físicos e químicos do solo, do sedimento e da água da rede da drenagem foram avaliados e comparados às condições de diferentes uso e manejo do solo e proteção de vegetação nativa ao longo da rede de drenagem com impacto no curto ou médio prazo, positivo ou negativo, e quanto à recuperação ou deterioração do solo e da qualidade da água, entre outras variáveis importantes para a sustentabilidade dos sistemas de produção. Cinco pontos amostrais foram avaliados ao longo rede da drenagem. As coletas da água ocorreram em intervalos mensais entre agosto de 2006 a agosto de 2007. Comparativamente, as microbacias sem proteção nativa de vegetação ao longo da rede da drenagem apresentaram maior variabilidade nos valores dos parâmetros avaliados. A caracterização hídrica em função das condições de uso e manejo do solo indicou que as atividades agrícolas no sistema produtivo afetaram a qualidade dos recursos hídricos. O manejo e uso do solo foram analisados para tornar possível e facilitar o planejamento no intuito de organizar o processo produtivo com conservação da água e do solo. / Since that microwatersheds can be hieraquized as first or second order and is the mainly area to plan the use and management of natural resources, this work has as objective to evaluated the hydrological characteristics, analising mainly the water, soil, sediment. The watershed is located at Taquaritinga Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. The physical and chemical parameters of the soil, sediment and water of the drainage net were evaluated and compared on those conditions of waters resources in four hydrographic basins with different land use and native vegetation protection along de nascent to measure an impact at the short or medium term, whether positive or negative, on the recovery or deterioration of the soil and quality of the water among other important variables for the sustainability of the production systems. Five points of sampling throughout the drainage net of 1st order had been established. The water collections had occurred in monthly intervals between August, 2006 to August, 2007. The variables of water, soil and sediment had been evaluated. Comparatively, the microwatershed without native vegetation protection along the drainage net showed major variability of the evaluated parameters. The characterization of the hydrological conditions indicated that the agricultural activities in the productive system had affected the quality of the water resources. The management of the land use has been analyzed, making possible and facilitating the establishment a better planning for organizing the productive process with conservation and management of water.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:37:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 zanata_m_me_jabo.pdf: 2630907 bytes, checksum: 8318882da985d6c36f0bf67f7282b15f (MD5) / Funep / Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar análise morfométrica e diferenciar áreas de manejo no que tange à qualidade do solo e da água de bacias hidrográficas no Município de Batatais, Estado de São Paulo. A área de estudo é a microbacia hidrográfica do Córrego da Cachoeira, situada entre as coordenadas geográficas 20°53’35” a 20°57’54” de Latitude S, e 47°31’45” a 47°33’21” de Longitude WGr, abrangendo desde a foz do Córrego da Barata até às cabeceiras dos córregos da Prata e da Estiva. As formas das bacias hidrográficas podem ser consideradas como fontes de dados relevantes para a obtenção de informações sobre a evolução do modelado da superfície da Terra no que tange ao canal de drenagem principal e seus tributários. As variáveis estudadas foram as dimensionais, do padrão de drenagem e do relevo. As bases cartográficas do IBGE e do IGC foram usadas para a hierarquização da rede de drenagem e para a análise morfométrica. A microbacia se caracteriza por ser uma drenagem fluvial exorreica, com rios consequentes e drenagem dendrítica. O baixo valor do fator de forma indica uma bacia mais alongada e com menor risco de enchentes sazonais. Os valores de densidade de drenagem, freqüência de rios e razão de bifurcação, são considerados baixos e indicam a formação de solo sobre rocha permeável. Os valores da razão de relevo e razão de relevo relativo sugerem uma microbacia com relevo relativamente suave. Todas as características físico-químicas da água diferiram estatisticamente ao longo do período analisado. Os valores de pH e de oxigênio dissolvido foram mais uniformes que a temperatura. A condutividade elétrica, os sólidos totais e a turbidez foram as características que mais variaram durante o ano de coleta e as melhores para a diferenciação dos manejos. As microbacias B8 (cana) e B17 (pinus) apresentaram as maiores... / This study aimed to conduct morphometric analysis and differentiate management areas with respect to soil quality and water basins in the City of Batatais, State of Sao Paulo. The study area is the watershed of the Waterfall Creek, located between the geographic coordinates 20°53'35 to 20°57'54 Latitude S, 47°31'45 to 47°33'21 Longitude WGr, ranging from the mouth of the stream Cheap until headwaters of streams of Silver and Stowage. The morphometric analysis was performed to characterize the morphology of the terrain. The shapes of the basins can be considered as relevant data sources to obtain information on developments in the modeling of the Earth's surface with respect to the main drainage channel and its tributaries. The variables studied were the dimensional, pattern of drainage and relief. The cartographic IBGE and IGC were used for the ranking of the drainage network and for morphometric analysis. The watershed is characterized as a fluvial drainage exorreica, with consequent streams, and dendritica drainage. The low value of the form factor indicates a more elongated basin and with less risk of seasonal floods. The values of drainage density, frequency of rivers and bifurcation ratio, are considered low and indicate the formation of soil over rock permeable. The values of the relief ratio suggest a watershed with relatively mild relief. All physico-chemical properties of water differ statistically over the period analyzed. The values of pH and dissolved oxygen were more uniform than temperature. The electrical conductivity, total solids and turbidity were the more characteristics ranged during the year of collection. Turbidity, electrical conductivity and total solids were the best water features to differentiate the management. On the basin B8 (sugar cane) and basin B17 (pine) the properties of water behave with the largest changes, probably due to the scarce ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-11-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:50:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lopes_mc_me_jabo.pdf: 966823 bytes, checksum: 3b9c3973b75e2cfd311cec6e7c680489 (MD5) / Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo realizar a capacitação de educadores e profissionais técnicos da área ambiental, integrantes de municípios pertencentes a Bacia Hidrográfica dos Rios Turvo e Grande, bem como, realizar a análise morfométrica e monitorar a qualidade da água do córrego da Olaria, APTA-Pindorama, Estado de São Paulo. A metodologia aplicada para a capacitação técnica e pedagógica foi realizada a partir de cursos realizados em três módulos, com 64 horas atividades cada, com seguintes temas geradores de ensino: Bacia Hidrográfica, Solo e Água. Os educadores identificaram o conceitos dos temas geradores trabalhado nas capacitações para a elaboração do planejamento de trabalhos pedagógicos e aplicação em sala de aula do ensino fundamental ou ensino médio. A capacitação de educadores e profissionais técnicos da área ambiental foi eficaz para o desenvolvimento de projetos pedagógicos indicando maior interação entre docentes e coordenadores, e um trabalho mais efetivo nas atividades realizadas nos municípios. Foram realizados o monitoramento da qualidade da água nos parâmetros pH, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica e temperatura e a análise morfométrica da bacia hidrográfica. Ocorreram coletas das amostras de água em oito nascentes da rede de drenagem. A microbacia do Córrego da Olaria tem extensão de 969,42ha e é considerada de 2a ordem de magnitude. Os resultados indicam que a qualidade da água alcançou a classe 2 segundo CONAMA 357/2005, adequada para uso agrícola e biota aquática / This study aimed to conduct the training of educators and technical professionals in the environmental knowledge, members of the group from Rios Turvo and Grande Watersheds, as well as, to analyze the physical characteristics and the water quality of the Olaria drainage net, at APTA-Pindorama, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The methodology applied to the technical and pedagogical training was carried out through courses conducted in three modules, with 64 hours of activities each, with the following topics: watershed, soil and water. The educators identified the main concepts of the topics and prepare the planning to conduct environmental educational work in the classroom of elementary school and high school. The training of the educators and technical professionals in the environmental field was effective for the development of projects, indicating greater interaction between teachers and coordinators, and the most effective work in environmental activities in the municipalities. The water quality parameters: pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and temperature and the morphometric analysis of the watershed were done. The water was collected from eight springs in the drainage network. The watershed of the Olaria Stream has an area of 969.42 ha and is considered the second order of magnitude. The results indicate that water quality has reached the Class 2 due to CONAMA 357/2005 law, suitable for agricultural use and aquatic biota

Orientadora: Teresa Cristina Tarlé Pissarra / Banca: Sérgio Campos / Banca: João Antonio Galbiatti / Resumo: Desde que as microbacias hidrográficas podem ser hierarquizadas como primeira ou segunda ordem e são as principais unidades territoriais de trabalho para o planejamento de uso e gerenciamento dos recursos naturais, este trabalho teve como principal objetivo avaliar as características hidrológicas, do solo, e do sedimento em 4 microbacias hidrográficas. A área está situada no Município de Taquaritinga, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os parâmetros físicos e químicos do solo, do sedimento e da água da rede da drenagem foram avaliados e comparados às condições de diferentes uso e manejo do solo e proteção de vegetação nativa ao longo da rede de drenagem com impacto no curto ou médio prazo, positivo ou negativo, e quanto à recuperação ou deterioração do solo e da qualidade da água, entre outras variáveis importantes para a sustentabilidade dos sistemas de produção. Cinco pontos amostrais foram avaliados ao longo rede da drenagem. As coletas da água ocorreram em intervalos mensais entre agosto de 2006 a agosto de 2007. Comparativamente, as microbacias sem proteção nativa de vegetação ao longo da rede da drenagem apresentaram maior variabilidade nos valores dos parâmetros avaliados. A caracterização hídrica em função das condições de uso e manejo do solo indicou que as atividades agrícolas no sistema produtivo afetaram a qualidade dos recursos hídricos. O manejo e uso do solo foram analisados para tornar possível e facilitar o planejamento no intuito de organizar o processo produtivo com conservação da água e do solo. / Abstract: Since that microwatersheds can be hieraquized as first or second order and is the mainly area to plan the use and management of natural resources, this work has as objective to evaluated the hydrological characteristics, analising mainly the water, soil, sediment. The watershed is located at Taquaritinga Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. The physical and chemical parameters of the soil, sediment and water of the drainage net were evaluated and compared on those conditions of waters resources in four hydrographic basins with different land use and native vegetation protection along de nascent to measure an impact at the short or medium term, whether positive or negative, on the recovery or deterioration of the soil and quality of the water among other important variables for the sustainability of the production systems. Five points of sampling throughout the drainage net of 1st order had been established. The water collections had occurred in monthly intervals between August, 2006 to August, 2007. The variables of water, soil and sediment had been evaluated. Comparatively, the microwatershed without native vegetation protection along the drainage net showed major variability of the evaluated parameters. The characterization of the hydrological conditions indicated that the agricultural activities in the productive system had affected the quality of the water resources. The management of the land use has been analyzed, making possible and facilitating the establishment a better planning for organizing the productive process with conservation and management of water. / Mestre