Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka om kommuner i Mälarregionen drabbades av låga yt- och grundvattennivåer under sommaren 2017, hur situationen hanterades, deras dagliga arbete med vattenfrågor och om handlingsplaner fanns för låga nivåer före 2017. Vi vill även se hur kommunerna ställer sig till klimatförändringar samt sammanställa vilka roller och ansvar som olika myndigheter har när det kommer till vattenförsörjning. Arbetets undersökningsområde begränsades till 39 kommuner i fyra län: Södermanlands, Upplands, Västmanlands och Örebro län. För att besvara syftet skickades en enkät ut till kommunerna och intervjuer genomfördes med två av kommunerna. En litteraturstudie genomfördes för att kunna besvara ansvarsfördelningen mellan olika myndigheter. Enkäten besvarades av 26 kommuner. Det viktigaste resultat var att kommunerna, trots vattennivåer under det normala, inte upplevde vattenbrist i den omfattningen som vi trott. Fem kommuner angav att de drabbades av vattenbrist. Den huvudsakliga åtgärden som infördes var bevattningsförbud. Från enkäten framkom att det i stor utsträckning saknats handlingsplaner för att hantera en situation med vattenbrist innan 2017. Majoriteten av kommunerna tror att deras vattenförsörjning kan påverkas av klimatförändringar, men bara 14 angav att de har en handlingsplan för det. Resultatet som framkom från intervjuerna gällde främst processen för införandet av skyddsområden. Även i litteraturstudien framkom det att arbetet med vattenskyddsområden inte går i den takt som är nödvändig för att nå målen förhållbar och långsiktig dricksvattenförsörjning. / The aim of this paper is to examine how municipalities in the Mälar region of Sweden were affected by the low surface and groundwater levels in the summer of 2017, how municipalities handled the situation, how they work with water related questions in their daily work and whether they had an action plan for dealing with shortage of water prior to 2017. Lastly, we also aim to compile the roles and responsibilities for different authorities when it comes to water supply. The area of study was limited to 39 municipalities in four counties: Södermanlands, Upplands, Västmanlands and Örebro county. To answer the aim, a survey was sent out to all municipalities and interviews were done with two of the municipalities. A literature study was done in order to answer the division of responsibilities between different authorities. The survey was answered by 26 municipalities. The main result we got from the survey was that even though the water levels were below normal, the municipalities didn’t experience water shortages in the extent we had expected. Five municipalities indicated that they had been affected by the water shortages. The main measure that were done was the irrigation ban. From the survey it was found that most of the municipalities were lacking action plans to deal with a water shortage situation before2017. The majority of the municipalities believe that their water supply can be affected by climate change, but only 14 indicated that they have an action plan for it. The results obtained from our interviews primarily marks the division of responsibilities for water conservation areas. As conducted from the literature study, the processes to constitute water conservation areas does not seem to be smooth and quick enough to meet the goals of sustainable and long-term water supply.

This study has looked at two separate locations, Malmö in Sweden, and Medellin in Colombia, and what the possibilities of rainwater harvesting are in those locations. The paper investigated data gathered by low-cost sensors in Malmö region, as well as sampling and measurements of rainwater collected in Malmö and Medellin, analysed by laboratories in both countries. Important data for the paper are quantity, quality, as well as environmental benefits and the economical perspective of rainwater harvesting. There are several steps that can be taken towards a more sustainable use of the Earth’s resources, and rainwater harvesting is included in the possibilities already at hand. But there is need for further development of monitoring and ways to qualify water for different purposes. It is possible to utilize rainwater for many things, and with that, ease the pressure on the local water supply infrastructure. This study has shown some important parts of that process, and that even low-cost sensors can help in gathering essential data for further evaluation of the usability of the rainwater. By collecting parts of the rainwater, flooding due to extensive downpour can be mitigated to some extent. Moreover, considering the low price of the sensors tested in this study, it is possible to use several low-cost sensors to determine the usability to some extent. Had the measurements rendered in values being too low compared to the laboratory results, the risk would have been greater. The consequence is that usable water could be regarded as not usable since the sensors returned an overall higher value compared to the laboratory results. Furthermore, the research found that the environmental benefit can be substantial. But there are more positive implications when gathering water for usage locally. For example, the water supply can become more distributed and with that, less prone to cause events such as water leaks, polluted water, and extreme events that have rendered an unserviceable infrastructure.

Die Modellierung aller auf der gesamten Einzugsgebietsebene relevanten Abflussbil-dungsprozesse ist unter aktuellen Fragestellungen unumgänglich. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die quantitative Analyse und Abbildung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Oberflächen- und Grundwasser mit Hilfe von gekoppelten Modellen, die vor allem bei der Simulation von Wassermangelsituationen eine wesentliche Rolle spielen. Dazu wurden die notwendigerweise zu berücksichtigenden Prozesse und die Anforderungen seitens der Modellierung diskutiert. Es wurde herausgestellt, dass Rückkopplungen und Wechselwirkungen einerseits zwischen Grund- und Oberflächengewässer, andererseits zwischen Grund- und Bodenwasser unter Einbeziehung der saisonal wechselnden Vegetationswirkung im Modell berücksichtigt werden müssen. Aus einer großen Modellvielzahl wurde das Modellierungssystem ArcEGMO-PSCN-ASM als geeignet ausgewählt und für diese Fragestellung weiterentwickelt. Die Interaktionen zwischen Oberflächen- und Grundwasser wurden anhand verschiedener Modellsimulationen analysiert. Der Austausch zwischen Fließgewässer und Grundwasser, sowie die Rückwirkung der Grundwasserstände auf das Oberflächenwasser zeigte den größten Einfluss auf die Modellergebnisse. Die Wasserstandsdynamik in den Fließgewässern und der Kapillaraufstieg zeigten nur lokale Effekte. Die Praxistauglichkeit des gekoppelten Modells wurde in zwei Fallbeispielen getestet, die sich mit verschiedenen Lösungen zur Bekämpfung von Wassermangelsituationen beschäftigen. Die Ergebnisse der Simulationen zeigen deutlich, dass mit Hilfe des gekoppelten Modells Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen im Gewässer selbst sowie im ober- und unterirdischen Einzugsgebiet adäquat abgebildet und quantitative Aussagen mit einer hohen Praxisrelevanz gewonnen werden können. Diese Arbeit leistet damit sowohl einen wissenschaftlichen Beitrag zum Modellverständnis als auch den Nachweis einer praktikablen Modellanwendung in unterschiedlichen Einzugsgebieten. / The modeling of all relevant runoff processes in a catchments area is indispensable considering the actual questions (like Water Framework Directive and climatic change). This investigation aims the quantitative analysis and demonstration of surface- and subsurface water interactions, which are relevant for simulating northeastern German regions with water scarcity, by using coupled models. Therefore processes, which necessarily must be considered, and requirements on the part of the modeling, were discussed. It was exposed / presented that feedbacks and interactions of surface water and subsurface water on one hand and (oder besser: as well as?) groundwater and soil water including seasonal vegetation development on the other hand must be considered in the model. The modeling system ArcEGMO-PSCN-ASM was chosen / selected out of a huge amount of models as appropriate for this task. It was further adopted / developed to this task in co-operation with Dr. Pfützner (BAH-Berlin). The interactions of surface water and groundwater where analyzed by various simula-tions. The exchange between stream water and groundwater as well as the feedback of groundwater levels to surface water had the most influence to the model results. Dynamic stream water levels and capillary rise had only local effects and low impact on the catchments average. The suitability for practical use of this coupled model where tested at two sample areas, with various solutions to deal with water scarcity. The model results illustrate clearly that using coupled models water management treatments as well in the river itself as in surface and subsurface catchment areas can be shown adequately and quantitative statements with a high practice relevance can be achieved. The results of the present study contribute both a scientific contribution to the model understanding and the proof of a practicable application of models in different catchment areas.

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From the Proceedings of the 1974 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 19-20, 1974, Flagstaff, Arizona / Four sources of water supply for desert cities are rainfall, runoff, groundwater, and imported water, and the potential use for each varies. The government can institute various policy changes to eliminate or reduce the imbalance between water supply and demand. Restrictions should be placed on water-use luxuries such as swimming pools, subdivision lakes, fountains, etc. Water pricing should be progressive; each unit of increased use above a reasonable minimum should be charged for at an increasing rate. Runoff from individual properties, homes, storage, and supermarkets should be minimized through the use of onsite recharge wells, and various collection methods should be initiated. A campaign to acquaint the general public with a new water policy must be inaugurated.

From the Proceedings of the 1978 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 14-15, 1978, Flagstaff, Arizona / Even though the Phoenix Metropolitan Area is more fortunate than other areas of the desert southwest because of the dependable Salt and Verde River supplies, they still have water problems. The Central Arizona Project (CAP), which will bring water from the Colorado River, will help those problems. But the CAP will not eliminate them. Improved water resource management will be required to bring water supply and demand back into balance. A key element of any successful water resource management program must be wastewater reuse. The communities are studying reuse through their 208 water quality program and while they are discovering that many opportunities exist they are also discovering that there are also many problems to be solved.

From the Proceedings of the 1978 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 14-15, 1978, Flagstaff, Arizona / Combined urban, agricultural, industrial and mining groundwater withdrawal from the Santa Cruz River Basin exceeds natural aquifer replenishment by 74,000 acre -feet annually. Four ameliorative water management alternatives are presented singly and in combination with one another. These alternatives are importing Colorado River water, exchanging treated effluent with mining and agricultural interests for groundwater, interbasin water transfer, and retiring farmlands for groundwater rights. These management philosophies are applicable to most economically emergent urban areas in arid and semiarid regions.