De senaste årtiondena har en ökning av naturligt organiskt material (NOM) observerats i ytvatten i norra Europa och Nordamerika. NOM i vattnet innebär utmaningar för vattenverk som använder ytvatten i dricksvattenproduktionen då det kan ge upphov till lukt, smak och färg och svårigheter i driften. För att åtgärda och förebygga problemen behövs mer kunskap om NOM samt hur kvantiteten och sammansättningen förändras i olika reningsprocesser. Vid Hofors vattenverk används råvatten från sjön Hyen i dricksvattenproduktionen. Driftstörningar upplevs i perioder då råvattnets färgtal (mått på halten NOM) är högt. Därför undersöktes det hur väl den nuvarande reningsprocessen vid Hofors vattenverk fungerar med avseende på avskiljning av NOM samt vilken typ av NOM som avskiljs. Resultaten jämfördes med pilotförsök med direktfällning på ultrafiltermembran för att se om detta kan ge bättre avskiljning. Olika analysmetoder, absorbans, fluorescens och mätning av löst organiskt kol (DOC), användes för att avgöra kvantitet och karaktär på NOM i vattenproverna. Även eventuell förekomst av trend i råvattnets färgtal undersöktes. Likt i många andra ytvatten har färgtalet i Hyen har ökat de senaste åren (1997-2015). Råvattnet är svårfällt och innehåller en blandning av olika NOM-fraktioner. Huvudsakligen avskiljs humuslikt, alloktont NOM i Hofors vattenverk. Avskiljningen var störst i första reningssteget, direktfällning på sandfilter. Förändringen i efterföljande reningssteg, kolfilter samt desinfektions- och pH-höjande steg, var dock svår att bestämma till följd av mycket små förändringar och motsägande analysresultat. Tre ultrafiltermembranförsök gav liknande avskiljningsresultat som sandfilter, men i två av fallen är det troligt att igensättning av membranen spelade in. Det krävs ytterligare försök för att säkert uttala sig om huruvida ultrafiltermembran är en teknik som är lämplig att använda vid Hofors vattenverk i framtiden för avskiljning av NOM. / In recent decades, an increase in natural organic matter (NOM) has been observed in surface waters in Northern Europe and North America. NOM in the water poses challenges for water treatment plants (WTP) using surface water in the drinking water production. It can cause odor, taste and color of the water and cause difficulties in the treatment process. To prevent all these problems, more information about NOM and how the quantity and composition changes in various treatment processes is needed. At Hofors WTP, raw water from the lake Hyen is used in the production of drinking water. Disruptions in running the process have been experienced in periods when the raw water color (measure of the NOM content) has been high. In this thesis, it was investigated how well the current treatment process at Hofors WTP works with respect to the separation of NOM and what type of NOM that is separated. The results were compared with pilot tests with direct filtration using an ultrafilter membrane to see if this can provide better separation. Various analytical methods as absorbance, fluorescence and measurement of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were used to quantify and determine the composition of NOM in the water samples. It was also examined whether there is a trend in the raw water color. As in many other surface waters the color of the water has increased in Hyen in recent years (1997-2015). The raw water contains a mixture of different NOM fractions and the character indicates difficulties in removing DOC by coagulation and flocculation. It is primarily the humic like, allochtonous NOM that is separated in the treatment process with the greatest separation in the first treatment step, direct filtration with sand filter. What happens in the subsequent treatment steps, carbon filter, disinfection and pH-raising step, was however unclear due to small changes and inconsistent analysis results. Three experiments with ultrafilter membrane yielded similar results as sand filters, but in two of the cases it is likely that clogging of the membranes contributed. Further membrane pilot tests are needed to be sure whether ultrafilter membrane is a is suitable technique to use at Hofors WTP in the future for separation of NOM.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Providing basic access to water and sanitation is critical for poverty alleviation and stimulating economic growth, but at the same time it is putting a huge strain on South Africa’s existing economic infrastructure. Local governments allow their existing wastewater infrastructure to deteriorate to the extent that it no longer functions according to its design, and then apply for capital funding for refurbishment. Capital investment alone will not provide a sustainable solution to meet the increased demand on the ageing wastewater infrastructure, since local governments do not have the financial means and technical capacity to adequately maintain and operate their infrastructure. A paradigm shift is required to develop alternative and innovative business models to ensure a sustainable solution providing continued and consistent capacity as a basis for further expansion. Public-private partnerships (PPP) could provide a feasible solution towards building a sustainable technical capacity at local governments. Engaging the private sector must however not be aimed towards access to private sector finance, but rather the improvement in operational efficiency and increased level in service. Obtaining private sector finances will be the wrong focus for engaging in PPP undertakings in South Africa. Private operation must be combined with public financing. The design-build-operate (DBO) model with public financing would be highly viable. Such an arrangement will hold no financial risk to the private sector entity with revenue collection strictly remaining a local government function. The DBO method of delivery (with public funding) will be an effective way to realize cost savings, achieve efficiencies in construction and operation, utilize expertise, and most importantly, for skills transfers and capacity building at local government level. Ultimate sustainability will only be achieved once local government is able to raise the majority of its own funds for operation and maintenance through tariffs and other instruments, including some towards capital redemption. Grant funding must make provision for maintenance and operation of all capital funded projects. All shareholders must join forces in lobbying this concept at the highest political echelons because in terms of Section 154 of the Bill of Rights, national and provincial governments have a duty towards local governments to support and strengthen their capacity, to effectively perform their functions.

Due to the ever increasing concerns about pollutants and contaminants found in water, new treatment technologies have been developed. Ozonation is one of such technologies. It has been widely applied in the treatment of pollutants in water and wastewater treatment processes. Ozone has many applications such as oxidation of organic components, mineral matter, inactivation of viruses, cysts, bacteria, removal of trace pollutants like pesticides and solvents, and removal of tastes and odours. Ozone is the strongest conventional oxidant that can result in complete mineralisation of the organic pollutants to carbon dioxide and water. Because ozone is unstable, it is generally produced onsite in gas mixtures and is immediately introduced to water using gas/liquid type reactors (e.g. bubble columns). The ozone reactions are hence of the type gas liquid reactions, which are complex to model since they involve both chemical reactions, which occur in the liquid phase, and mass transfer from the gas to the liquid phase. This study focuses on two aspects: mass transfer and chemical reactions in multicomponent systems. The mass transfer parameters were determined by experiments under different conditions and the chemical reactions were studied using single component and multicomponent systems. Two models obtained from the literature were adapted to the systems used in this study. Mass transfer parameters in the semi-batch reactor were determined using oxygen and ozone at different flow rates in the presence and absence of t-butanol. t-Butanol is used as a radical scavenger in ozonation studies and it has been found to affect the gas-liquid mass transfer rates. An experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects of t-butanol concentrations on the physical properties of aqueous solutions, including surface tension and viscosity. It was found that t-butanol reduced both properties by 4% for surface tension and by a surprising 30% for viscosity. These reductions in the solution physical properties were correlated to enhancement in the mass transfer coefficient, kL. The mass transfer coefficient increased by about 60% for oxygen and by almost 50% for ozone. The hydrodynamic behaviour of the system used in this work was characterised by a homogeneous bubbling regime. It was also found that the gas holdup was significantly enhanced by the addition of t-butanol. Moreover, the addition of t-butanol was found to significantly reduce the size of gas bubbles, leading to enhancement in the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, kLa. The multicomponent ozonation was studied with two systems, slow reactions when alcohols were used and fast reactions when endocrine disrupting compounds were used. ii These experiments were simulated by mathematical models. The alcohols were selected depending on their volatilization at different initial concentrations and different gas flow rates. The degradation of n-propanol as a single compound was studied at the lowest flow rate of 200 mL/min. It was found that the degradation of n-propanol reached almost 60% within 4 hours. The degradation of the mixture was enhanced with an increase in the number of components in the mixture. It was found that the degradation of the mixture as three compounds reached almost 80% within four hours while the mixture as two compounds reached almost 70%. The effect of pH was studied and it was found that an increase in pH showed slight increase in the reaction. Fast reactions were also investigated by reacting endocrine disrupting chemicals with ozone. The ozone reactions with the endocrine disrupters were studied at different gas flow rates, initial concentrations, ozone concentrations and pH. The degradation of 17β-estradiol (E2) as a single compound was the fastest, reaching about 90% removal in almost 5 minutes. However estrone (E1) degradation was the lowest reaching about 70% removal at the same time. The degradation of mixtures of the endocrine disruptors was found to proceed to lower percentages than individual components under the same conditions. During the multicomponent ozonation of the endocrine disruptors, it was found that 17β-estradiol (E2) converted to estrone (E1) at the beginning of the reaction. A MATLAB code was developed to predict the ozone water reactions for single component and multicomponent systems. Two models were used to simulate the experimental results for single component and multicomponent systems. In the case of single component system, good simulation of both reactions (slow and fast) by model 1 was obtained. However, model 2 gave good agreement with experimental results only in the case of fast reactions. In addition, model 1 was applied for multicomponent reactions (both cases of slow and fast reaction). In the multicomponent reactions by model 1, good agreement with the experimental results was also obtained for both cases of slow and fast reactions.

Baigiamajame darbe pateikta: detergentų paplitimas, jų fizikinės, cheminės savybės, klasifikacija ir daroma žala aplinkai. Analizuojami detergentais užterštų nuotekų valymo metodai. Analizuojami dujų burbuliukų susidarymo detergentų tirpaluose ypatumai, aprašomos dinaminės ir statiškai stabilios putos, pateikiama putų aparatų charakteristika. Pateikiamos suspenduoto sluoksnio charakteristikos ir jo galimybės detergentams iš nuotekų valyti. Darbo tikslas – ištirti suspenduoto sluoksnio įtaką valant detergentus iš nuotekų. Darbą sudaro 7 dalys: įvadas; tyrimo objektas ir problemos aprašymas; detergentais užterštų nuotekų valymas, putų burbuliukų ir putų susidarymo ypatumai, putų aparatai; suspenduoto sluoksnio charakteristikos ir jo galimybės panaudojant detergentams iš nuotekų valyti; eksperimentinė dalis; išvados; literatūros sąrašas. Eksperimentinėje dalyje teoriškai apskaičiuoti suspenduoto sluoksnio parametrai, aprašomas eksperimentinis stendas, jo veikimo principas, naudotos matavimo priemonės, pateikta eksperimento atlikimo metodika, pagal gautus eksperimentinius duomenis apskaičiuoti kintamieji suspenduoto sluoksnio parametrai. Darbo pabaigoje analizuojami gauti rezultatai ir pateikiamos darbo išvados. Darbo apimtis – 67 p. teksto be priedų, 21 iliustracija, 4 lentelės, 24 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai. / Thesis submits the spread of detergents, their physical, chemical properties, classification and environmental damage. There are analyzed various waste water cleaning methods of detergents. Froth formation in detergent leaches, dynamic and static stability of foams and basic information about froth devices are given. The characteristics of the suspended layer and its use in water treatment of detergents are given. The aim of this work – is to explore the suspended layer in cleaning waste water of detergents. Final work consists of seven parts: introduction; the subject matter and the problem description; water purification of synthetic detergents, characteristics of froth bubbles and froth formation, froth machines; suspended layer characteristics and the possibility of using it in waste water cleaning of detergents; experimental part; conclusions and references. Experimental part includes theoretically calculated suspended layer parameters, description of the experimental stand, its operating principle, instruments used during the experimental procedures, calculations of suspended layer variable settings according to the experimental data. In the end the results are analyzed and the conclusions are included. Thesis consists of: 67 p. text without appendixes, 21 picture, 4 tables, 24 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.

Didžiausiais paviršinių nuotekų teršalais laikomi naftos produktai ir skendinčiosios medžiagos. Pastarąsias galima nesunkiai pašalinti taikant tradicinius paviršinių nuotekų valymo metodus, tokius kaip nusodinimas, o naftos produktų šalinimui reikalingas antrinis nuotekų valymas. Vienas efektyviausių NP šalinimo iš nuotekų būdas yra filtravimas pro sorbuojančiosios medžiagos filtrą. Nors šiuo būdu valant nuotekas galima pasiekti didelio teršalų šalinimo efektyvumo, praktiškai dažnai susiduriama su problema, kai į eksploatuojamuosius valymo įrenginius nuotekos atiteka dideliais greičiais ir teršalai nėra iki galo pašalinami. Todėl šiame darbe buvo atliktas trijų skirtingų sintetinių sorbentų („Fibroil, „Duck“, „Reo-dry“) efektyvumo šalinti iš paviršinių nuotekų naftos produktus ekstremaliomis sąlygomis (esant dideliems greičiams) eksperimentinis tyrimas. Atlikus bandymus su dirbtinėmis ir realiomis paviršinėmis nuotekomis laboratoriniame stende, nustatyta, kad visų trijų sorbentų efektyvumas šalinti NP yra panašus ir skendinčiosios medžiagos bei nuotekų drumstumas neturi įtakos NP šalinimo efektyvumui. Tačiau „Fibroil“ sorbentą naudojant kaip filtro užpildą, 30 m/h greitį galima išlaikyti gerokai ilgiau nei su sorbentais „Duck“ ir „Reo-dry“ ir šį sorbentą naudoti ekonomiškiausia. Darbą sudaro 8 dalys: įvadas, darbo aktualumo aprašymas, literatūros apžvalga, tiriamojo darbo metodikos aprašymas, eksperimeto rezultatai, rekomendacijos ir išvados bei literatūros sąrašas. Darbo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Suspended solids and oil products are considered as the most important pollutants in the storm water. As suspended solids can be easily retained from storm water by simple sedimentation, for oil products it is usually needed to have a secondary treatment: filtration through sorbents media. Although storm water filtration through a sorbent filter gives high treatment efficiency, it is usually impossible to ensure the right speed of storm water coming to the treatment facilities (it is usually too high to ensure an efficient sorption). For this reason the research and analysis of three different synthetic sorbents („Fibroil“, „Duck“, „Reo-dry“) were performed with artificial and real storm water in the laboratory under extreme conditions (filtration speed 30 m/h). According to the results of the experiment, all three sorbents have similar treatment efficiency and suspended solids and turbidity has no impact on oil products removal efficiency. But it is more efficient to use “Fibroil” and it is suitable for filtration under 30 m/h speed much longer than sorbents “Duck” and “Reo-dry”. Structure: introduction, relevance, methodology, results of the experiment, recomedations conclusions and references. Thesis consist of: 55 p. text without appendixes, 21 pictures, 8 tables, 39 bibliographical entries.

Vid framställning av papper och pappersmassa krävs en stor mängd energi och även stora mängder vatten som med fördel tas från en närliggande sjö eller vattendrag. Avloppsvattnet passerar flera olika reningssteg såsom mekanisk, kemisk och biologisk rening innan det återinförs till recipienten. Vid aerob biologisk rening sker en nedbrytning och oxidation av det organiska materialet som utförs av mikroorganismer. Aeroba mikroorganismer kräver närvaro av syre varvid luft tillsätts till dammen. Luftningen utgör drygt hälften av det externa reningsverkets totala energibehov och försvåras av extraktivämnen som finns i träden. Vid Stora Enso Skoghalls bruk används en luftad damm som biologisk rening. Det finns problem med att få syret att räcka till i hela dammen. Om ett försteg placeras innan dammen skulle detta kunna bryta ned en del av de syreförbrukande ämnena. Förstegets utformning skulle vara en MBBR (Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor) innehållande bärare där termofila bakterier bildar biofilm. Två olika försöksuppställningar byggdes upp i ett laboratorium på Karlstads Universitet innehållande MBBR och luftade dammar. De luftade dammarna skulle likna Skoghalls bruks luftade damm med samma uppehållstid och innehålla samma sorts mikroorganismer. Processvattnet hämtades från Skoghalls bruk och pumpades kontinuerligt in till försöksuppställningarna. Vattnet togs från två olika ställen på bruket och innehöll dels CTMP och dels CTMP blandat med vatten från blekeriet och indunstningen. För utvärderingar av försöken utfördes analyser av COD, TOC, SÄ, SVI, ytspänning, extraktivämnen samt mikroskopering. Resultatet uppvisade en relativt jämn COD-och TOC-reduktion för de luftade dammarna på runt 70 %, vilket är jämförbara värden med Skoghalls bruks luftade damm. För det termofila MBBR-försteget med temperaturen 45 °C uppvisades en reduktionskapacitet på 30 – 40 %. Resultatet vid körning med vatten innehållande endast CTMP påvisades en reduktion på 30 %. Mätning av ytspänning och extraktivämnen ger en indikation på om syresättningen av avloppsvattnet kan bli effektivare. Det visade sig att biofilmen i de termofila stegen är mycket känslig och relativt enkel att slå ut om förhållandena för de termofila bakterierna inte är optimala eller om inkommande vatten innehåller någon giftig substans. Bioslammet i samtliga luftade dammar bestod av både bakterier, protozoer och metazoer. I referensdammen uppvisades stora och kompakta flockar medan det för dammarna som föregicks av termofila MBBR påvisade mindre slam och mindre kompakta flockar. För dammen innehållande endast CTMP påvisades förutom att flockarna var små även flytslam och skumproblem. / The production of pulp and paper requires a large amount of energy and also large amounts of water which, by advantage, can be taken from a nearby lake or river. The wastewater passes through several different purification steps, such as mechanical, chemical and biological treatment before being reintroduced to the recipient. During aerobic biological treatment, a degradation and oxidation of the organic material occurs and is performed by microorganisms which require oxygen. Aeration consumes about half of the external plant's total energy and is aggravated by extractives present in the trees. At Stora Enso Skoghall mill an aerated pond is used as biological treatment, but there are troubles to get the oxygen to last for the entire pond. If a pre-treatment is placed before the pond this would be able to reduce the substances which demands oxygen. The implementation of the pre-treatment would be a MBBR (Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor) containing carriers and where thermophilic bacteria form biofilms. The experimental setups were built up in a laboratory at the University of Karlstad. The aerated ponds would resemble the aerated pond at Skoghall mill, with an identical retention time and contain equivalent microorganisms. The wastewater was continuously pumped into the experimental setups and was received from Skoghall mill and contained only CTMP water and CTMP mixed with water from the bleach plant and evaporation plant. As evaluation of the experiments analyzes of COD, TOC, SS, SVI, surface tension, extractives and microscopy were done. The results showed a relatively uniform COD and TOC reduction for the aerated ponds at around 70 %, which is comparable with the real pond at Skoghall mill. For the thermophilic MBBR with a temperature of 45° C and with probe 10-water, a capacity of reduction at 30 - 40% was noticed. The result with water containing only CTMP showed a reduction of 30%. Measurements of surface tension and extractives show if the concentration of extractives is decreasing in the thermophilic pre-treatments and also in the aerated ponds, which indicates a more effective oxygenation of the water. It was also found that the biofilm in the thermophilic stages are very sensitive and relatively easy to decimate if the conditions for the thermophilic bacteria are not optimal or if the incoming water contains any toxic substance. The sludge in all aerated ponds consisted of bacteria, protozoa and metazoa. The reference pond showed large and dense flocks while for the ponds that were preceded by thermophilic MBBR indicated less sludge and less dense flocks. For pond containing CTMP-water the flocks were small, but in addition, floating sludge was detected and foam problems arose.

Permanent production and use of organic chemicals for many purposes has resulted in their introduction and accumulation in the environment. Depending on their physicochemical properties they can be transported by different ways from the source to very remote regions of the planet. Many organic chemicals are used in agriculture as pesticides for cultures protection or nutrient. Residues of these chemicals can always be found in fields, and under the effect of precipitations they leach and pass in streams and rivers. Pharmaceuticals and personal health care products and other house holding chemicals are continuously introduced in the environment through municipal wastewaters. These substances exhibit, in most of the cases, perturbation effects towards the living organisms, moreover the effect of many of them is not known yet. Despite their concentration in water is low, the exposure of organisms for long periods can lead to negative consequences, but these effects cannot be measured instantly. In order to reduce or avoid the pollution of water with chemicals many water treatment methods has been developed like adsorption of pollutants on adsorbents, membrane filtration, microbiological treatment, chemical oxidation with oxidizing agents and advanced oxidation processes. Most of the methods used in waste water treatment plants (WWTP) do not completely destroy the organic contaminants or they only separate the contaminants from water. Then they have to be deposed somewhere else remaining always a potential source of contamination. Advanced oxidation processes and in particular electrochemical advanced oxidation processes are methods developed later and are proven as more effective as they can completely oxidize the organic matter in water. The subject of this thesis is the use of electro-Fenton, an electrochemical advanced oxidation process for efficient destruction of organic pollutants in aqueous medium. In this method, organic pollutants are eliminated by H hydroxyl radicals (high oxidation power species) which are produced in situ through the Fenton's reagent (H2O2 + Fe2+) itself generated in the solution electrochemically and continuously. In this process, the electrode material is of fundamental importance in order to have an efficient process, so we have studied at large extent the influence of both cathode and anode material in this work. Firstly a systematic study on the oxidation capacity of the process of amoxicillin (AMX) as model pollutant with several anodes materials: BDD, Pt, DSA, PbO2 Carbon felt, Graphite and Carbon fibre was realised. In all cases a stainless steel electrode was used as cathode. The degradation of AMX was followed by HPLC analysis whereas the mineralization efficiency ot the process was measured by total organic carbon analyser (TOC). This revealed that BDD was the most efficient anode for AMX oxidation and DSA was the weakest one. Carbon felt showed a characteristic behaviour; it was very efficient on AMX oxidation but it could not transform AMX to CO2 and H2O. Afterwards four anodes were tested for their influence on electro-Fenton process efficiency namely Pt, BDD, DSA and Carbon felt, the cathode was always carbon felt. Sulfamethazine (SMT) was used as model pollutant. Apparent rate constants have given only moderate values of mineralization for currents lower than 100 mA. Here again the BDD anode was distinguished for its excellent mineralization capacity owing to the additional hydroxyl radicals and other oxidizing species introduced in the system. When electro-Fenton applied good degradation and mineralization results were obtained even with the DSA anode (...)

This thesis examines the impact of urban water infrastructure on the Ottawa River through an exploration of the City of Ottawa's historical development from the early modern period to the present. The primary aim is to explain how the Ottawa River came to be removed or ignored from the City of Ottawa's urban development strategy. The thesis focuses on the periods of 1910-1920 (early modernity) and 1999-2012 (present). The theories applied are risk, risk management, normal accident theory and the politics of infrastructure. The data and information for this thesis were primarily retrieved from the City of Ottawa website as well as from the archives of the City of Ottawa. The thesis identifies several factors explaining why the Ottawa River has been mistreated over time, as well as the challenges involved in reforming present-day practices and infrastructure. Several recommendations to fix the situation are advanced.

M. Tech. (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology, 2016 / Natural organic matter if not removed from water used for electricity generation has dire consequences that affect the long term plant health. The main problem is that organic matter at higher temperature and pressure disintegrate into smaller organic acids and carbon dioxide. This causes the cycle water and steam to be acidic and this can result in corrosion of the plant. The raw water from the Komati (Arnot power station) and Usutu (Kriel power station) scheme were analysed to determine the organic profile and seasonal variation. There was a noticeable variation in the quality of the water with an increase in DOC during rainy season. The water was found to be containing hydrophobic as well as hydrophilic molecules that could be quantified with a liquid chromatography organic detector (LC-OCD). Current water treatment processes employed at the two stations, Arnot and Kriel, has demonstrated the capability of removing organics to just over 50 percent at the pre-treatment section. The water treatment plant includes demineralisation plant that was able to produce water that met Eskom’s target specifications of less than 250 ppb DOC values. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the steam-condensate water was done by use of an ion chromatography method. The determined organic anions were found to be acetates, formats and lactates.

Der integrierte Gas-Dampf (GiD-) Prozess mit Wasserrückgewinnung ist ein flexibler Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungsprozess, der die gleichzeitige Bereitstellung von Strom und Wärme teilweise entkoppeln kann. Der effiziente und sparsame Einsatz von fossilen Brennstoffen ist aus ökonomischer wie auch ökologischer Sicht geboten. Die Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung (KWK), die gleichzeitige Erzeugung von Strom und Wärme, ist eine Möglichkeit dafür. Allerdings erfordert die KWK auch eine gleichzeitige Abnahme von Strom und Wärme beziehungsweise deren Speicherung. Sowohl Strom als auch Prozessdampf lassen sich nur aufwendig und damit relativ teuer speichern, weshalb Alternativen gefragt sind. Der GiD-Prozess besteht aus einer Gasturbine mit nachgeschaltetem Abhitzedampfkessel. Die Gasturbine verfügt als Besonderheit über eine Dampfinjektion, die vor, nach oder direkt in die Brennkammer erfolgen kann. Der Abhitzekessel hat zusätzliche Wärmeübertragerflächen um das Abgas bis unter den Taupunkt abzukühlen. Somit kann ein Teil des injizierten Dampfes aus dem Abgas zurückgewonnen und wiederverwendet werden. Der in die Gasturbine injizierte Dampf führt dieser weitere Energie zu. Diese kann entweder zur Leistungssteigerung der Anlage oder zur Reduzierung des fossilen Brennstoffbedarfes genutzt werden. Die erste Option der Leistungssteigerung ist auch als Cheng-Prozess bekannt. Diese Arbeit widmet sich der weniger untersuchten zweiten Möglichkeit der Brennstoffreduzierung. Beim Vergleich des GiD-Prozesses mit verschiedenen anderen Kraftwerks-Prozessen zeigt sich, dass dieser besonders gut für industrielle Anlagen mit Prozessdampfbedarf und einer elektrischen Leistung kleiner 20 MW el geeignet ist. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde der GiD-Prozess mittels einer Versuchsanlage auf Basis einer Industriegasturbine mit 650 kW el untersucht. Die Arbeit dokumentiert verschiedene Versuchsfahrten und Untersuchungen an dieser Anlage. Die Injektion von Dampf reduziert die Schadstoffemissionen in den zulässigen Bereich und kann sehr flexibel zu einer Steigerung des Anlagenwirkungsgrades von bis zu zwei Prozent führen. Dabei wird der Dampf sehr gleichmäßig in die Versuchsanlage eingebracht, so dass keine signifikanten Änderungen der Abgastemperaturverteilung erkennbar sind. Die Überhitzung des Dampfes kann zu einer weiteren Steigerung des Anlagenwirkungsgrades führen. Die Rückgewinnung des eingebrachten Dampfes ist mit den entsprechenden Wärmeübertragern möglich. Das zurückgewonnene Wasser ist durch die Stickoxide des Abgases verunreinigt und muss entsprechend aufbereitet werden.