Les micropolluants d'origine pharmaceutique tels que les antibiotiques, les hormones, les anti-inflammatoires ou les médicaments anticancéreux sont généralement réfractaires aux procédés classiques de traitement des eaux et leur rejet dans l'environnement même à l'état de traces (< µg/L) pose de réels problèmes environnementaux et de santé publique. Le traitement de ces effluents par voie enzymatique semble être une alternative intéressante et ce d'autant plus si le biocatalyseur est immobilisé directement à la surface d'une membrane afin d'améliorer sa stabilité et permettre sa réutilisation. Le travail à réaliser dans le cadre de cette thèse vise la conception et l'optimisation de bioréacteurs destinés à la dégradation de micropolluants ciblés. Réalisé dans le cadre d'un contrat Européen (ENDETECH), ce travail est une collaboration avec d'autres équipes de recherche européennes en charge de sélectionner les biocatalyseurs et de mettre au point les méthodes analytiques de détection et de caractérisation des produits de la réaction. / Pharmaceutical micropollutants such as antibiotics, hormones, anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer drugs are usually reluctant to conventional wastewater treatment processes and their disposal in the environment, even at low concentrations (< µg/L) may have an impact on human health. The enzymatic treatment of these effluents seems a promising alternative if the biocatalyst is immobilized on a membrane to enhance its stability and to enable its reuse. This thesis work aims at designing and optimizing bioreactors for micropollutants degradation. It is a collaboration (ENDETECH project) with other European research teams in charge of selecting the biocatalysts and developing analytical methods for the detection and characterization of transformation products.

Le milieu aquatique est le réceptacle ultime de la pollution environnementale. De nombreux micropolluants y sont présents et montrent des effets toxiques envers les systèmes aquatiques. La Directive Cadre Eau (DCE) a comme objectif la restauration du bon état écologique et chimique des milieux aquatiques d’ici 2015. Pour cela, elle impose des Normes de Qualités Environnementales (NQE) faibles et une surveillance accrue des masses d’eau. Au-delà des micropolluants réglementés, certains dits « émergents » ont été détectés à de faibles concentrations (ng.L-1) dans les systèmes aquatiques. Sous ce terme, sont regroupés les composés pharmaceutiques, certains pesticides, les hormones, etc. L’ensemble de ces micropolluants sont introduits dans l’environnement par plusieurs sources : dépôts atmosphériques, lessivage des sols, lixiviation et rejets industriels et/ou domestiques. Ces travaux de thèse ont porté plus précisément sur les alkylphénols, présents sur la liste des contaminants prioritaires dangereux de la DCE, leurs dérivés éthoxylés, le bisphénol A et les composés pharmaceutiques. Dans un premier temps, une attention particulière a été portée à l’analyse de ces composés. Les méthodes analytiques de chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse simple (LC-MS) et en tandem (LC-MS/MS) pour les alkylphénols ont été optimisées en améliorant les contrôles qualités et en portant une attention particulière à l’extraction des composés sensibles aux contaminations extérieures (manipulateur, ambiance, etc.). Pour pallier aux problèmes liés à la contamination des échantillons par ces composés lors de l’extraction, la microextraction sur phase solide (SPME) et une méthode d’analyse par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse simple (GC-MS) ont été dévelopées. Dans un second temps, le devenir et le comportement des alkylphénols, de leurs dérivés éthoxylés et des composés pharmaceutiques dans les stations d’épuration (STEP), sources d’introduction dans les systèmes aquatiques avérées, ont été étudiés. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence que les concentrations diminuent au cours des traitements dans les STEP pour tous les composés étudiés sauf pour l’acide alkylphénoxy acétique (NP1EC) qui est formé au cours des traitements secondaires ; la carbamazépine et dans une moindre mesure le diclofénac restent stables. Seuls les traitements tertiaires permettent une élimination significative de ces composés. La présence à plus de 50% des alkylphénols et de leurs dérivés éthoxylés dans la phase particulaire entraînent une adsorption non négligeable de ces composés dans les boues. Dans le but d’améliorer le suivi environnemental, les POCISTM standard (« Polar Organic chemical Integrative SamplersTM ») de configuration « pharmaceutiques » ont été développés lors d’expérimentations menées en laboratoire pour l’échantillonnage des alkylphénols, de leurs dérivés éthoxylés, du bisphénol A et des composés pharmaceutiques. Les alkylphénols et leurs dérivés éthoxylés sont accumulés avec un temps de latence dans les POCISTM standard montrant l’influence de la membrane sur le transfert de masse de ces composés. Les POCISTM standards ont été optimisés en changeant la nature des membranes pour l’échantillonnage des alkylphénols et de leurs dérivés éthoxylés. Ces nouveaux outils sont nommés POCISTM-like. Les POCISTM-Nylon 0,1 µm et 30 µm sont les POCISTM-like montrant un fort pouvoir concentrateur des alkylphénols, de leurs dérivés éthoxylés et du Bisphénol A tout en éliminant le temps de latence observé dans leur accumulation dans les POCISTM standards. Ces POCISTM-like ont par la suite été validés en mésocosmes puis dans le milieu naturel afin de mettre en évidence leur caractère intégratif, permettant ainsi de s’affranchir de l’effet matriciel et de détecter certains composés à des concentrations inférieures aux limites de quantification. / The aquatic environment is the ultimate receptacle of environmental pollution. Many micro-pollutants are present and show toxic effects to aquatic systems (bioaccumulation in tissues, inhibition of growth, endocrine dysfunction, etc.). The Water Framework Directive (WFD) aims to restore the good ecological and chemical quality of aquatic environments by 2015. For this, it imposes low Environmental quality standards (EQS) and increased monitoring of water bodies. Beyond regulated micro-pollutants, some "emerging" have been detected at low concentrations (ng L-1) in aquatic systems. Under this term are grouped pharmaceutical compounds, some pesticides, hormones, etc. All of these micro-pollutants are introduced into the environment through several sources: atmospheric deposition, soil leaching and industrial or domestic discharges.This work is specifically focused on alkylphenols, present on the list of priority hazardous compounds in the WFD, their ethoxylated derivatives, bisphenol A and pharmaceutical compounds. As a first step, particular attention was paid to the analysis of these compounds. Analytical methods of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC / MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for alkylphenols were optimized by improving quality controls and paying attention to the extraction of sensitive compounds toward contamination (manipulator, atmosphere, etc.). To overcome the problems associated with sample contamination by these compounds during the extraction, solid phase microextraction (SPME) and a method of analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed. In a second step, the fate and behavior of alkylphenols, their ethoxylated derivatives and pharmaceutical compounds in sewage treatment plants (WWTPs), sources of introduction into aquatic systems proved, were studied. This study has allowed showing the decrease of concentrations during treatment in WWTPs for all compounds studied except for alkylphenoxy acetic acid (NP1EC) which is formed during secondary treatment, carbamazepine, and to a lesser extent diclofenac remain stable. Only tertiary treatments allow significant removal of these compounds. The presence of more than 50% of alkylphenols and ethoxylated derivatives in the particulate phase lead to significant adsorption of these compounds into sludges. In order to improve environmental monitoring, during experiments conducted in the laboratory POCISTM standard (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers), "pharmaceuticals" configuration, have been developed for sampling alkylphenols, their ethoxylated derivates, bisphenol A and pharmaceutical compounds. Alkylphenols and their ethoxylated derivatives are accumulated with a lag phase in standard POCISTM showing the influence of the membrane on the mass transfer of these compounds. The standard POCISTM were optimized by changing the nature of the membranes for sampling alkylphenols and their ethoxylated derivatives. These new tools are named POCISTM-like. The POCISTM-Nylon 0.1 µm and 30 µm are POCISTM-like showing a strong power concentrator for alkylphénols, their ethoxylated derivatives and BPA while eliminating the lag phase observed in standard POCISTM. These POCISTM-like were subsequently validated in mesocosms and in the environment in order to highlight their integrative nature, allowing to overcome the matrix effect and to detect some compounds at concentrations below the limits of quantification.

In my diploma thesis I focused on the issue of metals, their occurrence in drinking water sources in the Czech Republic and the possibility of their removal by water supply processes. Heavy metals degrade the quality of water resources, so more complex water treatment technologies are needed. The first part describes the metals, their properties, their significance and occurrence in water, then the possibility of removing metals using water supply processes. In the practical part of the diploma thesis I performed a laboratory experiment to remove iron, manganese and nickel by adsorption on selected filter materials, which are Filtrasorb F100, Filtrasorb F 400, Bayoxide E33 and GEH. The experiment was used to compare the effectiveness of selected sorption materials.

M. Tech (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences) Vaal University of Technology. / The presence of enteric viruses in drinking water poses a health risk to consumers. It is therefore very important for drinking water suppliers to provide water that is pathogen free and fit for human consumption. This can be achieved by an effective water treatment system that ensures the safety of water from the treatment plant until the water reaches the consumer. This study assessed the ability of a conventional water treatment system to remove viruses. The system consisted of three unit processes, namely, clarification, sand filtration and disinfection. These processes were simulated on a bench-scale to determine the effectiveness of each one at removing viruses. Clarification was conducted using a Phipps and Bird jar testing system and three different chemical treatments: (i) Polyelectrolyte (SUDFLOC 3835), (ii) a combination of lime and activated silica and (iii) a combination of lime, activated silica and ferric chloride. Sand filtration was simulated using a Phipps and Bird column filtration system. Disinfection was conducted using free chlorine. The findings from this study showed that the removal or inactivation of viruses increased with an increase in the concentration of chemicals added. For clarification, the combination of lime, activated silica and ferric chloride was the most effective treatment for the removal or inactivation of viruses. Sand filtration was found to be ineffective for the removal of viruses. Disinfection was shown to be the most effective process for the removal or inactivation of viruses. While clarification, sand filtration and disinfection did not remove or inactivate viruses equally, the entire treatment chain is still essential. This is because even if a barrier does not directly remove viruses it ensures that subsequent processes can function effectively. Overall the treatment processes should not be considered as discrete barriers but rather an integrated system that must function throughout to avoid a risk to customers.

This diploma thesis deals with sound water management and is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is divided into three main chapters. The first part focuses on rainwater, its quality characteristics and utilization. The second chapter focuses on the management of waste water, its properties, the amount of waste water and natural ways of wastewater treatment. The last chapter is devoted to the gray waters and their utilization. The practical part focuses on the study of the draft comprehensive management of sewage and rainwater in the village Pařezov district Domažlice. It focuses on wastewater treatment using constructed wetlands, using rainwater for irrigation and infiltration of the remaining water.

Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap (MSB) planerar att etablera ett permanent fältkontor i Doolow i So-malia. Syftet med denna rapport är att tillhandahålla förslag till MSB på hur detta skulle kunna utformas gällande vatten- och sanitetshantering, baserat på frågeställningarna: ”Vilka metoder för vatten- och sanitetshantering användsav MSB på fältkontor? Vid få eller avsaknad av metoder, finns det andra metoder som skulle kunna fungera och i så fallvilka?” och ”Vilka metoder, såväl som MSB använder som andra, lämpas sig bäst på ett fältkontor i Doolow, Somalia?”.Med utgångspunkt i en litteraturstudie har MSB:s metoder undersökts. Inom gråvattenhantering verkar MSB inte ha några generella metoder men för övriga delar av vatten- och sanitethantering har MSB sådana för hanteringen. Ut-ifrån dessa metoder utfördes sedan en utvärdering av de presenterade metoderna. Detta resulterade i två förslag för vatten- och sanitetshanteringen på fältkontoret i Doolow. De två lösningarna skiljer sig åt i att den ena undersöker envattenbaserad toalettlösning och den andra en torr. Gemensamt för de två presenterade förslagen är vattenhanteringen.För extraktion av grundvatten bör det ske med en submersibel pump. Därefter föreslås att vattenkvalitétsindikationersåsom pH, klor och arsenik med flera testas innan reningsmetod väljs. Rekommenderade reningsmetoder är reversibelosmos, koagulering-flockning eller en kombination av UV-strålning, mikrofiltrering samt aktivt kol vid behov. Vidareföreslås att vatten lagras i betongtankar och distribueras med centrifugalpumpar. En hällspoltoalett föreslås som det vattenbaserade sanitetsalternativet, tillsammans med separation av svartvattnet ge-nom en septiktank. Slammet från septiktanken kan därefter renas med samkompostering och avloppsvattnet renas med en anlagd våtmark. I det fall att toalettvalet resulterar i ett utan vatten, rekommenderas urinseparerande torrtoaletter (UDDT) med uppsamling och behandling i uttorkningskammare, alternativt upphöjd dubbel VIP-latrin. Gråvattenre-ning föreslås oberoende av val av sanitetslösning, och det renade gråvattnet kan därefter gå till spolvatten alternativt bevattning av odlingsmarker, beroende på vilket av alternativen som väljs. Det torra sanitetsförslaget rekommenderasstarkare med hänsyn till att inte påfresta de vattentillgångar som finns i Doolow.

No description available.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Chemistry)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Calcium and magnesium are two dominant species that contribute to water hardness. The aim of this study was to develop a poly (vinylidene fluoride-co hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) composite membrane for treatment of water hardness. The synthesis of PVDF-HFP composite membranes was confirmed by X ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The concentrations of the hardness causing agents in both the simulated and real hard water samples were investigated in batch studies wherein parameters such as pH, contact time, temperature, and adsorbent were optimised. The maximum adsorption efficiency of 56 and 45 mg/g (evaluated by Langmuir isotherm) for Ca(II) and Mg(II) ions were obtained. These were achieved at an optimum pH of 7 and adsorption dosage of 0.5 mg/L using the 3% PVDF-HFP/cellulose acetate (CA) and 1% nitrogen doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (N-MWCNTs)/CA composite membranes respectively. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm models were all consistent with the pseudo-second order and Freundlich isotherm models for all the membranes suggesting that the sorption process met heterogeneous adsorption. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption is physical and endothermic in nature. Reusability studies showed that all the PVDF-HFP based membranes can be recycled at least 3 times and for Ca(II) ions an adsorption loss of only 0.35 % was recorded while using a 3% PVDF-HFP/CA composite membrane. These results were further confirmed by XRD, TGA and inductively coupled plasma mass (ICP-MS) spectrometry. Thus, the findings from this study have shown that the PVDF-HFP based membranes could provide valuable material for hardness removal to acceptable level.

Many pharmaceuticals are found in municipal wastewater effluents due to their persistence in the human body as well as in conventional wastewater treatment processes. This discharge to the environment can lead to adverse effects in aquatic species, such as feminization of male fish. During the past decade, these findings have spawned investigations and research into suitable treatment technologies that could severely limit the discharge. Adsorption onto activated carbon has been identified as one of the two main technologies for implementation of (future) full-scale treatment. Recent research has put a closer focus on adsorption with powdered activated carbon (PAC) than on granular activated carbon (GAC). Studies where both methods are compared in parallel operation are thus still scarce and such evaluation in pilot-scale was therefore a primary objective of this thesis. Furthermore, recirculation of PAC can be used to optimize the treatment regarding the carbon consumption. Such a setup was evaluated as a separate treatment stage to comply with Swedish wastewater convention. Additionally, variation of a set of process parameters was evaluated. During successive operation at three different wastewater treatment plants an overall pharmaceutical removal of 95% could consistently be achieved with both methods. Furthermore, treatment with GAC was sensitive to a degraded effluent quality, which severely reduced the hydraulic capacity. Both treatment methods showed efficient removal of previously highlighted substances, such as carbamazepine and diclofenac, however in general a lower adsorption capacity was observed for GAC. By varying the input of process parameters, such as the continuously added dose or the contact time, during PAC treatment, a responsive change of the pharmaceutical removal could be achieved. The work in this thesis contributes some valuable field experience towards wider application of these treatment technologies in full-scale. / <p>QC 20161124</p> / MistraPharma

Följande arbete kommer att lyfta fram olika alternativ för rening av mänsklighetens viktigaste förutsättning för liv, nämligen för vatten. Syftet är att undersöka olika alternativ för vattenrening och skapa en manual på hur bra dessa är lämpade till plats och förhållande. Arbetets mål är att undersöka vilka olika metoder för vattenrening som finns idag, utvärdera dessa utifrån indikatorer för hållbarhet med hänsyn till sociala, ekonomiska och miljömässiga aspekter, ta fram kostnadsberäkningar för de olika metoder samt ta fram alternativ till vattenrening som redan används och därför kommer rapporten ta reda på vilka dessa är och var de finns, samt hur väl dessa fungerar på respektive plats och under vilka förhållande. / This examination task will highlight different options for water purification, which is humanity's most important condition for life. The purpose is to investigate different alternatives for water purification and create a manual on how well these are suitable for location and association. The aim of the work is to investigate what different methods of water purification are available today, evaluate sustainability indicators based on social, economic and environmental assessments, to prepare cost estimates for the different methods and provide alternatives for water treatment which are already in use and therefore the report will determine which those are and where they exist, and how well they work in each place and under what conditions.