Mine abandonment and the discharge of contaminated mine water is recognised globally as a major source of surface water and groundwater pollution. Contamination generally arises from the oxidation of sulphide minerals, principally pyrite, by the mining process, and the subsequent chemical reactions can lead to the discharge of mineralised, often acidic, iron, and sulphate rich waters. In many historically mined river catchments, mine water discharge is the main cause of poor water quality. Within the UK, managing the legacy of abandoned mines is one of the principal challenges presented by modern environmental legislation, particularly the EU Water Framework Directive, a challenge that is exacerbated by the diverse and widespread nature of historical mining. The impact and hazard associated with abandoned mining in one of the UK’s most intensively mined regions, the Almond River Catchment, Scotland, was examined via: 1) a detailed GIS mapping and investigation of historical mining processes in the catchment, 2) mine site discharge sampling, 3) detailed site investigations, 4) geochemical modelling of four mine waste sites and 5) analysis of temporal and spatial river water quality in the catchment. The results are then brought together to produce a catchment scale mine water hazard map. Mapping has identified over 300 mine sites in the catchment including coal, oil shale and ironstone mine wastes and flooded coal and oil shale mines. The historical development of oil shale retort methods has been shown to have an impact on potential hazard. Sampling of discharge waters from the different mining activities, in conjunction with detailed mineralogical analysis and geochemical modelling at the four mine waste sites has characterised the main hazards. Ironstone and pyrite bearing coal mine wastes discharge waters with highly elevated Fe and sulphate concentrations, up to 160mgl-1 and 1900mgl-1 respectively, due to extensive pyrite oxidation and acid generating salt dissolution (principally jarosite). Coal mine wastes show variable mineralogy, due to the diverse nature of coal bearing strata, and discharge waters with variable chemistry. Oil Shale mine wastes are generally depleted in pyrite due to historic processing and discharge low sulphate waters with moderately elevated Fe concentrations, up to 5mgl-1. Flooded coal mines discharge sulphate dominant alkaline waters, due to the availability of carbonate minerals in the mine complex, with elevated Fe concentrations, up to 50mgl-1, while flooded oil shale mines discharge waters with moderately elevated Fe concentrations, up to 4mgl-1, due to lower pyrite content in mine strata and reduced availability of oxygen related to mine abandonment age. Once in the surface water environment iron and sulphate display significant concentration-flow dependence: iron increases at high flows due to the re-suspension of river bed iron precipitates (Fe(OH)3); sulphate concentrations decrease with increased flow as a result of dilution. Further examination of iron and sulphate loading at low flows indicates a close correlation of iron and sulphate with mined areas; cumulative low flow load calculations indicate that coal and oil shale mining regions contribute 0.21 and 0.31 g/s of iron, respectively, to the main Almond tributary. Decreases in iron loading on river sections demonstrate the deposition and diffuse storage of iron within the river channel. This river bed iron is re-suspended with increased flow resulting in significant transport of diffuse iron downstream with load values of up to 50 g/s iron. Based on this hazard classification, a catchment scale mine water hazard map has been developed. The map allows the prioritisation of actions for future mine water management.

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

published_or_final_version / Comparative Asian Studies / Master / Master of Arts

No description available.

<p>Predmet istraţivanja ove doktorske disertacije jesu metafore tela i prostora u stvarala&scaron;tvu savremene vel&scaron;ke spisateljice Sare Voters. Istraţivanje se usredsreĊuje na prvih pet romana iz njenog opusa, objavljenih u periodu od 1998. do 2009. godine. Romani Usne od somota, Srodne du&scaron;e i Dţeparo&scaron; spadaju u neoviktorijansku prozu, dok su romani Noćna straţa i Mali stranac sme&scaron;teni u period za vreme i nakon Drugog svetskog rata. Uloga protagoniste u njenim romanima najĉe&scaron;će se dodeljuje lezbejskim likovima, pa se njeno stvarala&scaron;tvo moţe shvatiti kao poku&scaron;aj da se navedene istorijske epohe rekonstrui&scaron;u tako da se omogući predstavljanje lezbejskih likova i lezbejske seksualnosti. Istovremeno, njeni romani doprinose &scaron;irem predstavljanju lezbejske tematike u savremenoj knjiţevnoj produkciji. Osnovni cilj istraţivanja jeste da se ispita uloga telesnih i prostornih metafora u obradi teme istopolne ljubavi, ali i znaĉaj ovih metafora za ĉitav niz drugih tema.<br />Istraţivanja tela i prostora predstavljaju izuzetno plodnu i dinamiĉnu oblast savremene kritiĉke teorije. Ovi pojmovi dospevaju u ţiţu kritiĉkog interesovanja u drugoj polovini dvadesetog veka, mada je njihovo prisustvo u oblastima nauĉnih istraţivanja znatno duţe, pa rasprave o telu i telesnosti nalazimo jo&scaron; u klasiĉnoj filozofiji. Prostor je pak sve do druge polovine dvadesetog veka prevashodno bio predmet matematiĉkih i geografskih istraţivanja, dok je u humanistiĉkoj tradiciji bio shvaćen tek kao pasivna i statiĉna pozadina istorijskih dogaĊaja. Istraţivanje polazi od istorijskog pregleda kljuĉnih teorijskih pristupa telu, poĉev od platonistiĉke dualistiĉke tradicije,&nbsp;preko kartezijanskog dualizma, sve do savremenih poststrukturalistiĉkih teorija, a teorijsko upori&scaron;te analize telesnih metafora ĉine teorije Mi&scaron;ela Fukoa i Dţudit Batler. Analiza romana se usredsreĊuje na motiv transodevanja, metaforu duha, ali i na skup konkretnih telesnih slika kojima se spisateljica iznova vraća. Potom se razmatraju savremena teorijska poimanja prostora, pri ĉemu se istraţivanje oslanja i na relevantna istorijska, knjiţevnoistorijska i sociolo&scaron;ka istraţivanja. Ovaj teorijski okvir sluţi da se ispitaju predstave kuće, zatvora, ludnice i britanske prestonice, te interakcija lezbejskih likova s ovim lokalitetima<br />&nbsp;</p> / <p>The aim of this doctoral thesis is to explore the corporeal and spatial metaphors in the fiction of Sarah Waters, a contemporary Welsh novelist. The critical focus of the thesis is on Waters‟s first five novels, published between 1998 and 2009. Tipping the Velvet, Affinity and Fingersmith belong to the neo-Victorian genre, while Night Watch and The Little Stranger are set in the period during and after the Second World War. In Waters‟s fiction, the role of protagonist is mostly reserved for lesbian characters and her oeuvre can be perceived as an attempt to rewrite the chosen historical periods in ways which provide for the representation of lesbian characters and lesbian sexuality. In addition, her novels make a significant contribution towards wider literary representation of lesbian issues in the contemporary context. The main goal of this research is to analyze the role of corporeal and spatial metaphors in the portrayal of same-sex relationships, class tensions and other relevant themes in Waters‟s work.<br />The issues of body and space are undoubtedly at the centre of contemporary critical interest and theoretical debates that surround them are diverse and wide-ranging. However, while the history of theoretical interest in the body dates back to the classical tradition, spatiality only came to prominence in the second half of the twentieth century, when a surge of critical interest can be observed marking the beginning of the so-called spatial turn. The thesis therefore&nbsp;starts by providing a brief historical overview of the key theoretical approaches to the body, including the mind/body debate in the classical Platonic tradition, Cartesian dualism and contemporary poststructuralist theory. The theories of Michel Foucault and Judith Butler are then used as the main theoretical framework for the analysis of corporeal metaphors, which focuses on the motif of cross-dressing, the spectral metaphor, as well as a range of recurrent corporeal images in Waters‟s writing. In the following chapters, the focus shifts to contemporary theoretical approaches to spatiality and relevant sociological, cultural and historical research, which are used to explore the representations of home, prison, asylum and urban space, as well as the interaction between the lesbian protagonists and their surroundings.</p>

Mean salinity concentrations in the four reservoirs (Moss, Ray Hubbard, Texoma and Possum Kingdom) ranged from 0.2 ppt in Moss Lake to 2.01 ppt in Possum Kingdom Lake. Reservoir sodium and chloride concentrations were hypotonic to hypertonic to plasma levels in all species. Interspecific differences were seen in ionic concentrations within each reservoir. Total osmotic and sodium concentrations in carp, Cyprinus carpio, were correlated to their concentrations in the reservoirs. No such relationship was noted for chloride, potassium and calcium. A laboratory study indicated that fish collection by electroshock did not bias plasma ion concentrations. Exposures to wide variations in ionic concentrations did not appear to induce stress in the species studied.

The main radionuclide causing high water radiation is 222 Rn with half-life 3.82 days. Concentrations of radon in radioactive mineral water in the Krkonoše-Jizera Crystalline Complex are very high and do not correspond with the concentration of uranium in the source rocks. These springs probably well up near the uranium mineralisation. Search for radioactive mineral water started in 2005 in Orlice- Sněžník Dome built by orthogneisses, which was the first promising area for such research. The research continued to the areas of Jánské Lázně and Horní Malá Úpa built by the Krkonoše orthogneisses in the next few years. In the last two years research was conducted in Lázně Libverda. Until then there were only a few known springs with radioactive mineral water. Lázně Libverda-Świeradów-Zdrój area is located in the Krkonoše-Jizera Crystalline Complex built by Cambrian/Ordovician orthogneisses and Variscan granite pluton. Jizera orthogneisses and the contact of these two objects were considered to be very promising in terms of finding springs of the radioactive medicinal water. Another criterion for a successful exploration is also an abnormal tectonic deformation of the zone. Uranium exploration was also conducted in 1950s, so we could use data available from the emanatory survey on a scale of 1:5000 and...

The Nogales International Wastewater Treatment Plant releases treated wastewater from both Nogales, Arizona and Nogales, Sonora, Mexico into the Santa Cruz River. In recent years, the discharged effluent has contained high levels of cadmium and nickel, which exceed the plant's permit standards. Due to the industrial demographic of the region, outdated infrastructure, and differences in sampling schedules of multiple organizations, the treatment facility and the treated effluent is an important area of study. To understand how the treated effluent is affecting the river, data were compiled from existing water quality databases and flow reports from 2008 to 2015. To address how flow quantity has changed during drought periods, effluent flows were compared to historical flood data produced by the USGS. To evaluate water quality issues, water quality reports produced by the International Boundary and Water Commission were examined for past exceedances of constituents. According to flow volumes reported at the U.S.-Mexico border, the majority of the effluent was produced in Nogales, Sonora. Results showed that spikes in effluent flow corresponded with rainfall events. Results also show that rainfall influences the flow volumes from Nogales, Arizona, but there is little impact to flow volumes from Mexico. Although the quality of the effluent generally meets the permitted standards, exceedances did occur. The potential impact of such exceedances on stream water quality was evaluated using measured and simulated data. Although outreach to stakeholders across the border and updated infrastructure has improved the quality of water in the river, there are still many areas to improve upon, including sampling and monitoring schedules. To identify opportunities for improvement, further studies should examine the specific fate of each contaminant present in the effluent.

Ring-width chronologies from Pinus resinosa Ait., Pinus strobus L., and Thuja occidentalis L. were developed in two areas of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness to assess their growth climate response and their potential for developing reconstructions of climate. New red pine chronologies were combined with existing chronologies to extend the ring-width record both into the past and into the present. Ring-width response to climate, assessed using correlation analysis and response functions, was broadly similar among all three species with relatively significant positive relationships with June–July precipitation and significant negative (but less consistent) associations with June–July temperatures (p < 0.05). White-cedar appeared to have a broader phenological window of response with a stronger spring influence when compared to other species included in this study. Comparisons with other nearby proxies showed relatively strong coherence overall but with some important regional differences. Overall, these species may be useful for placing current climatic patterns in the Boundary Waters within a longer term perspective but care should be taken with respect to identifying appropriate climatic records for calibration.

O trabalho aqui apresentado busca analisar a centralidade dos recursos hídricos no conflito israelo-palestino e em suas negociações de paz, no que diz respeito à configuração territorial tanto do Estado de Israel quanto de um possível Estado Palestino, a partir da perspectiva da Geografia Política. Partindo desse pressuposto busca discutir questões relacionadas à segurança internacional, à soberania dos Estados, e uma suposta mudança de paradigmas em relação a esses temas a partir da emergência das questões ambientais nas últimas décadas. A discussão acerca das possibilidades de conflitos envolvendo recursos hídricos é de grande relevância. Assim, analisar esse assunto tendo como área de estudo o Estado de Israel e os Territórios Ocupados da Palestina, acrescenta ao tema elementos de maior dramaticidade, devido a diversos fatores tais como a pouca oferta hídrica e a importância estratégica da região, o que decorre de fatores de ordem econômica, política e cultural. A partir de tal recorte regional, foi feita uma análise do conflito num constante variar de escalas, possibilitando assim, compreender os eventos locais desde uma perspectiva da totalidade, de forma que essa compreensão possa servir também como base para estudos de ordem global. Foi possível perceber as dificuldades encontradas pelo povo palestino, bem como as preocupações do Estado de Israel em relação à sua segurança hídrica. A água se torna então um elemento político na disputa por territórios e também nas mesas de negociações do conflito. / This paper aims at analyzing the centrality of water resources in the Israeli- Palestinian conflict, as well as in their peace attempts, regarding the territorial configuration of both State of Israel and a possible Palestinian State, from a Political Geography perspective. Assuming that the water is a central element in the conflict the present paper discusses some issues related to international security, states sovereignty, and a supposed change of paradigm regarding these issues from the emerging environmental discussions in the last decades. The discussion around the possibilities of existing water-related conflicts is surely relevant. Thus, analyzing this subject, having as a case study the State of Israel and the Occupied Territories of Palestine adds some elements that bring more dramaticity to the matter, due to several factors such as water insufficient offer and the region strategic importance, as a result of factors of economical, political and cultural order. From such regional framework, the conflict has been analyzed with a constant shifting of scales, which allows us to understand local events from a global perspective in a way that this comprehension in a regional scale may serve as a background for studies in a global scale. It was possible to notice the difficulties faced by Palestinians, as well as worries of the State of Israel regarding water security. Water then becomes a political element in the struggle for territories and also, in the peace negotiation talks.