M.Sc. / Water is often contaminated with organic and inorganic compounds by natural means and through human activities. Once contaminated, water of this nature has little or no use. However, water that is free from toxic chemicals is essential to both human health and the environment. Current water treatment techniques such as separation by membranes (reverse osmosis), adsorption (activated carbon) and ion exchange are not always very efficient at removing contaminants which may be present in parts per billion (ppb) levels. Techniques need to be developed that are reasonably inexpensive and easy to use, and yet effective at removing both organic and inorganic pollutants to acceptable levels. Adsorption is a technique that has the potential to meet these criteria. In our laboratories, insoluble beta cyclodextrin (β-CD) polymers have been used to remove pollutants from water at concentrations as low as ppb levels. However, they exhibited some disadvantages, such as poor structural integrity and difficulty in recovery. This project sought to deal with these limitations by incorporating functionalized multi-walled nanotubes (f-MWNTs) into the polymer, and then embedding polymer particles in an alginate matrix as small beads for ease of use. The polymer composites, 1% f-MWNTs with β-CD polyurethane, were synthesised and embedded in alginates to form alginate composite beads. Composite beads were tested against a model organic and heavy metal pollutants, namely p-nitrophenol and Pb2+, respectively. The composites were characterized using Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy (FT-IR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS), among other techniques. The absorption capacity of f-MWNTs, β-CD, and alginates combined proved to be effective and stable adsorbents. They showed an adsorption efficiency of at least 95% for p-nitrophenol at a concentration of 10 mg/L and 98% for Pb2+ at a concentration of 50 mg/L. vii The novel adsorbents show a good thermal stability and maintain their structural integrity after repeated (thirty times) use in recycling experiments. The recycled beads maintained a high average adsorption efficiency of 96%, indicating the potential cost benefit of these materials. As a comparison, the plain calcium alginate (CaAG) beads and plain β-CD polyurethane beads showed an average adsorption of 55% and 74%, respectively, but their structural integrity was significantly compromised during similar recycling. Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area analysis showed that incorporation of f-MWNTs (1% loading) increased the surface area of the composite beads, and adsorption isotherms showed a good fit with both Langmuir and Freundlich models. This project has demonstrated the use of f-MWNTs as copolymer which improves the structural stability of the polymers, and that the combination of these polymers and alginates provide a potentially useful material for water treatment applications.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-19T11:05:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Camila Teles Damasceno - 2016.pdf: 3907404 bytes, checksum: a9cca771b6433ed8e2ce2cdbf38fda60 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-19T11:05:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Camila Teles Damasceno - 2016.pdf: 3907404 bytes, checksum: a9cca771b6433ed8e2ce2cdbf38fda60 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-19T11:05:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Camila Teles Damasceno - 2016.pdf: 3907404 bytes, checksum: a9cca771b6433ed8e2ce2cdbf38fda60 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-21 / This work proposes the use of a distiller that uses solar energy for the production of distilled water suitable for use in chemical analysis laboratories of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG).The choice of solar distiller is due to the high incidence of solar radiation in Brazil, and because this type of equipment does not consume electricity, does not generate wasted drinking water, is easy to operate and requires low technology.A study was carried out on the intensity of radiation incident in the dry winter and wet summer period of the municipalities of Catalão, Goiânia and Jataí, where the campus of this university is located, based on the Duffie and Beckman model (2013).From the generated radiation data it was possible to determine what 20º would be the best angle for the equipment coverage, so the pilot model was built and installed at the Chemistry Institute of UFG in the city of Goiânia.With the experimental data of water temperature (Tw) and the distiller cover (Tg) recorded every hour (from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m.), the distiller's energy balance, based on the Dunkle model ( 1961), by which it was calculated the heat transfer coefficients by convection (hcw) and evaporation (hew), convective heat transfer rates (qcw) and evaporation (qew), mass transfer rate ( ew) and the efficiency of the distiller (ηi).The results obtained allowed to conclude that the coefficient of heat transfer by evaporation and its corresponding rate were higher than the coefficient of heat transfer per convection and its respective rate.The production of distilled water in winter and summer was 0.31 and kgm-2dia-1, respectively, and the distiller's maximum efficiency was 5.4% in winter and 41.33% in summer. The obtained water meets the parameters of the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia and can be used in chemical laboratories in substitution to that obtained in the electric distillers. / Este trabalho propôs a utilização de um destilador que emprega a energia solar para a produção de água destilada própria para o uso em laboratórios de análise química da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG). A escolha do destilador solar se deve à alta incidência de radiação solar no Brasil, e por este tipo de equipamento não consumir energia elétrica, não gerar desperdício de água potável, ser de fácil operação e requerer baixa tecnologia.Desenvolveu-se um estudo sobre a intensidade da radiação incidente no período de inverno seco e verão úmido dos municípios de Catalão, Goiânia e Jataí, onde estão localizados os campus desta universidade, baseado no modelo de Duffie e Beckman (2013). A partir dos dados gerados de radiação foi possível determinar do que 20º seria o melhor ângulo para a cobertura do equipamento, assim o modelo piloto foi construído e instalado no Instituto de Química da UFG na cidade de Goiânia. Com os dados experimentais de temperaturada água (Tw) e da cobertura do destilador (Tg) registrados de hora em hora (das 8 h às 18 h), pôde-se realizar o balanço de energia do destilador, fundamentado no modelo de Dunkle (1961),pelo qual foram calculados os coeficientes de transferência de calor por convecção (hcw) e por evaporação (hew), as taxas de transferência de calor por convecção (qcw) e por evaporação (qew), a taxa de transferência de massa ( ew) e a eficiência do destilador (ηi). Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o coeficiente de transferência de calor por evaporação e sua taxa correspondente foram maiores do que coeficiente de transferência de calor porpor convecção e sua respectiva taxa. A produção de água destilada no inverno e no verão foram de 0,31 e 1,51 kgm-2dia-1, respectivamente e a eficiência máxima do destilador foi de 5,4% no inverno e 41,33% no verão. A água obtida atende aos parâmetros da Farmacopéia Brasileira e pode ser utilizada em laboratórios químicos em substituição à obtida nos destiladores elétricos.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objectives of the study were: a) evaluate the equipment and aerial application rates to maximizing the coverage and penetration of fungicides drops in the canopy leaf through Water-sensitive paper and chromatography b) measure the spectra of droplets generated by hydraulic nozzles, nozzles electrostatic and rotating atomisers disk c) evaluate the yield components: seed yield and ingenuity income d) evaluate the control of Cercospora oryzae in accordance with the devices tested. For the deposition of drops in three tiers with Water-sensitive papers review, the hydraulic nozzle equipment with 30 L.ha-1 had higher deposition in the upper third and medium. For the bottom third, the rotary atomizer disks in the rate of 15 L.ha-1 had higher penetration. With chromatography, the largest amount of product in the lower canopy was achieved through the electrostatic equipment with 10 L.ha-1. For the control of Cercospora oryzae the data were not consistent, because the treatments did not differ from the witness. For weight and grain yield there was no difference among treatments. For ingenuity income, the weight of grain was obtained using the hydraulic equipment Nozzle 20L.ha-1. The penetration and density were evaluated in relation to rates and equipment through contrasts. Most treatments showed differences between the equipment and rates. / Os objetivos dos trabalhos foram: a) Avaliar equipamentos de aplicação aérea e taxas de aplicação para maximização da cobertura e penetração de gotas de fungicidas no dossel foliar através de papel hidrossensível e cromatografia; b) avaliar os espectros de gotas gerados por bicos hidráulicos, bicos eletrostáticos e atomizadores rotativos de disco; c) avaliar os componentes de rendimento: produtividade de grãos e rendimento de engenho; e d) avaliar o controle de Cercospora oryzae. Para condução do experimento foi utilizado 8 tratamentos divididos em 63 ha. Em cada área foi avaliada a cobertura e penetração através de papeis hidrossensiveis e análise cromatográfica. A deposição de gotas em três estratos com análise de papéis hidrossensíveis, o equipamento bico hidráulico com 30 L.ha-1 teve maior deposição no terço superior e médio. Para o terço inferior, o atomizador rotativo de discos na taxa de 15 L.ha-1 apresentou maior penetração. Com cromatografia, a maior quantidade de produto no estrato inferior foi conseguida através do equipamento Eletrostático com 10 L.ha-1. Para o controle de Cercospora oryzae, os dados não foram consistentes, pois os tratamentos não diferiram da testemunha. Não houve diferenças para peso de grãos e produtividade entre os tratamentos. No rendimento de engenho, o maior peso de grão inteiro foi obtido com a utilização do equipamento Bico hidráulico 20L.ha-1. A densidade e a penetração foram avaliadas em relação às taxas e aos equipamentos, através de contrastes. A maioria dos tratamentos evidenciou diferenças entre os equipamentos e as taxas.

A urbanização acelerada e mal planejada pode ocasionar diversas alterações e consequências para o ambiente, como a sistemática impermeabilização do solo, que pode ocasionar aumento do escoamento superficial da água e redução do tempo de escoamento, gerando problemas como enchentes, alagamentos, aumento do risco de desastres naturais, entre outros. A criação de mais áreas verdes pode ser considerada uma alternativa adequada para reduzir esses fenômenos, frente à rápida e crescente expansão urbana. Como os benefícios hidrológicos das árvores em ambiente urbano ainda são pouco explorados por pesquisadores, sobretudo no Brasil, existe a necessidade de se determinar o quanto a cobertura arbórea é capaz de influenciar na redução das consequências de eventos extremos para os ambientes urbanos. O i-Tree Hydro é um programa pioneiro em relacionar explicitamente os efeitos das árvores nas águas pluviais em área urbana, fornecendo diretrizes para o planejamento do espaço em áreas sensíveis à fenômenos ambientais. Portanto, este trabalho pretende aplicou o programa em uma bacia hidrográfica da cidade de São Paulo, com o objetivo de melhor compreender como a disposição das árvores podem influenciar em uma área densamente urbanizada. Foi possível concluir utilizando o programa i-Tree Hydro que se aumentamos a cobertura arbórea e diminuímos a impermeabilização da bacia a uma queda de 12% na vazão média anual. Enquanto, fazendo o processo oposto e aumentando a impermeabilização e diminuindo a cobertura arbórea o volume médio anual da bacia aumenta cerca de 6%. Também foi possível concluir neste trabalho que apenas aumentando a cobertura arbórea da bacia de estudo sem alterar a impermeabilização é possível uma redução de 4% na vazão média anual da bacia e que a remoção de toda cobertura arbórea da mesma provoca um aumento de cerca de 21% , aumentando a média anual em aproximadamente 700 m³. / Accelerated and poorly planned urbanization can cause a number of changes and consequences for the environment, such as systematic soil sealing, which can lead to increased water runoff and reduced run-off time, generating problems such as flooding, flooding, natural disasters, among others. The creation of more green areas can be considered an adequate alternative to reduce these phenomena, in front of the rapid and increasing urban expansion. As the hydrological benefits of trees in urban environments are still little explored by researchers, especially in Brazil, there is a need to determine how much tree cover is capable of influencing the reduction of the consequences of extreme events for urban environments. The i-Tree Hydro is a pioneering program to explicitly relate the effects of trees to rainwater in urban areas, providing guidelines for space planning in areas sensitive to environmental phenomena. Therefore, this work intends to apply the program in a river basin of the city of São Paulo, in order to better understand how the use of permeable pavements and the quantity and arrangement of trees can influence in a densely urbanized area. It was possible to conclude by using the i-Tree Hydro program that we increased the tree cover and decreased the waterproofing of the basin to a fall of 12% in the average annual flow. Meanwhile, by doing the opposite process and increasing waterproofing and decreasing tree cover the average annual volume of the basin increases by about 6%. It was also possible to conclude in this work that only increasing the tree cover of the study basin without altering the waterproofing is possible a reduction of 4% in the average annual flow of the basin and that the removal of all the tree cover of the same causes an increase of about 21 %, increasing the annual average by approximately 700 m³.

A urbanização acelerada e mal planejada pode ocasionar diversas alterações e consequências para o ambiente, como a sistemática impermeabilização do solo, que pode ocasionar aumento do escoamento superficial da água e redução do tempo de escoamento, gerando problemas como enchentes, alagamentos, aumento do risco de desastres naturais, entre outros. A criação de mais áreas verdes pode ser considerada uma alternativa adequada para reduzir esses fenômenos, frente à rápida e crescente expansão urbana. Como os benefícios hidrológicos das árvores em ambiente urbano ainda são pouco explorados por pesquisadores, sobretudo no Brasil, existe a necessidade de se determinar o quanto a cobertura arbórea é capaz de influenciar na redução das consequências de eventos extremos para os ambientes urbanos. O i-Tree Hydro é um programa pioneiro em relacionar explicitamente os efeitos das árvores nas águas pluviais em área urbana, fornecendo diretrizes para o planejamento do espaço em áreas sensíveis à fenômenos ambientais. Portanto, este trabalho pretende aplicou o programa em uma bacia hidrográfica da cidade de São Paulo, com o objetivo de melhor compreender como a disposição das árvores podem influenciar em uma área densamente urbanizada. Foi possível concluir utilizando o programa i-Tree Hydro que se aumentamos a cobertura arbórea e diminuímos a impermeabilização da bacia a uma queda de 12% na vazão média anual. Enquanto, fazendo o processo oposto e aumentando a impermeabilização e diminuindo a cobertura arbórea o volume médio anual da bacia aumenta cerca de 6%. Também foi possível concluir neste trabalho que apenas aumentando a cobertura arbórea da bacia de estudo sem alterar a impermeabilização é possível uma redução de 4% na vazão média anual da bacia e que a remoção de toda cobertura arbórea da mesma provoca um aumento de cerca de 21% , aumentando a média anual em aproximadamente 700 m³. / Accelerated and poorly planned urbanization can cause a number of changes and consequences for the environment, such as systematic soil sealing, which can lead to increased water runoff and reduced run-off time, generating problems such as flooding, flooding, natural disasters, among others. The creation of more green areas can be considered an adequate alternative to reduce these phenomena, in front of the rapid and increasing urban expansion. As the hydrological benefits of trees in urban environments are still little explored by researchers, especially in Brazil, there is a need to determine how much tree cover is capable of influencing the reduction of the consequences of extreme events for urban environments. The i-Tree Hydro is a pioneering program to explicitly relate the effects of trees to rainwater in urban areas, providing guidelines for space planning in areas sensitive to environmental phenomena. Therefore, this work intends to apply the program in a river basin of the city of São Paulo, in order to better understand how the use of permeable pavements and the quantity and arrangement of trees can influence in a densely urbanized area. It was possible to conclude by using the i-Tree Hydro program that we increased the tree cover and decreased the waterproofing of the basin to a fall of 12% in the average annual flow. Meanwhile, by doing the opposite process and increasing waterproofing and decreasing tree cover the average annual volume of the basin increases by about 6%. It was also possible to conclude in this work that only increasing the tree cover of the study basin without altering the waterproofing is possible a reduction of 4% in the average annual flow of the basin and that the removal of all the tree cover of the same causes an increase of about 21 %, increasing the annual average by approximately 700 m³.

Šiame darbe analizuojama Širvintų rajono vandentiekio ir nuotekų tinklų būklė. Analizei panaudota UAB “Širvintų vandenys“ informacija, bei Širvintų kaimo gyventojų apklausos duomenys. Aktualiausia problema - vandentiekio ir nuotekų tinklų būklė Širvintų rajone. Gyventojai, gyvenantys individualiuose namuose miestuose bei nedidelėse priemiestinėse gyvenvietėse dažnai neturi galimybių naudotis vandens tiekimo ir nuotekų šalinimo paslaugomis. Jie savo reikmėms vandenį ima iš individualiai įrengtų šachtinių šulinių bei gręžinių. Šie gyventojai nuotekas dažniausiai išleidžia į išsėmimo duobes. Išanalizavus esamą situaciją galima teigti, kad dauguma Širvintų rajono gyventojų vandenį gauna iš centralizuotų vandentiekio tinklų, o nuotekas išleidžia į išsėmimo duobes arba į individualius valymo įrenginius. / The aim of thesis is to analyse the condition of water-supply and sewerage systems of Sirvintai District. The survey data of Sirvintai district people was used to carry out the analysis. The most relevant problem is the condition of water-supply and drainage systems of Sirvintai District. People, who live in their own houses in towns and small suburban villages, often do not have access to water-supply and wastewater disposal services. They receive water from their individually built wells and bores for their own consumption. These people usually drain wastewater into the exhausting holes. Having analysed the current situation we can declare that most Sirvintai district people receive water from public water systems but drain wastewater into the exhausting holes or individual wastewater treatment facilities.

Permeability surface layer of concrete is engaged in many research institutes around the world, because the surface layer is the weakest link in the entire concrete structure. This dissertation followed on the issue of global solutions and broadens the horizon of the covercrete issues. The aim of this work was to create the conversion relations between the methods for evaluating the permeability of concrete surface layer allow approximate evaluation of the surface layer of concrete depending on the current moisture. In practice mostly occur concrete, which surface mass of moisture is equal to 3 %, so this amount of moisture is selected as the reference. For comparison were used: the device TPT (Torrent Permeability Tester), device GWT (Germanns Water Permeability Tester) and methods ISAT (Initial Surface Absorption Test). A secondary aim was to create a unified methodology for measuring the device.

A dissertação de mestrado trata da relação entre a implantação das redes de infraestrutura sanitária na cidade de São Paulo e a consolidação do ambiente do banheiro no espaço doméstico entre os anos 1893-1929. Como parte do processo de modernização e saneamento da capital paulista, o Estado assume em 1893 o sistema de distribuição de água e esgotos sanitários, sendo responsável pela ampla difusão dos serviços. Se a relação com a disponibilização das redes é evidente, a definição do banheiro enquanto espaço foi gradual, como se observa nas diferentes soluções para o cômodo encontradas nas plantas residenciais submetidas à municipalidade no período. O cruzamento com outras fontes documentais, relativas à abrangência da cobertura dos serviços sobre o território, aponta que as indefinições do banheiro estiveram ligadas à localização e ao padrão da moradia, revelando a influência do processo desigual de distribuição da água e esgoto na cidade. Além disso, os diferentes modelos nas residências atrelavam-se à reorientação dos costumes da população, sobretudo aos associados aos novos preceitos de higiene dos corpos e dos espaços voltados ao consumo privativo e individualizado da água. / This master degree dissertation is about the relation between the sanitary infrastructure implementation in the city of São Paulo and the consolidation of bathroom in the domestic space between the years of 1893-1929. As part of the modernization and sanitation process of São Paulo\'s capital, the State assumes in 1893 the water supply and waste disposal systems, being responsible for the development of these services. If the relation between the water and waste services is evident, the definition of the bathroom as an architectural space was gradual, as can be seen from the different solutions for this room consulted on residential plans submitted at the city council at the time. The overlapping with other documentary sources, related to the comprehensiveness of the water and waste services over the territory, indicates that the spatial indefinitions of the bathroom were related to local and typologies of houses, unveiling the influence of the unequal process of water supply and waste disposal distribution service in the city. In addition, the different types found in the houses were connected to the reorientation of the inhabitant\'s habits, above all the ones associated to the new hygiene\'s precepts of the body and the spaces for private and individualized consumption of water.

A dissertação de mestrado trata da relação entre a implantação das redes de infraestrutura sanitária na cidade de São Paulo e a consolidação do ambiente do banheiro no espaço doméstico entre os anos 1893-1929. Como parte do processo de modernização e saneamento da capital paulista, o Estado assume em 1893 o sistema de distribuição de água e esgotos sanitários, sendo responsável pela ampla difusão dos serviços. Se a relação com a disponibilização das redes é evidente, a definição do banheiro enquanto espaço foi gradual, como se observa nas diferentes soluções para o cômodo encontradas nas plantas residenciais submetidas à municipalidade no período. O cruzamento com outras fontes documentais, relativas à abrangência da cobertura dos serviços sobre o território, aponta que as indefinições do banheiro estiveram ligadas à localização e ao padrão da moradia, revelando a influência do processo desigual de distribuição da água e esgoto na cidade. Além disso, os diferentes modelos nas residências atrelavam-se à reorientação dos costumes da população, sobretudo aos associados aos novos preceitos de higiene dos corpos e dos espaços voltados ao consumo privativo e individualizado da água. / This master degree dissertation is about the relation between the sanitary infrastructure implementation in the city of São Paulo and the consolidation of bathroom in the domestic space between the years of 1893-1929. As part of the modernization and sanitation process of São Paulo\'s capital, the State assumes in 1893 the water supply and waste disposal systems, being responsible for the development of these services. If the relation between the water and waste services is evident, the definition of the bathroom as an architectural space was gradual, as can be seen from the different solutions for this room consulted on residential plans submitted at the city council at the time. The overlapping with other documentary sources, related to the comprehensiveness of the water and waste services over the territory, indicates that the spatial indefinitions of the bathroom were related to local and typologies of houses, unveiling the influence of the unequal process of water supply and waste disposal distribution service in the city. In addition, the different types found in the houses were connected to the reorientation of the inhabitant\'s habits, above all the ones associated to the new hygiene\'s precepts of the body and the spaces for private and individualized consumption of water.

The purpose of this thesis was to capture the development of legal regulation of the Czech water law and of water-law relationships, and to point out that miller's law, fisheries law and navigation law are naturally related to the water law. Water transport and handling were not regulated in any manner in the most ancient times. The Czech water law was built on the heritage of the Roman legal culture. From the end of the 10th century, the first mentions of water-law relationships can be found, particularly in monarch's charters. The first important legal regulations related to water included the Mining Code (Ius Regale Montanorum) by king Wenceslas II of 1300-1305 and the Code Maiestas Carolina by king Charles IV, which was not implemented in practice, though. The so called lawbooks are another significant resource for understanding legal regulations related to water. Elements of a complex legal regulation with statewide legal force started to be applied from the end of the 15th and in the course of the 16th century - a number of municipal establishments and the code of municipal law created by Pavel Kristián of Koldín. A considerable boom of legal regulations with respect to all aspects of water-law relationships was seen during the reign of Maria Theresia and Joseph II (the navigation patent,...