Abstract The framework of the political system is built based on ¡§law ¡]standards of rewards and punishments¡^¡¨,¡§Shuh¡]tactics to exercise power¡^¡¨,and ¡§power¡]ruling power¡^¡¨in the book¡§Han Fai Tzu¡¨.In the premise to settle disputes with the carrot and stick approach and establish standarlized norms and protect the public interest, laws are to be stipulated to eliminate the differences of benefits among kings and ministers. Only when the kings can exert power properly,can laws and orders be fully executed,and through a complete approach of operation can the standard of laws and coercive effect of power be achieved. Therefore,how to use tactics becomes a very important issue in the book. The tactics used by the kings cover many pages in ¡§Han Fai Tzu¡¨as well. This research paper discusses the types of Shuh¡]tactics to exercise power¡^in¡§Han Fai Tzu¡¨respectively. Those include Wu Wei Shuh¡]tactics to assess ministers¡¦merits¡^, Hsing Ming Shuh¡]tactics to examine ministers¡¦performance¡^,Tsan Wu Shuh¡]tactics to refer to different opinions over appropriate personnel appointment¡^,and Yung Jen Shuh¡]tactics of personnel management¡^. Furthermore,the study adopts the concepts of contemporary public administration and management to examine the content as well as advantages and disadvantages of Han Fai¡¦s theory of Shuh.

none

Adam Wei is employing homegrown UBC technology to help manage the sustainability of China’s fir trees.

Thesis (M.CM)--Hong Kong Baptist University, 2006. / Dissertation submitted to the School of Chinese Medicine. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 26-28).

Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Theatre, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 70).

In this dissertation I assess craft production during China’s contentious Northern Wei (or Beiwei) Dynasty (398-494 CE) from both technological and cultural perspectives. The Northern Wei were a “foreign” Xianbei ethnic group who imposed their rule over north China for almost a century. I combine materials analyses of architectural ceramics excavated at royal building sites in the dynasty’s capital city of Datong with historical texts to understand the environmental, political, ethnic, religious, and technological forces that shaped production. I conclude that production processes reflect the complex interaction of new political and religious ideas and practices with longstanding craft traditions. Analyses of mineral and chemical composition of architectural ceramic samples by petrographic thin section and instrumental neutron activation analysis show that artisans selected and processed raw clay materials to achieve certain technical properties, such as low-shrinkage, required for final products. They maintained and refined established techniques such as using molds to facilitate forming of the clay body, and employed downdraft kilns to maintain steady firing temperatures, as shown in thermal expansion tests. They also introduced new techniques such as methods of burnishing roof tiles to increase water resistance. Decorative changes, such as the appearance of lotus patterns on roof tile ends, reflect the expansion of Buddhist influences, underscoring that royal building materials also carried significant political and ritual power in addition to their functionality. These Beiwei materials also reveal details about craft organization: inscriptions found on roof tiles complement details from historical texts, suggesting that ethnic Han artisans worked in construction projects for their new Xianbei rulers. The lack of skilled artisans at this time of constant warfare forced the rulers to adopt a special household-based structure to control and maintain non-Xianbei artisans at a certain social level. With time, these artisans were able to use their skills to gain economic independence and a certain level of management over their production. Architectural ceramics reveal intertwined economic, social, and political variables that played crucial roles in the technological choices and organization of production during this key transitional period of China’s early medieval history.

The present academic studies on Wang Wei usually focus on his landscape poems and claim that these landscape poems imply Buddhism. Their methods usually analyze Wang Wei’s Buddhist tendencies from his life experience. But it needs more textual analysis to prove that the relationship between his poem and Buddhism. The Introduction section provides the relationship between the Buddhist principles and Wang Wei’s Buddhist poems. The Buddhist principles were figuratively represented in Wang Wei’s poems by describing certain images from Buddhist Sutras. Chapter 1 presents the analysis of the couplets of each Buddhist poem through their connection to Buddhist doctrines. Chapter 2 summarizes the characteristics of Wang Wei’s Buddhist poems and emphasizes the use of Buddhist philosophy as a poetic image.

Dem Geb�rbutterhals (Zervix) kommt als kaudalem bzw. unteren Anteil des Uterus w�hrend der Gravidit�t und Geburt eine besondere Rolle im Reproduktionstrakt zu. Einerseits fungiert die Zervix als uteriner Verschlussapparat, der den Schutz des Embryos bzw. Fetus und dessen Verbleiben im Uterus w�hrend der gesamten Gravidit�t gew�hrleistet. Andererseits muss die Zervix zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt in k�rzester Zeit erweichen und sich auf ein Vielfaches ihres Durchmessers erweitern k�nnen, um die Austreibung der Frucht zu erm�glichen (LEPPERT 1995; RATH et al. 1994; DANFORTH 1983). Um diesen gegens�tzlichen Aufgaben gerecht zu werden, bedarf es extremer geweberemodulierender Vorg�nge in diesem Organ, die unter endokriner Kontrolle von Hormonen wie z.B. �strogenen, Progesteron, Prostaglandinen, Oxytozin und Relaxin stehen (LINDZEY u. KORACH 1999; BRYANT-GREENWOOD u. SCHWABE 1994). Anhand des in der reproduktionsbiologischen Forschung etablierten Primatenmodells Wei�b�schelaffe (Callithrix jacchus) sollte mit der vorliegenden Arbeit ein �berblick �ber hormonelle, durch Relaxin und �stradiol induzierte Ver�nderungen in der Struktur der Extrazellul�ren Matrix des Bindegewebes, der Expression kollagenolytischer Enzyme (Matrix-Metalloproteinasen, MMPs), der Rezeptorexpression sowie der Blutgef��versorgung in der Zervix mittels histologischer, immunhistochemischer und molekularbiologischer Methoden erarbeitet werden. Dazu soll einerseits die Wirkung lokal und systemisch applizierten Relaxins und andererseits die Wirkung systemisch applizierten Relaxins mit der ebenfalls systemisch verabreichten �stradiols verglichen sowie ein m�glicher Kombinations-effekt beider Hormone auf das Gewebe der Zervix untersucht werden. Um direkt einen erweichenden Effekt des Hormons Relaxin auf die Zervix zu untersuchen, wurde ein in vivo-Versuch zur Bestimmung des Zervix-Innendurchmessers vor und nach lokaler Applikation von rekombinantem humanen (rh)Relaxin mittels speziell angefertigter Messr�hrchen unter Allgemeinan�sthesie der Tiere durchgef�hrt. Desweiteren erfolgte die histologische, immunhistochemische und molekularbiologische Untersuchung von Zervices weiblicher Wei�b�schelaffen aus 3 unterschiedlichen Versuchs-gruppen: 1) anatomisch und physiologisch intakte, zyklische Wei�b�schelaffen, 2) intakte, lokal mit rhRelaxin behandelte Tiere und 3) zur Ausschaltung endogener Hormonquellen ovariektomierter Wei�b�schelaffen, denen systemisch rhRelaxin oder 17β-�stradiol bzw. eine Kombination beider Hormone verabreicht wurde sowie einer unbehandelten Kontroll-gruppe. Die Organe wurden nach Entnahme geteilt. Ein Teil wurde f�r die histologischen und immunhistochemischen Untersuchungen in 4%igem Formalin fixiert und in Paraffin eingebettet, wohingegen der andere Organteil f�r die molekularbiologischen Versuche kryokonserviert wurde. Als histologische F�rbemethoden wurden die H�malaun-Eosin-F�rbung f�r einen �berblick �ber die Morphologie der Zervix, die Masson-Trichrom- bzw. Pikrosiriusrot-F�rbung zur Beurteilung der Struktur der kollagenen Fasern der Extrazellul�ren Matrix sowie die Siriusrot-F�rbung zur spezifischen Darstellung der eosinophilen Granulozyten im Gewebe der Zervix durchgef�hrt. Weiterhin wurden durch die Methode der indirekten Immunhistochemie mittels spezifischer Antik�rper die Expression der �strogen- und Progesteronrezeptoren (ERα u. PR), des �strogensynthese-Enzyms 17β-Hydroxysteroid-Dehydrogenase-7 (17βHSD7), des Relaxins und des Relaxinrezeptors LGR7 sowie der kollagenolytischen Enzyme MMP-1, -2 und -9 dargestellt. Zur Ermittlung der Blutgef��anzahl im zervikalen Stroma wurde die Darstellung mittels Aktin-Antik�rpern angewendet. Zur Erg�nzung der immunhistochemischen Untersuchungen zur Proteinexpression der ge-nannten Parameter wurde die Expression des ERα und PR, des LGR7, des Relaxins und des vaskul�ren endothelialen Wachstumsfaktors (VEGF) auf mRNA-Ebene molekular-biologisch durch die Methode der Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (PCR) bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Untersuchungen zeigen deutlich, dass sowohl Relaxin als auch �stradiol einen geweberemodulierenden Einfluss auf die Zervix besitzen, wobei vermutlich unterschiedliche Mechanismen einerseits f�r Relaxin und �stradiol und andererseits f�r lokal bzw. systemisch wirkendes Relaxin von Bedeutung sind. Systemisch appliziertes �stradiol vermag die Sekretion des zervikalen Epithels, die Ein-wanderung von eosinophilen Granulozyten und die Expression von MMPs zu stimulieren. Es ist eine deutliche Auflockerung des Bindegewebes zu sehen. Diese Beobachtungen stimmen mit den Ergebnissen der intakten, zyklischen Tiere in der �strogen-dominierten sp�ten Follikelphase �berein. �stradiol scheint weiterhin die Sensibilit�t des zervikalen Gewebes gegen�ber Relaxin durch eine Stimulation der LGR7-Expression positiv zu beeinflussen. Die Behandlung mit Relaxin zeigt deutliche Unterschiede zwischen lokaler und systemischer Hormoneinwirkung. W�hrend eine systemische Relaxinapplikation durch Stimulation der LGR7-Expression im Gewebe die Wirkung lokal produzierten und auto- bzw. parakrin wirkenden Relaxins positiv zu modulieren scheint, ist v.a. nach lokaler Applikation dieses Hormons eine Erh�hung der Gef��anzahl sowie eine deutliche Auflockerung des Binde-gewebes zu sehen, die f�r eine Erweichung des Gewebes spricht, was durch die Erweiterung des Zervix-Innendurchmessers im in vivo-Versuch best�tigt werden konnte. Eine Kombination aus beiden Hormonen f�hrte in bezug auf die untersuchten Parameter zu durchgehend positiven und teilweise die einzeln erzielten Wirkungen �bertreffenden Ergebnissen. Dies l�sst den Schluss zu, dass sich Relaxin und �stradiol in ihren Wirkungen auf die Zervix des Wei�b�schelaffen gegenseitig erg�nzen und best�tigt die Feststellung von HUANG et al. (1997), dass diese beiden Hormone einen synergistischen Effekt auf das Gewebe der Zervix haben, der v.a w�hrend der Geburt eine Rolle spielt und hinsichtlich einer therapeutischen Anwendungen des Relaxins zur Geburtserleichterung bei den Primaten einschlie�lich des Menschen. / The cervix as the caudal or lower part of the uterus plays an important role within the female reproductive tract during pregnancy and parturition. On the one hand it has to protect the intrauterine from the outside milieu and to hold the embryo or fetus in the uterine cavity. On the other hand the cervix has to soften and widen immediately during parturition to deliver the fetus (LEPPERT 1995; RATH et al. 1994; DANFORTH 1983). For these opposed functions of the cervix an extreme tissue remodelling is essential, which is under endocrine control of hormones like estrogen, progesterone, prostaglandins, oxytocin and relaxin (LINDZEY u. KORACH 1999; BRYANT-GREENWOOD u. SCHWABE 1994). The aim of the presented study was to give an overview of the effects of the hormones relaxin and estradiol on the cervical tissue of the Common Marmoset, a well established primate model in reproductive sciences. Especially changes in the structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the connective tissue, the expression of collagenolytic enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs), receptor expression and blood vessel supply in the cervix should be analysed using histological, immunohistochemical and molecular biological methods. Therefore on the one hand the effect of locally versus systemically applied recombinant human (rh) relaxin and on the other hand the effect of systemically applied rh relaxin versus systemically applied 17β-estradiol as well as a combined effect of both hormones was to be investigated. First an in vivo experiment was carried out to show directly the softening or widening effect of relaxin on the cervix by measuring the intracervical diameter with special tubes under anesthesia before and after local relaxin treatment. Furthermore cervices from female marmosets of 3 different experimental groups were histologically, immunohistochemically and molecular biologically investigated: 1) anatomically and physiologically intact, cyclic Common Marmosets, 2) intact animals treated locally with rh relaxin and 3) ovariectomized animals systemically treated with rh relaxin, 17β-estradiol or with a combination of both hormones as well as an untreated control group. After euthanasia the organs were taken and separated. One part was fixated in 4% formalin and embedded in paraffin for the histological and immunohistochemical experiments, the other part was conserved at -80�C for the molecular biological investigations. To get an overview of the morphology of the cervix haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-staining was used. Massons trichrom and picrosiriusred-stainings were used to investigate changes in the ECM-structure, especially the collagen fibres, siriusred stainig to show differences in the numbers of eosinophile granulocytes in the cervical tissue. Furthermore the indirect immunohistochemical method by means of specific antibodies was used to investigate the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ERα, PR), the estrogen synthesizing enzyme 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-7 (17βHSD7), relaxin and the relaxin receptor (LGR7) as well as the collagenolytic enzymes MMP-1, -2 and -9. The number of blood vessels in the cervical tissue was determined using specific Actin-antibodies. The immuno-histochemical results were completed by molecular biological investigation of the mRNA-expression of ERα, PR, LGR7, relaxin and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results of the presented study show an explicit tissue remodelling effect of both hormones, relaxin and estradiol, whereas different mechanisms for relaxin and estradiol on the one hand and for local and systemically acting relaxin on the other hand could probably exist. Systemically applied estradiol stimulates the secretion of the cervical epithelial cells, the immigration of eosinophile granulocytes and the expression of MMPs. An obvious loosening of the structure of the connective tissue is to be seen. These observations accord with the results from the intact, cyclic animals in the estrogene dominated late follicular phase. Estradiol further seems to have a positive impact on the sensibility of the cervical tissue towards relaxin by stimulating the expression of LGR7. The treatment with rh relaxin shows significant differences between local and systemic hormone application. Systemically applied relaxin seems to induce LGR7-expression and a local relaxin synthesis in the cervical tissue as a mechanism for a positive regulation of local relaxin effects. After local application of rh-relaxin an increased number of blood vessels could be detected as well as a loosening of the connective tissue structure validating an increase in the cervical diameter in the in vivo experiment. The combination of both hormones led to continuous positive and sometimes maximum results compared with the effects of relaxin and estradiol alone with regard to the investigated parameters. In conclusion, relaxin and estradiol seem to interact in their effects on the cervical tissue thus proving the possibility to act synergistically, which is important in physiological situations, especially during the parturition, and for treatment with relaxin under birth for uncomplicated delivery in primates including humans.

No description available.

No description available.