This PhD involved computational fluid dynamic simulations of finned generators cooling under forced convection in an oscillating water column environment. Various design changes to the upstream Wells turbine and its effect on the consequent cooling of the generator were investigated. Simulations were run in steady-state to obtain an initial condition, thereafter, unsteady simulations revealed a steadying of heat transfer over the course of multiple blade rotation cycles. This justified the use of steady-state for the remaining simulations over a range of flow coefficients. The results revealed that the heat transfer from the generator increased for tighter blade tip clearances, thicker blade profiles and greater turbine solidity. The heat transfer was found to increase with rising flow rate coefficient, which was adjusted by increasing the inlet velocity whilst maintaining the angular velocity of the turbine at a constant 2000 RPM. Additionally, the variation of turbine angular velocity at a fixed flow rate coefficient was investigated, the heat transfer was also found to increase with angular velocity, albeit by a far lesser extent. The inclusion of the Wells turbine upstream of the generator was investigated initially and was found to increase heat transfer due to the resulting impingement of airflow across the generator. In all design scenarios in which the heat transfer increases, there is also an observed increase in the mass flow rate of air, radially, towards the generator.

L'innovation de la technologie de pointe et l'exigence du marché électronique se concentrent toujours sur l'électronique bon marché, qui présente une fabrication facile, avec des performances sans cesse améliorées. Les pérovskites hybrides organiques-inorganiques, qui combinent les propriétés des semi-conducteurs organiques et inorganiques, sont des candidats prometteurs pour de futurs dispositifs opto-électroniques. L’énergie de liaison des excitons et la force d'oscillateur sont très élevées dans ces systèmes, ce qui rend possible leurs applications à température ambiante. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié des couches minces auto-assemblées de molécules de pérovskite (R-NH3)2PbX4. En modifiant la structure R, des pérovskites avec des propriétés optimisées (propriétés optiques d’émission, rugosité de surface et photostabilité) ont été découvertes. Nous avons aussi développé des méthodes pour fabriquer des cristaux massifs et des nanoparticules de pérovskites, et nous avons créé de nouveaux cristaux de pérovskite mixtes: (RNH3)2PbYxX4-x et AB-(NH3)2PbX4. Des cavités verticales en régime de couplage fort ont été réalisées avec ces matériaux, l’émission du polariton de basse énergie a été observée à température ambiante. / The innovation of advanced technology and the requirement of electronic market are always focusing on low cost electronics, presenting an easy processing and having enhanced performance. Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites, which combine the properties of organic and inorganic semiconductors, are hopeful candidates for future opto-electronic devices. The exciton binding energies and oscillator strengths are very large in these systems making the applications at room temperature possible. In this thesis, we study the flexibility and photostability of self-assembled two-dimensional layered perovskites (R-NH3)2PbX4. By modifying the R structure, perovskites with optimized photoluminescence efficiency, surface roughness and photostability are discovered. We develop also some methodologies to fabricate crystal bulks and nanoparticles of perovskites, and we create new mixed perovskite crystals: (RNH3)2PbYxX4-x and AB-(NH3)2PbX4. Vertical microcavities containing these new materials and working in the strong coupling regime at room temperature have been realized, the emission of the lower energy polariton is observed.

Orientador: Américo Sheitiro Tabata / Banca: Euzi Conceição Fernandes da Silva / Banca: Ligia de Oliveira Ruggiero / Banca: Sandro Martini / Banca: José Humberto Dias da Silva / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp / Resumo: Neste trabalho investigamos pontos quânticos de InAs sobre um substrato de GaAs crescidos pela técnica de epitaxia por feixe molecular (MBE, Molecular Beam Epitaxy). Esses pontos quânticos emitem radiação no intervalo de 1,3 üm a 1,5 üm (0,95 eV a 0,83 eV), que corresponde à janela óptica onde ocorre a mínima atenuação do sinal em redes de transmissão por fibras ópticas. Realizamos dois tipos de estudo em dois conjuntos de amostras. No primeiro caso analisamos a influência de alguns parâmetros de crescimento nas propriedades ópticas desses pontos quânticos. No segundo caso, analisamos a influência de um tratamento térmico nas propriedades ópyicas. Resultados de fotoluminescência (PL - photoluminescence) para o primeiro estudo mostraram uma grande influência da velocidade de crescimento nos espectros de emissão que apresentaram múltiplos picos, muito provavelmente associados com o estado fundamental e seus respectivos estados excitados dos pontos quânticos. Para o segundo estudo os resultados de PL mostraram que a emissão óptica consistia de uma larga banda situada entre 1,3 a 1,5 üm. Entretanto, observou-se que, após tratamento térmico durante 3 horas a uma temperatura de 550 ºC, a intensidade da PL aumentou por um fator 3. Além disso, a larga banda observada tornou-se um conjunto de pelo menos 5 picos discretos. O efeito de tratamentos térmicos em poços quânticos é bem conhecido e foi bem explorado na literatura. Em pontos quânticos, os mesmos efeitos também existem, porém, outros de igual importância tembém se apresentam. Dentre os mais importantes podemos citar a redistribuição dos tamanhos dos pontos quânticos, que podem em alguns casos limites fazer com que o ponto quântico desapareça, e a redistribuição das tensões entre a interface ponto quântico/matriz. Neste trabalho... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study investigated InAs large quantum dot on GaAs substrate grown by the techique of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). These quantum dots emit in the spectral range of 1.3 üm and 1.5 üm (0.95 eV to 0.83 eV), which corresponds to the window of minimal signal attenuation on transmission networks by optical fiber. We have performed two kinds of study into two different sets of samples. In the first case, we have analyzed the influence of some growth parameters on the optical properties of these quantum dots. In the second one, we have analyzed the influence of a thermal treatment on the optical properties. Results of photoluminescence (PL) on the first study showed a great influence of growth velocity in the PL spectra line shape. For the second study the results of PL on an as grown sample showed that the emission signal was a large optical band in the wave length range of 1.3 üm and 1.5 üm. However, it was observed that after the thermal treatment of 3 hours at a temperature of 550 ºC, the intensity of these PL emissions increased by a factor 3. Moreover, the observed large band has become a series of at least 5 discrete peaks. The effect of heat treatments in quantum wells is well known and has been well explored in literature. In quantum dot, the same effects are expected; however, other equally important effects are also present. The most important is the size redistribution of the quantum dots, which can in some limit cases, vanish these quantum dot. Our study identified the origin of these multiple peaks, and found emissions of PL at room temperature in the optical window between 1.3 and 1.5 üm. / Doutor

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Esta dissertaÃÃo trata da anÃlise dos aspectos hidrogeolÃgicos que influenciam a vazÃo de quatorze poÃos tubulares, todos situados no municÃpio de Quixeramobim, Estado do CearÃ. As baixas vazÃes dos poÃos no municÃpio sÃo, muitas vezes, reflexos das caracterÃsticas geoambientais regionais, tais como: litologia, baixo Ãndice pluviomÃtrico e pequena espessura do manto de alteraÃÃo. Associado a isso existe um grande nÃmero de poÃos construÃdos cujas locaÃÃes nÃo levaram em conta as condiÃÃes favorÃveis da ocorrÃncia de Ãgua subterrÃnea o que reflete nas baixas vazÃes registradas no Banco de Dados do SIAGAS. Foi realizada uma anÃlise quantitativa baseada nos poÃos do SIAGAS, na interpretaÃÃo de lineamentos a partir da imagem SRTM, nos mapas temÃticos de litologia, densidade de drenagem e lineamentos, hipsometria e na anÃlise de campo. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos poÃos construÃdos (52,05%) no municÃpio possui vazÃo inferior a 2,0mÂ/h. O nÃvel estÃtico tem profundidade variÃvel com 42,86% menores que 5,0 metros, 30,61% com profundidades entre 5,0 e 10,0m e 26,53% acima de 10,0m. A profundidade do nÃvel dinÃmico tambÃm à variÃvel, com classe modal para o intervalo de 20,0m a 28,0m. A capacidade especifica da maioria dos poÃos (69,57%) à inferior a 0,2 [(mÂ/h)/m]. A natureza dos poÃos à dominantemente (92%) tubular e apenas 8% sÃo amazonas. A situaÃÃo dos poÃos mostram que a maioria (33%) estÃo equipados, 21% fechados, 19% sem dados e 27% estÃo abandonados, secos ou nÃo instalados. Apenas 14% dos poÃos sÃo direcionados para o abastecimento domÃstico e 5% para abastecimento pÃblico. A profundidade dos poÃos Ã, em sua maioria, superior a 50,0m. Os lineamentos interpretados coincidem com os dados de campo (foliaÃÃo e fraturas da rocha) e auxiliam na localizaÃÃo de juntas mestras que muitas vezes sÃo responsÃveis pelas altas vazÃes dos poÃos em terrenos cristalinos. O uso do SIG se mostrou pouco eficaz, onde a integraÃÃo dos dados de litologia versus vazÃo nÃo deu bons resultados (poÃos com altas e baixas vazÃes estÃo locados no mesmo litotipo); a integraÃÃo dos dados de elevaÃÃo com dados de vazÃo mostraram que os poÃos com baixa vazÃo estÃo situados em zonas com cotas altimÃtricas mais rebaixadas; a integraÃÃo da densidade de drenagem versus vazÃo mostrou resultados mais esperados, com poÃos de altas vazÃes posicionados em zonas de alta densidade de drenagem e poÃos de baixa vazÃo, em sua maioria, posicionados em zona de baixa a mÃdia de densidade de drenagem, e; a densidade de lineamentos versus vazÃo mostrou que existem poÃos com baixa e alta vazÃo situados em zonas de alta densidade de lineamentos. Com a anÃlise dos aspectos hidrogeolÃgicos foi possÃvel realizar novas locaÃÃes para os poÃos 01, 02, 04, 05, 07, 09, 11, 12 e 14, nÃo sendo possÃvel para os poÃos 03 e 08. Os poÃos 06, 10 e 13, com vazÃo acima de 5mÂ/h, estÃo posicionados em Ãreas onde coexistem a drenagem superficial e fraturas, justificando suas vazÃes. A locaÃÃo de poÃos nesse municÃpio deve levar em consideraÃÃo a coexistÃncia da drenagem superficial com as fraturas, principalmente de direÃÃo E-W, ou subparalelas a elas, por se tratarem de fraturamentos abertos. Caso essa situaÃÃo nÃo ocorra, a coexistÃncia da drenagem com o manto de alteraÃÃo relativamente espesso seria uma alternativa. / The paper presents the analysis of hydrogeological aspects that influence the flow of fourteen wells located in the municipality of Quixeramobim, state of CearÃ. Low flow of wells in the county are reflections of regional caracterÃsitcas, such as lithology, low rainfall and small thickness of the mantle of change. Associated with this there is a large number of wells constructed whose leases did not take into account the favorable conditions for the occurrence of groundwater which reflects the low flows recorded in the database SIAGAS. We performed a quantitative analysis based on wells Database registered in SIAGAS, the interpretation of lineaments from SRTM image, thematic maps of lithology, lineaments and drainage density, hypsometry and field analysis. The results showed that most of the wells constructed in city has the yield lower 2.0 mÂ/h. The static level is variable. With 42.86% wells below 5.0 meters, 30.61% of wells depths of 5.0 to 10.0 meters and 26.53% above of 10,0 meters. The depth of the dynamic level is also variable, it has modal class for the interval from 20,0 the 28,0 meters. The specific capacity of most wells (69,57%) is less than 0,2mÂ/h/m. The nature of the wells is predominantly tubular (92%) and only 8% are amazons. The situation of the wells shows that the majority (33%) are equipped, 21%s closed, 19%s no data and 27%s are abandoned, dry or not installed. Only 14% wells are for domestic supply and 5% for public supply. The depth of the wells are mostly higher than 50,0m. The interpreted lineaments coincide with the field data (foliation and fractures rock) and assist in locating master joints that are often responsible for the high yield rates of wells in crystalline terrains. The use of GIS proved somewhat effective: data integration lithology versus yield have not worked ( wells with high and low yields are leased in the same lithotype); the integration of elevation data with yield data showed that the wells with low yield are located in areas with altitudes more recessed; the drainage density versus yield showed results most anticipated. High yield wells are positioned in areas with high drainage density and low yield wells, mostly, are positioned in an area of low to medium drainage density; the lineaments density versus yield showed that there are wells with low and high yield situated in areas of high lineaments density. With the investigation of the aspects hydrogeological was possible to make a new lease for the wells 01, 02, 04, 05, 07, 09, 11, 12 and 14. Could not to make new lease for the wells 03 and 08. The wells 06, 10 and 13, with yield above 5mÂ/h are positioned in areas that coexist surface drainage and fractures. The location of wells that municipality must take into account the coexistence of surface drainage with fractures, especially with E-W direction, or subparallel to them. Case such situation does not occur, the coexistence of drainage with relatively thick weathered mantle would be another alternative.

Neste trabalho, foram realizados estudos de propriedades elétricas e de eletroluminescência em diodos emissores de luz (OLED) contendo modulação energética de poços de potencial para elétrons e buracos (tipo I), poços esses posicionados na região central da camada ativa. A camada ativa é composta por poços simples e duplos, de espessura de 5 e 10nm, de Poli (fenilenovinileno), PPV (Eg = 2,4 eV), dispostos entre duas barreiras de Polifluoreno ou PFO (Eg = 3,0 eV) de espessura 40 nm. Os filmes de PFO foram obtidos a partir de uma solução em Clorofórmio via spin coating e os de PPV a partir de um precursor solúvel em agua via spin assistant LbL, técnica essa que permitiu o crescimento alternado de filmes de PFO e filmes extremamente finos de PPV mesmo em vista da ortogonalidade de seus solventes. Camadas injetoras de polieletrólitos foram depositadas adjacentes ao catodo para diferenciar injeção eletrônica da injeção de buracos. Foram feitos dispositivos contendo somente uma camada de PFO de 80 nm, chamados referência, para comparação do efeito dos poços nos dispositivos com um e dois poços de potencial. Na caracterização foram utilizadas as técnicas de microscopia confocal, com o intuito de demonstrar o crescimento efetivo das camadas, e medidas elétricas de corrente (IxV) e eletroluminescência (LxV) por voltagem. Medidas do perfil de intensidade ao longo do filmes e espectros de fotoluminescência em três regiões distintas da área total do dispositivo mostraram que as camadas de PPV de aproximadamente 5 e 10 nm estavam homogêneas e que recobriam bem as camadas de PFO. Os espectros de eletroluminescência dos dispositivos mostraram que as diferenças energéticas entre os orbitais π (ΔEHOMO= 0,54 eV) e π* (ΔELUMO = 0,37 eV) do PFO e PPV foram suficientes para causar o aprisionamento e recombinação dos portadores dentro do poço, resultando em emissões características do PPV com picos bem definidos próximos a 520 nm, bastante distintas das emissões dos dispositivos referência, contendo somente PFO (banda larga e não definida de emissão com λ > 480 nm). A presença dos poços de potencial alterou significativamente as propriedades dos dispositivos levando a diminuição da voltagem de acendimento (Von) para 3,5 V mesmo para dispositivos contendo camada injetora que dificultava a injeção eletrônica. Quando há apenas um poço de potencial na camada ativa dos dispositivos, com ou sem camada injetora, o regime de corrente para voltagens abaixo de 3,5 V é ôhmico e unipolar, sendo ditado por buracos, mas quando a voltagem é maior do que 3,5 V o regime de corrente fica limitado pelo portador minoritário, o elétron. Surpreendentemente, quando são colocados dois poços na camada ativa, separando os portadores, tanto corrente como a formação excitônica e consequente recombinação, ficam sujeitas a um processo de tunelamento do portador majoritário, o buraco. / In this work, studies of electrical properties and electroluminescence in organic light emitting diodes (OLED) containing energetic modulation of potential wells for charge carriers (type I), positioned in the central region of active layer. The active layer is composed of single and double wells of Poly (phenylenevinylene), PPV (2.4 eV), arranged between two barriers of polyfluorene, PFO (3.0 eV), with 40 nm thickness. The PFO films were obtained from a chloroform solution by spin coating and PPV from a water soluble precursor via spin assistant LbL technique, a technique that has allowed the alternate growth of PFO films and extremely thin PPV films from a orthogonal solvent to chloroform, water. Injection layers of polyelectrolytes were deposited adjacent to the cathode to differentiate electronic injection from hole injection. Confocal microscopy measurements showed that the PPV layer of 5 to 10nm thickness were homogeneous and covered PFO layers entirely. Electroluminescence measurements of the devices showed that the energetic difference between π (ΔEHOMO = 0.54 eV) and π* (ΔELUMO = 0.37 eV) orbitals from PFO and PPV were enough to cause the charge carriers efficient trapping and recombination in the well, resulting in PPV characteristic emission peaks near to 520 nm, quite different from the reference device emission containing only PFO (broad emission band in the lower energy range). The current measurements showed that the presence of potential wells in the middle of the active layer is responsible for effective change in electrical properties of devices such as carrier density n, μ the mobility and conductivity. When there is only one potential well in the active layer, with or without injection layer, the current regime for voltages below 3.5 V is ohmic and unipolar, being dictated by holes, but when the voltage is greater than 3.5 V current regime is limited by the minority carrier, the electron. Surprisingly, when two wells are placed in the active layer, separating the carriers, both current as the excitonic formation and subsequent recombination are subject to a tunneling process by the majority carrier, the hole.

Wave energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources for future exploitation. This thesis focuses on thermodynamic effects within Oscillating Water Column (OWC) devices equipped withWells turbines, particularly humidity effects. Previous theoretical studies of the operation of OWCs have resulted in expressions for the oscillation of the water surface in the chamber of an OWC based on linear wave theory, and the air expansion{compression cycle inside the air chamber based on ideal gas theory. Although in practice high humidity levels occur in OWC devices open to the sea, the influence of atmospheric conditions such as temperature and moisture on the performance of Wells turbines has not yet been studied in the field of ocean energy. Researchers have reported substantial differences between predicted and measured power output, and performance rates of OWCs presently coming into operation. The effect of moisture in the air chamber of the OWC causes variations on the atmospheric conditions near the turbine, modifying its performance and efficiency. Discrepancies in available power to the turbine are believed to be due to the humid air conditions, which had not been modelled previously. This thesis presents a study of the influence of humid air on the performance of an idealised Wells turbine in the chamber of an OWC using a real gas model. A new formulation is presented, including a modified adiabatic index, and subsequent modified thermodynamic state variables such as enthalpy, entropy and specific heat. The formulation is validated against experimental data, and found to exhibit better agreement than the ideal approach. The analysis indicates that the real gas behaviour can be explained by a non{dimensional number which depends on the local pressure and temperature in the OWC chamber. A first approach to the OWC formulation through the calculation of real air flow in the OWC is given, which predicts a 6% decrease in efficiency with respect to the ideal case when it is tested with a hypothetical pulse of pressure. This is important because accurate prediction of efficiency is essential for the optimal design and management of OWC converters. A numerical model has also been developed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate the OWC characteristics in open sea. The performance of an OWC turbine is studied through the implementation of an actuator disk model in Fluent®. A set of different regular wave tests is developed in a 2D numerical wave flume. The model is tested using information obtained from experimental tests on a Wells{type turbine located in a wind tunnel. Linear response is achieved in terms of pressure drop and air flow in all cases, proving effectively the applicability of the actuator disk model to OWC devices. The numerical model is applied first to an OWC chamber containing dry air, and then to an OWC chamber containing humid air. Results from both cases are compared, and it is found that the results are sensitive to the degree of humidity of the air. Power decreases when humidity increases. Finally, results from the analytical real gas and numerical ideal gas models are compared. Very satisfactory agreement is obtained between the analytical and the numerical models when humidity is inserted in the gaseous phase. Both analytical and numerical models with humid air show considerable differences with the numerical model when dry air is considered. However, at the resonance frequency, results are independent of the gas model used. At every other frequency analysed, the real gas model predicts reduced values of power that can fall to 50% of the ideal power value when coupled to the radiation-diffraction model for regular waves. It is recommended that real gas should be considered in future analyses of Wells turbines in order to calculate accurately the efficiency and expected power of OWC devices.

Neste trabalho, foram realizados estudos de propriedades elétricas e de eletroluminescência em diodos emissores de luz (OLED) contendo modulação energética de poços de potencial para elétrons e buracos (tipo I), poços esses posicionados na região central da camada ativa. A camada ativa é composta por poços simples e duplos, de espessura de 5 e 10nm, de Poli (fenilenovinileno), PPV (Eg = 2,4 eV), dispostos entre duas barreiras de Polifluoreno ou PFO (Eg = 3,0 eV) de espessura 40 nm. Os filmes de PFO foram obtidos a partir de uma solução em Clorofórmio via spin coating e os de PPV a partir de um precursor solúvel em agua via spin assistant LbL, técnica essa que permitiu o crescimento alternado de filmes de PFO e filmes extremamente finos de PPV mesmo em vista da ortogonalidade de seus solventes. Camadas injetoras de polieletrólitos foram depositadas adjacentes ao catodo para diferenciar injeção eletrônica da injeção de buracos. Foram feitos dispositivos contendo somente uma camada de PFO de 80 nm, chamados referência, para comparação do efeito dos poços nos dispositivos com um e dois poços de potencial. Na caracterização foram utilizadas as técnicas de microscopia confocal, com o intuito de demonstrar o crescimento efetivo das camadas, e medidas elétricas de corrente (IxV) e eletroluminescência (LxV) por voltagem. Medidas do perfil de intensidade ao longo do filmes e espectros de fotoluminescência em três regiões distintas da área total do dispositivo mostraram que as camadas de PPV de aproximadamente 5 e 10 nm estavam homogêneas e que recobriam bem as camadas de PFO. Os espectros de eletroluminescência dos dispositivos mostraram que as diferenças energéticas entre os orbitais π (ΔEHOMO= 0,54 eV) e π* (ΔELUMO = 0,37 eV) do PFO e PPV foram suficientes para causar o aprisionamento e recombinação dos portadores dentro do poço, resultando em emissões características do PPV com picos bem definidos próximos a 520 nm, bastante distintas das emissões dos dispositivos referência, contendo somente PFO (banda larga e não definida de emissão com λ > 480 nm). A presença dos poços de potencial alterou significativamente as propriedades dos dispositivos levando a diminuição da voltagem de acendimento (Von) para 3,5 V mesmo para dispositivos contendo camada injetora que dificultava a injeção eletrônica. Quando há apenas um poço de potencial na camada ativa dos dispositivos, com ou sem camada injetora, o regime de corrente para voltagens abaixo de 3,5 V é ôhmico e unipolar, sendo ditado por buracos, mas quando a voltagem é maior do que 3,5 V o regime de corrente fica limitado pelo portador minoritário, o elétron. Surpreendentemente, quando são colocados dois poços na camada ativa, separando os portadores, tanto corrente como a formação excitônica e consequente recombinação, ficam sujeitas a um processo de tunelamento do portador majoritário, o buraco. / In this work, studies of electrical properties and electroluminescence in organic light emitting diodes (OLED) containing energetic modulation of potential wells for charge carriers (type I), positioned in the central region of active layer. The active layer is composed of single and double wells of Poly (phenylenevinylene), PPV (2.4 eV), arranged between two barriers of polyfluorene, PFO (3.0 eV), with 40 nm thickness. The PFO films were obtained from a chloroform solution by spin coating and PPV from a water soluble precursor via spin assistant LbL technique, a technique that has allowed the alternate growth of PFO films and extremely thin PPV films from a orthogonal solvent to chloroform, water. Injection layers of polyelectrolytes were deposited adjacent to the cathode to differentiate electronic injection from hole injection. Confocal microscopy measurements showed that the PPV layer of 5 to 10nm thickness were homogeneous and covered PFO layers entirely. Electroluminescence measurements of the devices showed that the energetic difference between π (ΔEHOMO = 0.54 eV) and π* (ΔELUMO = 0.37 eV) orbitals from PFO and PPV were enough to cause the charge carriers efficient trapping and recombination in the well, resulting in PPV characteristic emission peaks near to 520 nm, quite different from the reference device emission containing only PFO (broad emission band in the lower energy range). The current measurements showed that the presence of potential wells in the middle of the active layer is responsible for effective change in electrical properties of devices such as carrier density n, μ the mobility and conductivity. When there is only one potential well in the active layer, with or without injection layer, the current regime for voltages below 3.5 V is ohmic and unipolar, being dictated by holes, but when the voltage is greater than 3.5 V current regime is limited by the minority carrier, the electron. Surprisingly, when two wells are placed in the active layer, separating the carriers, both current as the excitonic formation and subsequent recombination are subject to a tunneling process by the majority carrier, the hole.

Lithological, geophysical, paleontological and geochemical methods were used in order to define the contact relationship between the Keasey and the Cowlitz formations in northwestern Oregon. Drill cuttings from six wells located in Columbia County were analyzed by the Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) method. The concentrations of K, Th, Rb and Sc/Co ratio in the samples established four different groups: 1) High K, Rb, and TH, with low Sc/Co ratio typical of Cowlitz sediments. 2) Low K, Th and Rb and high Sc/Co ratio, more characteristics of the Keasey Formation. 3) Very low concentrations of Rb and high Sc, which is indicative of basaltic volcanism. 4) vertically varying K, Th and Rb concentrations. The provenance of group four is uncertain, but it may represent reworked sediments or the interfingering of the Keasey and the Cowlitz formations. Plots of these elements vs. depth define the geochemical contacts between the formations.

Bragg spaced quantum wells represent a unique class of resonant photonic materials, wherein a photonic bandgap is created by the periodic spacing of quantum wells and the associated variation in the complex susceptibility (index and absorption) of the material. Interest in BSQWs has grown in the past decade due to their large ultrafast nonlinearities and the corresponding large ultrafast reflectivity changes and transmissivity. These nonlinearities are of particular interest in areas of communication technology, where ultrafast all-optical logic components have become increasingly in demand. This research will further investigate BSQWs and the for the first time effects of spin-dependent nonlinear excitation on their photonic band structures. It will also investigate how these effects can be used in all-optical polarization switching and tunable optical buffer (slow light) applications.

O semiárido cearense apresenta um baixo potencial hídrico superficial, aumentando a dependência da população às águas subterrâneas. O Aquífero Fraturado, constituído pelo embasamento cristalino, é o de maior ocorrência na região e apresenta baixa produtividade e teores excessivos de sais. O presente trabalho propôs avaliar os condicionantes regionais que controlam as produtividades nos aquíferos no semiárido com base nas informações de mais de 6 mil poços tubulares. A correlação entre a litologia, clima e geomorfologia demonstrou que a primeira exerce o papel principal no controle das potencialidades hídricas, sendo o clima o seu segundo fator de influência. Os maiores valores de mediana da capacidade específica (Q/smed) de 15,32 m3/h/m e 0,83 m3/h/m foram verificados em rochas carbonáticas e sedimentares em clima úmido/subúmido, respectivamente. Desta forma, suas produtividades são mais evidentes em climas mais úmidos, logo que sua permeabilidade intrínseca e produtividade estabelecem uma relação diretamente proporcional com a disponibilidade de chuvas. De maneira geral, os metassedimentos (Q/smed 0,099 m3/h/m) se apresentaram mais produtivos quando comparados aos gnaisses e migmatitos (0,051 m3/h/m) e às rochas plutônicas (0,052 m3/h/m). Nos gnaisses e migmatitos o clima aparentou não ter uma influência efetiva na produtividade. As águas subterrâneas da região têm elevada salinidade, confirmada em 210 análises hidroquímicas. O mecanismo de salinização dos aquíferos no semiárido provavelmente está associado aos sais aerotransportados do mar, com predominância para o cloreto e sódio, e às elevadas taxas de evaporação, como pode ser confirmado pelas maiores concentrações de cloreto na água de poços localizados mais próximos à costa. O mecanismo de recarga em rochas mais permeáveis pode favorecer a redução de salinidade (maior infiltração), como o verificado em metassedimentos, quando comparadas às maiores concentrações verificadas em gnaisses e migmatitos. / The semi-arid region of Ceará has low surface-water availability, increasing the population\'s dependence on groundwater. The fractured aquifer, constituted by a crystalline basement, is the one with the highest occurrence in the region and presents low productivity and excessive levels of salinity. The present work proposed to evaluate the regional constraints that control the aquifer productivities in the semiarid region based on the information of more than 6 thousand tubular wells. The correlation between lithology, climate and geomorphology has shown that the former plays the main role in controlling the aquifer potentiality, with climate being its second influence factor. The highest values of specific capacity average (Q/s avg) were verified in carbonate (15.32 m3/h/m) and sedimentary (0.83 m3/h/m) rocks in humid/sub- humid climate. In this way, their productivities are more evident in more humid climates, once their intrinsic permeability and productivity establish a relationship directly proportional to the availability of rainfall. In general, metasediments (Q/s avg 0.099 m3/h/m) were more productive when compared to gneisses and migmatites (0,051 m3/h/m) and to plutonic rocks (0.052 m3/h/m). In the gneisses and migmatites, the climate appeared to have no effective influence on productivity. The groundwater of the region has high salinity, confirmed in 210 hydrochemical analyzes. The mechanism of salinization of aquifers is probably associated with salt seawater spray, predominantly for chloride and sodium, and high evaporation rates, as can be confirmed by the higher concentrations of chloride in the water of wells located closer to the coast. The mechanism of recharge in more permeable rocks may favor the reduction of salinity (greater infiltration), as verified in metasediments when compared to the higher concentrations observed in gneisses and migmatites.