Lai, Yuk Fo. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-191). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.iv / Dedication --- p.v / Acknowledgement --- p.vi / Table of contents --- p.viii / List of tables --- p.xii / List of figures --- p.xiii / List of plates --- p.xv / List of symbols and abbreviations --- p.xvi / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Wetlands and water quality --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- The role of sediments in eutrophication control --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Wetlands in ecological mitigation --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Previous studies of wetland pollution in Hong Kong --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptual framework --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the study --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5 --- Significance of study --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.14 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Literature Review / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2 --- Quantification of phosphorus retention in wetlands --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Input-output concentration approach --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Mass balance approach --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Phosphorus removal efficiency --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- Phosphorus sorption by wetland sediments --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Sorption and its significance --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Phosphorus sorption maxima --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Adsorption-desorption equilibrium --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Phosphorus sorption kinetics --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4 --- Phosphorus exchange across the sediment-water interface --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Phosphorus mobilization and transport mechanisms --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Phosphorus flux from aquatic sediments --- p.26 / Chapter 2.5 --- Phosphorus fractionation in wetland sediments --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Major sediment phosphorus fractions --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Phosphorus fractionation methods --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Relationships between phosphorus fractions and bioavailability . --- p.32 / Chapter 2.6 --- Factors affecting sediment-water phosphorus exchange --- p.33 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- pH --- p.34 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Redox potential --- p.34 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Temperature --- p.35 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Salinity --- p.35 / Chapter 2.6.5 --- Sediment properties --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Methodology / Chapter 3.1 --- Overall study approach --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Geographical setting of Hong Kong --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Climate --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Geology and landform --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Soil --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Vegetation --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3 --- Study sites --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Site selection --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Site description --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- The Hong Kong Wetland Park --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve --- p.50 / Chapter 3.4 --- Sampling strategy --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Sampling locations --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Sampling dates --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Sample collection and treatment --- p.58 / Chapter 3.5 --- Sample analysis --- p.60 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Analysis of sediment samples --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- Sediment texture --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- Sediment pH --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.1.3 --- Redox potential --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.1.4 --- Sediment moisture --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5.1.5 --- Organic matter --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5.1.6 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5.1.7 --- "Total Fe, Al, and P" --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5.1.8 --- "Oxalate-extractable Fe, Al, and P" --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Analysis of water samples --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- "Water pH, conductivity, salinity, turbidity, temperature and DO" --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- Orthophosphate --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.2.3 --- Total nitrogen and phosphorus --- p.65 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Determination of phosphorus exchange characteristics --- p.65 / Chapter 3.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.65 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Phosphorus Fractionation in Wetland Sediments in Hong Kong / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methodology --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sample collection and analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Phosphorus fractionation --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Physico-chemical properties of sediments --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Physico-chemical properties of overlying water --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Phosphorus fractionation in sediments --- p.82 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Phosphorus fractions in sediments of the Hong Kong Wetland Park --- p.82 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Phosphorus fractions in sediments of the Mai Po Marshes --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- Phosphorus fractions in relation to mobility and bioavailability --- p.96 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.100 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Phosphorus Sorption by Wetland Sediments in Hong Kong / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.103 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methodology --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Sample collection and analysis --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Batch incubation experiments --- p.105 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Sorption kinetics --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Effects of selected environmental factors on phosphorus sorption --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Estimation of sorption parameters --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Phosphorus sorption parameters of wetland sediments --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3.1.1 --- Phosphorus adsorption isotherms --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3.1.2 --- The role of sediments in phosphate buffering --- p.116 / Chapter 5.3.1.3 --- Relationships between phosphorus sorption parameters and physico-chemical properties of sediments --- p.121 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Kinetics of phosphorus adsorption --- p.124 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Effects of environmental factors on phosphorus sorption --- p.128 / Chapter 5.3.3.1 --- Effects of pH --- p.128 / Chapter 5.3.3.2 --- Effects of salinity --- p.131 / Chapter 5.3.3.3 --- Effects of temperature --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusions --- p.136 / Chapter Chapter Six --- Phosphorus Flux from Wetland Sediments in Hong Kong / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.139 / Chapter 6.2 --- Methodology --- p.140 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Sample collection and analysis --- p.140 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Core incubation experiments --- p.141 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Estimation of phosphorus flux --- p.142 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.142 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.143 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Phosphorus flux from wetland sediments --- p.143 / Chapter 6.3.1.1 --- Phosphorus flux from sediments in the Hong Kong Wetland Park --- p.143 / Chapter 6.3.1.2 --- Phosphorus flux from sediments in the Mai Po Marshes --- p.147 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Effects of redox conditions on sediment phosphorus flux --- p.152 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusions --- p.156 / Chapter Chapter Seven --- Conclusion / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.159 / Chapter 7.2 --- Summary of major findings --- p.159 / Chapter 7.3 --- Limitations of study --- p.166 / Chapter 7.4 --- Suggestions for future study --- p.166 / References --- p.169

Introdução sistemas de tratamento de esgotos, quando aplicados ao tratamento de lixiviado de aterro sanitário, não têm apresentado bons resultados. Por conta disso, faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de alternativas para o tratamento de lixiviado. Objetivo avaliar o pós-tratamento de lixiviado de aterro sanitário por wetland construído de fluxo subsuperficial horizontal e reator biológico de leito móvel (RBLM). Materiais e métodos foram realizados dois experimentos com tratamento de lixiviado após remoção de amônia por dessorção. No experimento 1 utilizou-se wetlands construídos de fluxo horizontal em escala de bancada (volume total de 30,8 L), plantados com Cyperus papyrus, Heliconia psittacorum e Gynerium sagittatum, e um controle sem vegetação, preenchidos com pedrisco calcário. O sistema foi alimentado com lixiviado diluído em água em diferentes proporções (entre 10 por cento e 30 por cento ) com concentração média de DQO entre 336 e 750 mg.L-1 e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH4) entre 47 e 199 mg.L-1. A operação ocorreu em três etapas: (1ª) alimentação contínua e TDH médio entre 2,7 e 5,3 d; (2ª) regime de ciclos de recirculação do efluente, para avaliar o efeito do aumento de TDH para 21 dias; (3ª) alimentação contínua de duas unidades wetlands em série, visando elevar o TDH (entre 8,1 e 9,9 d) sem recirculação. O experimento 2 foi implantado em escala piloto, com uma unidade de dessorção de amônia seguida de um Reator Biológico de Leito Móvel (RBLM) e um biofiltro anóxico. O RBLM (volume efetivo de 380 L) foi preenchido em 50 por cento com anel pall. Resultados e discussão No experimento 1, obteve-se baixa remoção de DQO com médias inferiores a 40 por cento e concentração final entre 270 e 750 mg.L-1. No entanto, verificou-se remoção de N-NH4, principalmente na 2ª e 3ª etapas, com médias de remoção entre 43 por cento e 81 por cento , resultando em concentração de 20 a 223 mg.L-1, com influência do TDH. No experimento 2, problemas técnicos durante a instalação e operação inicial e interdição do campus da USP-Leste prejudicaram a adaptação do reator e impediram o seu monitoramento por tempo suficiente para geração de dados consistentes, sendo interrompido na fase inicial. Conclusões A baixa eficiência para DQO provavelmente está relacionada à recalcitrância do lixiviado, ou devido à inibição dos microrganismos por toxicidade. Quanto ao N-NH4, infere-se que o aumento do TDH proporcionou maior tempo de difusão de oxigênio para o sistema wetland, suprindo a demanda das bactérias heterotróficas, o que possibilitou utilização do oxigênio excedente pelas nitrificantes, culminando na oxidação do N-NH4. / Introduction sewage treatment systems, when applied to the treatment of landfill leachate, have not shown good results. Thus it is necessary to develop alternatives for the treatment of leachate. Objective To assess the post-treatment of landfill leachate by horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland and moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). Materials and methods Two experiments were conducted with treatment of the leachate after removal of ammonia by stripping. In experiment 1, horizontal flow constructed wetlands, at bench scale (total volume of 30.8 L), planted with Cyperus papyrus, Heliconia psittacorum and Gynerium sagittatum, and a control without vegetation, were filled with calcareous gravel. The system was fed with leachate diluted in water with different proportions (between 10 per cent and 30 per cent ) with mean COD concentration of between 336 and 750 mg.L-1 and ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) between 47 and 199 mg L-1. The operation was divided in three stages: (1st) continuous feeding with mean HRT between 2.7 and 5.3 d; (2nd) regime of effluent recirculation to evaluate the effect of increasing the HRT to 21 days; (3rd) continuous feeding with two wetlands units in series, aimed HRT increasing (between 8.1 and 9.9 d) without recirculation. Experiment 2 was implemented on a pilot scale, with a unit of ammonia stripping followed by MBBR and an anoxic biofilter. The MBBR (380 L working volume) was filled 50 per cent with pall ring. Results and discussion In experiment 1, the COD removal was low, with averages below 40 per cent , with effluent concentration between 270 and 750 mg.L-1. However, there was removal of NH4-N, especially in the 2nd and 3rd stages, with average removal between 43 per cent and 81 per cent , resulting in concentration between 20 and 223 mg.L-1, with HRT influence. In experiment 2, technical problems during the installation and initial operation and interdiction of the campus of USP-Leste disrupted the reactor acclimation and precluded the monitoring for sufficient time to generate consistent data for discussion. Conclusions The low efficiency for COD is probably related to the recalcitrance of the leachate, or due to inhibition of microorganisms by toxicity. For NH4-N, it is inferred that the increase of the HRT provided greater time for diffusion of oxygen to the wetland system, meeting the demand of heterotrophic bacteria, which allowed the use of excess oxygen by nitrifiers, culminating in the oxidation of NH4-N.

Os sistemas de tratamento de esgotos, apesar de possibilitarem a eliminação ou redução de poluentes e substâncias indesejados presentes nas águas residuárias, também ocasionam impactos ambientais. Essa característica deve ser levada em consideração no momento da instalação de uma alternativa tecnológica para o tratamento de esgoto e na proposição de melhorias aos sistemas selecionados. Uma das ferramentas que pode ser utilizada para avaliar o desempenho ambiental de sistemas de tratamento de esgoto é a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), a qual pode ser complementada pela metodologia de Avaliação do Custo do Ciclo de Vida (ACCV), que permite calcular o custo total de um projeto ao longo de seu ciclo de vida. No presente estudo, a ACV e a ACCV foram utilizadas com o objetivo de analisar os potenciais impactos ambientais e custos de diferentes configurações de sistemas pilotos de tratamento de esgoto envolvendo wetlands construídos (WC) com e sem aeração. Foram obtidos também fatores de alocação para as potenciais cargas ambientais do lodo e do efluente do tanque séptico, que possibilitarão a realização de estudos futuros de ACV para alternativas de destinação do lodo de tanques sépticos. A modelagem dos sistemas e os cálculos envolvidos na avaliação dos impactos do ciclo de vida foram realizados mediante o uso do software openLCA v. 1.6.3. Para a avaliação das categorias de impacto de acidificação terrestre, mudança climática, eutrofização aquática de água doce, formação de oxidantes fotoquímicos, ecotoxicidade de água doce e toxicidade humana foi utilizado o método de avaliação de impacto ReCiPe. Foram avaliadas também as categorias de ecotoxicidade e toxicidade humana, utilizando o método USEtox. Nas análises envolvendo um WC aerado a etapa de operação se mostrou com um maior potencial de causar impactos ambientais para todas as categorias de impacto analisadas, com resultados variando entre 63,9% para a categoria de toxicidade humana e 99,8% para a categoria de eutrofização de água doce. Na comparação de materiais utilizados na construção dos sistemas, o potencial de causar impactos ambientais da fibra de vidro foi até 4,7 vezes menor que o potencial de causar impactos ambientais da alvenaria em tijolos para todas as categorias de impacto analisadas. Contudo, a utilização de fibra de vidro ao invés de alvenaria em tijolos apresentou custos mais elevados. O custo do ciclo de vida por m3 de esgoto tratado do sistema envolvendo um WC com aeração mostrou-se cerca de 1,8 vezes menor do que o do sistema sem aeração. Os resultados encontrados trazem contribuições que podem auxiliar na tomada de decisão no que diz respeito à implantação e operação de sistemas de tratamento de esgoto, visando tornar estes mais sustentáveis do ponto de vista econômico e ambiental / Although wastewater treatment systems, allow for the elimination or reduction of pollutants and unwanted substances in wastewater, they also cause environmental impacts. One tool that can evaluate the environmental performance of wastewater treatment systems is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which can be complemented by Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA), which calculates the total cost of a project over its entire life cycle. In the present study, the LCA and LCCA were used to analyze the potential environmental impacts and costs of different wastewater treatment pilot plant configurations involving constructed wetlands (CW) with and without aeration. The modeling of the systems and the calculations involved in the assessment of the life cycle impacts were performed using the openLCA v. 1.6.3 software. The impact assessment method used for the impact categories of terrestrial acidification, climate change, freshwater aquatic eutrophication, formation of photochemical oxidants, ecotoxicity and human toxicity was ReCiPe. The categories of ecotoxicity and human toxicity were also evaluated using the USEtox method. In the analyzes involving an aerated CW, the operation stage showed the greatest potential to cause environmental impacts for all impact categories analyzed, with results varying between 63.9% for the category of human toxicity and 99.8% for the category of freshwater eutrophication. The comparison of materials used in the construction of systems has demonstrated that the potential to cause environmental impacts of fiberglass was up to 4.7 times less than the potential to cause environmental impacts of brick masonry for all impact categories analyzed. However, the use of fiberglass instead of masonry in bricks has presented higher costs. The life cycle cost per cubic meter of treated sewage of the system involving a CW with aeration was about 1.8 times smaller than that of the system without aeration. Results can aid in decision making regarding the implementation and operation of wastewater treatment plants, in order to make these systems more sustainable from an economic and environmental point of views

No Brasil, o modelo implantado de esgotamento sanitário é centralizado, baseado em grandes redes de coleta de esgoto para transporte até as estações de tratamento. No entanto, o atendimento para que uma maior parcela da população possa ser atendida, modelos e sistemas descentralizados devemser adotados. Os wetlands construídos são amplamente citados como soluções sustentáveis, com apelo natural e de custo competitivo para o tratamento de águas residuárias de diversas fontes e são ainda apontados como uma tecnologia adequada e viável para a implantação de sistemas descentralizados de esgotamento sanitário. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo buscou a partir de um estudo de caso compreender o comportamento de um wetlands construídos híbridos em escala real no tratamento de esgoto sanitário, com operação registrada de 50 meses. O estudo buscou compreender os problemas operacionais ocorridos e os efeitos sobre as eficiências de remoção de carga orgânica, as possíveis correlações entre o tempo de operação, dos wetlands construídos na eficiência de remoção de carga orgânica além da influência da temperatura do ar e pluviometria. A eficiência de remoção média ao longo dos 50 meses para DBO520 e DQO foi de 82% e 72% respectivamente. Nenhuma correlação de grande representatividade foi encontrada, mas correlações negativas fracas foram observadas entre a eficiência de remoção de carga orgânica e a temperatura ambiente e entre a mesma eficiência e o tempo de operação / The wastewater collection and treatment model adopted in Brazil is centralized, based on great networks and treatment plants; however, the provision to a large part of the population requires that models and systems be decentralized. The constructed wetlands are often mentioned as sustainable solutions, for its natural appeal and competitive cost for treating wastewater from several sources; they are also pointed out as a viable and adequate technology for the implementation of decentralized sanitation systems. In this scenario, this study aims at applying a scientific analysis, based on a case study, of a system of hybrid constructed wetlands for treating domestic sewage, in full-scale, whose operation was registered for 50 months. This dissertation aims at describing, in detail, the project criteria and the constructive methodologies used by reporting the advantages and problems created by these criteria, besides analyzing the efficiency in the removal of organic load affected by the wastewater system, testing if there is any correlation between time of operation of the wetland system and its efficiency to remove organic load, and between the variations of temperature in the region where the system is operating and the efficiency, and, finally, between pluviometry in the region where the system is operating and the efficiency. In conclusion, the study compares the results obtained from data of other full-scale systems in different locations, in full-scale. The study found average removal efficiency throughout the 50 months for BOD5 and COD of 82% and 72%, respectively. No major correlation was found, but weak negative correlations were observed between the organic load removal efficiency and room temperature, and between efficiency and time of operation

The last hundred years humans have drastically changed the amount of available nitrogen in nature. Today human activities release twice as much available nitrogen as all natural processes are doing together. We also have degraded nature´s possibilities to take care of nitrogen through the draining of wetlands and straightening of rivers. In order to regain the potential of nitrogen retention in the water systems there now requires a reshape of the landscape we live in. A planned expansion of the mining activities in Garpenberg, Dalarna, would double the content of nitrogen in the waters below the mine. Water that already contains a high amount of nitrogen. To reduce the risk of eutrophication and increased pressure on the content of oxygen in the watercourses, in this study I investigate where a wetland with refine of nitrogen as a purpose can be located and constructed in the system of Forsån. By topographic studies one appropriate area where the river of Garpenberg flows past Krommetsbo is found. The potential of the area is supported by an inventory of species which are likely to colonize the wetland. The Krommetsbo-wetland will be able to contribute to the reduction of nitrogen in the lower parts of the system. However, additional measures are needed to change the situation in the upper parts of the system.

A soil climate parameterization is designed for peatland environments in the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS). Three wetland soil classes account for the variation in the hydraulic characteristics of organic soils. Saturated hydraulic conductivity varies from a median of 1.0 x 10-7 m/s in deeply humidified sapric peat to 2.8 x 10-4 m/s in relatively undecomposed fibric peat. Average pore volume fraction ranges from 0.83 to 0.93. Parameters are derived for the soil moisture characteristic curves of fibric, hemic and sapric peat, using the Campbell (1974) equation employed in CLASS, and the van Genuchten (1980) formulation. Validation of modelled water table depth and peat temperature is performed for a fen in northern Quebec and a bog in north-central Minnesota. The new parameterization results in more realistic simulation than the previous version of CLASS, which was constrained to using mineral soil properties to approximate those of organic soils. / Two approaches are used to model methane emissions from northern peatlands using the new soil climate parameterization in CLASS. In the first module, the multiple regression equation of Dise et al. (1993) is used to simulate daily methane emissions from water table depth and peat temperature. In the process-based module, methane flux is divided into its component parts: plant transport, diffusion and ebullition. Each of these transport mechanisms is determined by methane concentrations, which are calculated from a series of processes related to peat temperature, water table level and rooting depth. The daily methane emissions predicted by the two models are similar and correlate reasonably with observations from a bog in north-central Minnesota.

Quando as wetlands alcançam a máxima capacidade de tratamento para remover metais pesados, a remoção ainda pode ocorrer por precipitação na forma de sulfetos devido a redução biológica de sulfato. Para alcançar este objetivo, devem ser promovidas condições anaeróbias, uma fonte de sulfato deve existir e uma fonte adequada de carbono/energia deve estar presente. No presente trabalho, a macroalga Sargassum filipendula e bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (materiais lígneo-celulósicos) foram selecionados como fontes de carbono, devido ao seu acentuado conteúdo de compostos orgânicos de degradação lenta e serem resíduos de alta disponibilidade. Experimentos foram simultaneamente conduzidos em operação contínua em duas colunas (0,5 L cada), uma contendo a macroalga e/ou bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e a outra contendo os materiais inoculados com um lodo anaeróbio. Neste trabalho, foi estudada a remoção de cádmio e zinco, devido à presença deles em efluentes de operações de mineração/metalurgia. Os ensaios foram realizados sob três diferentes condições experimentais no que se refere à quantidade de lodo anaeróbio inoculado no reator e o material empregado como fonte de carbono/energia. Os resultados indicaram que o reator inoculado foi capaz de tratar o efluente mais eficientemente que o reator não inoculado, considerando o período dos testes / When wetlands reach maximum treatment capacity to remove heavy metals, removal can still take place through precipitation as sulphides, due to biological reduction of sulphate. To achieve this goal, anaerobic conditions must be attained, a sulphate source must exist, and an adequate carbon/energy source must be present. In the present work, the seaweed Sargassum filipendula and sugarcane bagasse (ligneous-cellulosic materials) have been selected as carbon sources, due to their high content of slow degradation organic compounds and high availability as waste materials. Experiments were simultaneously conducted in continuous operation in two columns (0.5 L each), one containing the seaweed and/or sugarcane bagasse and another containing the materials inoculated with an anaerobic sludge. In this work, the removal of cadmium and zinc was studied, due to their presence in effluents from mining/metallurgy operations. The rehearsals were accomplished under three different experimental conditions in what refers to the amount of anaerobic mud inoculated in the reactor and employed material as carbon/energy source. The results obtained indicated that the inoculated reactor was able to treat the effluent more efficiently than the non inoculated reactor, considering the time-course of the tests

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The wastewater from the dairy cattle installations, when poorly managed, unleashes environmental impacts. Because of this, it requires the implementation of technological alternatives with a goal of maintaining environmental quality. Alternatively it is highlight the constructed wetlands, which are systems with low operational requirement designed for treatment of wastewater from various origins. The utilization of this technology, which aims to treat wastewater from the dairy cattle, has been intensified since 1998. Nevertheless, in Brazil there are few studies related to this type of wastewater. This study aims evaluating the applicability of constructed wetlands for the treatment of dairy cattle wastewater. In this study it was implanted two units of artificial wetlands post storage tank (area 116 m²), which receives effluent from a dairy production unit (daily production capacity of 140 liters milk). The constructed wetlands were operated in parallel and are characterized by a horizontal flow constructed wetlands - HFCW (surface area of 26.5 m²) and vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) (surface area of 14.3 m²). Both filters were excavated in the soil and water proofed, filled with coarse sand (d10 = 0.30 mm and d60 = 0.75 mm) as filter material and planted with macrophyte Typha domingensis Pers. The filters were fed under a hydraulic regime of 3.98 m³/week for HFCW and 4.5m³/week for VFCW. The treated effluent was infiltrated in the soil, through swales constructed in the experiment area. By physico-chemical and biological over 12 months was observed better performance related to the treated effluent in HFCW with average loading removal of 87% of COD, 81% BOD, 90% of SS , 80% TNK 80% NH4-N and 68% PO43-- P, respectively. To VFCW the obtained rates were 70% of COD, BOD of 52%, 70% of SS, 73% of TNK , 81% of NH4-N and 16% of PO43-- P, respectively. It was quantified an average evapotranspiration of 49% in HFCW, whereas the majors evapotranspiration rates occurred in months with higher temperature and in higher macrophytes foliar area. The greatest nutrient content found in the macrophytes occurred simultaneously with the highest growing velocities, which occurred in the beginning of plant development. The foliar tissue of HFCW was responsible for removal of 5.12% of the N load and 3.16% of the P load applied. In VFCW the macrophytes removed 0.88% of the applied N load and 0.30% of the applied P load. From the results obtained in this study recommends the use of constructed wetlands as an alternative technology to the treatment of wastewater originating from the dairy cattle facilities. / Os efluentes oriundos das instalações de bovinocultura leiteira, quando mal gerenciados podem promover impactos ambientais significativos, necessitando, portanto, da implantação de alternativas tecnológicas com vistas à manutenção da qualidade ambiental. Dentre elas destacam-se os filtros plantados com macrófitas FPM (wetlands construídos), os quais são sistemas com baixo requerimento operacional, projetados para atuar na depuração de efluentes de origens diversas. A utilização desta tecnologia voltada para o tratamento de efluentes produzidos em salas de ordenha de bovinocultura de leite vem sendo intensificadas desde 1998, contudo, no Brasil poucos são os estudos relacionados com este tipo de efluente. Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral avaliar a aplicabilidade de filtros plantados com macrófitas, empregados no tratamento do efluente de uma instalação de bovinocultura de leite. Implantou-se duas unidades FPM pós lagoa de armazenamento (área 116 m²), a qual recebe efluente proveniente de uma unidade produtiva leiteira (capacidade diária de produção de 140 litros de leite). Os FPM foram operados em paralelo e caracterizam-se, por um filtro plantado com macrófitas de fluxo horizontal FPMH (área superficial de 26,5 m²) e um filtro plantado com macrófitas de fluxo vertical FPMV (área superficial de 14,3 m²). Ambos os filtros foram escavados no solo, impermeabilizados, preenchidos com areia grossa (d10 =0,30 mm e d60 =0,75mm) como material filtrante e plantados com a macrófita Typha domingensis Pers. O FPMH operou sob um regime hidráulico de 3,98 m³/semana e o FPMV com 4,5m³/semana. O efluente tratado foi infiltrado no solo, através de valas de infiltração construídas no local. Por meio do monitoramento físico-químico e biológico ao longo de 12 meses, verificou-se maior desempenho de efluente tratado para o FPMH com eficiências médias de remoção em termos de carga de 87% de DQO, 81% de DBO, 90% de SS, 80% de NTK, 80% N-NH4 e 68% de P-PO43-, respectivamente. Para o FPMV as eficiências obtidas foram de 70% de DQO, 52% de DBO, 70% de SS, 73% de NTK, 81% de N-NH4 e 16% de P- PO43-, respectivamente. Foi quantificado uma evapotranspiração média de 49% para o FPMH, sendo que as maiores taxas de evapotranspiração ocorreram nos meses em que a temperatura e a área foliar das macrófitas foram maiores. Notou-se que os maiores teores de nutrientes no tecido foliar das macrófitas ocorreram simultaneamente com as maiores velocidades de crescimento das mesmas, que se deram no início do desenvolvimento das plantas. O tecido foliar das macrófitas do FPMH foi responsável por remover 5,12% da carga de N e 3,16% da carga de P aplicada no filtro, já no FPMV as macrófitas removeram 0,88% da carga aplicada de N e 0,30% da carga aplicada de P. A partir dos resultados obtidos nesse estudo recomenda-se a utilização dos FPM como uma alternativa tecnológica de tratamento de efluente liquido oriundo das instalações de bovinocultura de leite.

Quando as wetlands alcançam a máxima capacidade de tratamento para remover metais pesados, a remoção ainda pode ocorrer por precipitação na forma de sulfetos devido a redução biológica de sulfato. Para alcançar este objetivo, devem ser promovidas condições anaeróbias, uma fonte de sulfato deve existir e uma fonte adequada de carbono/energia deve estar presente. No presente trabalho, a macroalga Sargassum filipendula e bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (materiais lígneo-celulósicos) foram selecionados como fontes de carbono, devido ao seu acentuado conteúdo de compostos orgânicos de degradação lenta e serem resíduos de alta disponibilidade. Experimentos foram simultaneamente conduzidos em operação contínua em duas colunas (0,5 L cada), uma contendo a macroalga e/ou bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e a outra contendo os materiais inoculados com um lodo anaeróbio. Neste trabalho, foi estudada a remoção de cádmio e zinco, devido à presença deles em efluentes de operações de mineração/metalurgia. Os ensaios foram realizados sob três diferentes condições experimentais no que se refere à quantidade de lodo anaeróbio inoculado no reator e o material empregado como fonte de carbono/energia. Os resultados indicaram que o reator inoculado foi capaz de tratar o efluente mais eficientemente que o reator não inoculado, considerando o período dos testes / When wetlands reach maximum treatment capacity to remove heavy metals, removal can still take place through precipitation as sulphides, due to biological reduction of sulphate. To achieve this goal, anaerobic conditions must be attained, a sulphate source must exist, and an adequate carbon/energy source must be present. In the present work, the seaweed Sargassum filipendula and sugarcane bagasse (ligneous-cellulosic materials) have been selected as carbon sources, due to their high content of slow degradation organic compounds and high availability as waste materials. Experiments were simultaneously conducted in continuous operation in two columns (0.5 L each), one containing the seaweed and/or sugarcane bagasse and another containing the materials inoculated with an anaerobic sludge. In this work, the removal of cadmium and zinc was studied, due to their presence in effluents from mining/metallurgy operations. The rehearsals were accomplished under three different experimental conditions in what refers to the amount of anaerobic mud inoculated in the reactor and employed material as carbon/energy source. The results obtained indicated that the inoculated reactor was able to treat the effluent more efficiently than the non inoculated reactor, considering the time-course of the tests

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Em várias regiões do mundo, assim como no Brasil, um alto percentual da população e até comunidades inteiras não têm acesso a um sistema de tratamento de esgoto centralizado, sendo comum o uso das fossas sépticas e/ou sumidouros e, em muitos casos, os esgotos são lançados in natura diretamente nos corpos hídricos. Com o objetivo de oferecer uma alternativa tecnológica de baixo custo de implantação e operação com vistas à minimização dos impactos ambientais e em atendimento a pequenas comunidades isoladas e de interesse social, o presente projeto desenvolveu com base em sistemas apresentados na literatura, um ecossistema engenheirado compacto para o tratamento de esgoto domiciliar de pequenos geradores. O sistema é composto por tratamento preliminar (caixa controladora de vazão e caixa de gordura), primário (fossa séptica), secundário (filtro aerado submerso e decantador secundário) e um conjunto de tanques vegetados por macrófitas aquáticas (Eichhornia crassipes, Schoenoplectus sp., Panicum cf. racemosum) intercalados por um tanque de algas para remoção da carga poluidora remanescente e nutrientes. O sistema foi instalado no CEADS/UERJ na Vila de Dois Rios, Ilha Grande, litoral Sul do Rio de Janeiro, operado e monitorado desde Abril de 2009, sendo que o presente estudo referese aos primeiros 200 dias de monitoramento. A remoção da carga poluidora foi monitorada na vazão de 200 L/h, posteriormente corrigida para 52 L/h, almejando alcançar os padrões de lançamento da Resolução CONAMA 357 e a NBR 13969 da ABNT, para os parâmetros de OD, pH, Temperatura, Nitrato, N amoniacal, DBO5, DQO, SSD, Cloreto e, Óleos e Graxas e outros parâmetros não incluídos na Resolução (Cond. Elétrica, COT, Alcalinidade, Dureza, Nitrito, Fósforo total e demais Sólidos (ST, SST, SSV, SSF e SDT ). Os resultados obtidos indicam que o sistema foi mais eficiente quando operado na vazão de 52 L/h, quando apresentou as seguintes taxas de remoção: 96 % (Nitrito); 71 % (Nitrato); 47 % (N amoniacal); 96,7 % (DQO); 95,7 % (DBO5); 10 % (Fósforo total). O sistema apresentou uma evolução ao longo do tempo de operação e após a redução na vazão, garantiu o enquadramento de 12 dos 14 parâmetros analisados (exceto N amoniacal e Fósforo total), nos padrões de lançamento contemplados pela Legislação Federal, CONAMA 357 e Legislação Estadual do RJ, SP, MG e GO. Para aumento da eficiência de tratamento, recomenda-se redimensionamento do filtro aerado submerso-decantador e tanques vegetados, com base nas recomendações do PROSAB 2. / In different regions of the world as well as in Brazil, a high percentage of the population and even entire communities do not have access to sewerage and/or centralized sewage treatment. The common scenario is the presence of septic tanks and sinks or, in many cases, sewage discharge directly into recipient water bodies. With the objective of making available a technological alternative with low cost of implementation and operation and to minimize environmental impacts, the present project developed based on systems reported in the literature, a compacted engineering ecosystem for treatment of domestic sewage from small generators. The system is formed by a preliminary (flow controller and grease tank), primary (septic tank) and a secondary treatment (submersed aerated filter and secondary decanter) and a group of tanks with aquatic macrophytes (Eichhornia crassipes, Schoenoplectus sp., Panicum cf. racemosum) interlaced by a tank with algae for removal of the remaining pollutants and nutrients. The system was installed at CEADS/UERJ, Vila de Dois Rios, Ilha Grande in the south coast of Rio de Janeiro and it has been operated and monitored since April 2009; this study reports the first 200 monitoring days. The removal efficiencies of the polluted load were monitored during the flow 200 L/h, later corrected to 52 L/h, with the aim of meeting the threshold limits established by the Resolution CONAMA 357 and NBR 13969 of ABNT, for the following parameters: DO, pH, Temperature, Nitrate, Ammoniacal Nitrogen, BOD5, COD, sedimentable solids chloride, Grease and Oil, and parameters not included in those Resolutions (EC, TOC, alkalinity, hardness, Nitrite, Total Phosphorus, and different categories of solids (TS, TSS, VSS, FSS and TDS). The results showed that the system was more efficient when operated with the lower flow (52L/h), when it achieved the following percentages of removal: 96% (Nitrite); 71% (Nitrate); 47% (Ammoniacal nitrogen); 96.7% (COD); 95.7% (BOD5); 10% (Total Phosphorus). The system presented an evolution throughout the operation period. After the flow reduction, 12 among 14 parameters analyzed, met the threshold limits established by the Federal Legislation, the Resolution CONAMA 357 and environmental legislations from the States of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Goiás. To increase the treatment efficiency, it is recommended redesigning the submerged aerated filter and planted tanks, based on recommendations found in PROSAB 2.