The aim of this thesis is two-fold. My primary, theoretical aim is to present an alternative way for geographers to approach the study of tourist resort development. For over twenty years, resorts have been understood through the framework of evolutionary models, the most widely-used being Richard Butler's 1981 Tourist Area Life Cycle. I argue that the time is ripe for a more sophisticated approach which i) identifies the multiplicity of actors involved in the destination-making process and elucidates the interactions between them; and ii) situates the resort within a dynamic, capitalist economy, increasingly dominated by large corporations. I suggest that one way we can do this is to take particular moments in a resort's trajectory and examine the responses made by key players in the production of the resort. My starting point for my investigation into Whistler Resort, British Columbia is the merger in 1996 of its two ski mountains, Whistler and Blackcomb, under the ownership of Intrawest Corporation. A recent wave of consolidation in the North American ski industry has seen increasing numbers of once-independent ski areas coming under the control of four large corporations, Intrawest being one. My second aim with this thesis, therefore, is to shed light on the process of ski resort development in light of the recent industry reorganisation. In particular, I use my case-study of Whistler to interrogate the corporatisation thesis of historian Hal Rothrnan. Rothman's account of resort development in the twentieth-century American West leads him to view large corporations as extractive forces which pay scant respect to local communities and cultures, treating them instead as marketable commodities. The experience of Whistler, however, suggests a much greater degree of mterdependence and co-operation between the ski corporation and local stakeholders in the resort - a situation that arises because of its unique administrative, political and economic context. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

A fim de observar o impacto de uma ideologia sobre a conduta e a realidade material de um artista, a pesquisa analisou o livro publicado em 1892 pelo americano James McNeill Whistler, The Gentle Art of Making Enemies. Posicionando-se diante dos paradoxos impostos pela autonomia da Arte, o pintor elaborou uma série de estratégias que visavam garantir uma imagem pública definida dentro dos parâmetros esperados para um artista livre, baseando-se principalmente no uso da imprensa para divulgação de suas ideias. Partidário da chamada arte pela arte, Whistler procurou provar ser a preeminência dos artistas no domínio de sua produção a fonte de sua liberdade. A partir dos debates entre os críticos de arte da imprensa britânica e o artista, foi possível observar as particularidades das disputas internas do campo artístico inglês e das soluções encontradas por Whistler para se manter dentro da fronteira que delimitava a autenticidade de um artista / In order to observe the impact of an ideology on an artists demeanor and material reality, this research analyzed a book published in 1892 by the American James McNeill Whistler, The Gentle Art of Making Enemies. By taking a position in face of the imposed paradoxes of the Art autonomy ideology, the painter elaborated a series of strategies that aimed at ensuring a public image defined within the parameters expected for a free artist, based chiefly on using the press use for divulge his ideas. Follower of the art for art sake premises, Whistler sought to prove that the freedom of artists relied on their preeminence over the domain of their production. Based on the debates between art critics of the British press and the artist, it was possible to observe the particularities of intern disputes of the British art field and the solutions found by Whistler to stay within the boundaries demarcating the authenticity of an artist.

A fim de observar o impacto de uma ideologia sobre a conduta e a realidade material de um artista, a pesquisa analisou o livro publicado em 1892 pelo americano James McNeill Whistler, The Gentle Art of Making Enemies. Posicionando-se diante dos paradoxos impostos pela autonomia da Arte, o pintor elaborou uma série de estratégias que visavam garantir uma imagem pública definida dentro dos parâmetros esperados para um artista livre, baseando-se principalmente no uso da imprensa para divulgação de suas ideias. Partidário da chamada arte pela arte, Whistler procurou provar ser a preeminência dos artistas no domínio de sua produção a fonte de sua liberdade. A partir dos debates entre os críticos de arte da imprensa britânica e o artista, foi possível observar as particularidades das disputas internas do campo artístico inglês e das soluções encontradas por Whistler para se manter dentro da fronteira que delimitava a autenticidade de um artista / In order to observe the impact of an ideology on an artists demeanor and material reality, this research analyzed a book published in 1892 by the American James McNeill Whistler, The Gentle Art of Making Enemies. By taking a position in face of the imposed paradoxes of the Art autonomy ideology, the painter elaborated a series of strategies that aimed at ensuring a public image defined within the parameters expected for a free artist, based chiefly on using the press use for divulge his ideas. Follower of the art for art sake premises, Whistler sought to prove that the freedom of artists relied on their preeminence over the domain of their production. Based on the debates between art critics of the British press and the artist, it was possible to observe the particularities of intern disputes of the British art field and the solutions found by Whistler to stay within the boundaries demarcating the authenticity of an artist.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University College, University of London, 1985. / BLDSC reference no.: DX194568. Includes bibliographical references.

Whistler Blackcomb Resort experiences the highest skier visits of any resort in North America and consequently demand at the ski school is high. Due to various factors, the daily number of lesson participants is highly variable and the best number of instructors to staff each day is correspondingly difficult to estimate. The consequences of scheduling incorrectly could lead to either overstaffing or understaffing. Overstaffing results in unnecessary costs; understaffing results in lost sales and customer dissatisfaction. A scheduling tool that can assist the Ski School in staffing decisions, therefore, is developed to minimize excess costs. Daily demand predictions are made using a forecasting model and a staffing policy is applied to it to obtain a recommended staffing level. The demand forecasting model is a regression model that takes into account pre-bookings, day of the week, holidays, and yesterday's demand. The staffing rules are determined through a Newsvendor-type model derived from a marginal cost analysis of the trade-off between overstaffing and understaffing applied to the daily demand forecasts. The project is intended to formalize a systematic approach to staffing for certain lesson types (pods) one day in advance. It will assist the Whistler Blackcomb Ski and Snowboard School, as a decision support tool, in the development of daily instructor schedules that rninimize any unnecessary costs.

Whistler Blackcomb Resort experiences the highest skier visits of any resort in North America and consequently demand at the ski school is high. Due to various factors, the daily number of lesson participants is highly variable and the best number of instructors to staff each day is correspondingly difficult to estimate. The consequences of scheduling incorrectly could lead to either overstaffing or understaffing. Overstaffing results in unnecessary costs; understaffing results in lost sales and customer dissatisfaction. A scheduling tool that can assist the Ski School in staffing decisions, therefore, is developed to minimize excess costs. Daily demand predictions are made using a forecasting model and a staffing policy is applied to it to obtain a recommended staffing level. The demand forecasting model is a regression model that takes into account pre-bookings, day of the week, holidays, and yesterday's demand. The staffing rules are determined through a Newsvendor-type model derived from a marginal cost analysis of the trade-off between overstaffing and understaffing applied to the daily demand forecasts. The project is intended to formalize a systematic approach to staffing for certain lesson types (pods) one day in advance. It will assist the Whistler Blackcomb Ski and Snowboard School, as a decision support tool, in the development of daily instructor schedules that rninimize any unnecessary costs. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

In the mid-nineteenth century, Paris served as the epicentre for artistic creation; artists flocked to the French capital in search of training, camaraderie, and, ultimately, success. Henri Fantin-Latour, Alphonse Legros, and James McNeill Whistler were amongst these hopeful artists in the 1850s. While each eventually created a thriving practise for himself, each also fought to establish his artistic career and identity during these early years. Because the narrative of a young, struggling artist is not an uncommon one, this stage is often brushed aside when examining the trajectory of these artists’ careers. However, such a dismissal does not allow for a full contextualization of an artist’s life and oeuvre. Fantin, Legros, and Whistler evidence this truth, both individually and as a small group. While attempting to define their maturing artistic identities, these three artists deliberately elected to join forces and become the Société des trois. This era bore witness to the birth of the artistic avant-garde, which elevated expression and individualism; with this in mind, the decision to develop a closed artistic society is unique. Fantin, Legros, and Whistler adhered to specific societal tenets and maintained loyalty to each other in an artistic environment that praised the individual. There are many reasons that supported their decision; for example, the Société enabled them to transition from the student to professional phases of their careers between 1858 and 1868. Eventually, as the choices the artists made in the formation of their artistic identities diverged, the Société was no longer necessary, and each member went his own way. In light of their decisions to unite as a formal society, Fantin, Legros, and Whistler’s period of maturation must be understood through the lens of the Société des trois. / Graduate / 2018-05-01

The Juno Waves instrument detected new broadband plasma wave emissions on the first three successful passes over the low altitude polar regions of Jupiter on Days 240 and 346 of 2016 and Day 033 of 2017. This study investigated the characteristics of these emissions and found similarities to whistler-mode auroral hiss observed at Earth, including the funnel-shaped frequency-time features. The electron cyclotron frequency was much higher than both the emission frequencies for all three days and the local plasma frequency, which was assumed to be 20 – 40 kHz. The electric to magnetic field (E/cB) ratio was around three near the start of each event and then decreased to one for the remaining duration of each pass. Spin modulation phase shifts were found on two of the three days (Day 240 and Day 033), indicating wave propagation up to the assumed plasma frequency. A correlation of the electric field spectral densities with the flux of up-going 20 to 800 keV electron beams on all three days were found, with correlation coefficients of 0.59, 0.72, and 0.34 for Day 240, Day 346, and Day 033 respectively. We conclude that the emissions are propagating in the whistler-mode and are driven by energetic up-going electron beams along the polar cap magnetic field lines.

Ice crystals in clouds frequently form upon a subset of aerosol particles called ice nuclei (IN). IN influence cloud ice crystal concentrations, consequently affecting cloud lifetime and reflectivity. The present understanding of these effects on climate is hindered by limited data on the global distribution of IN. This thesis presents measurements of deposition-mode IN concentrations under conditions relevant to mid-level clouds, 238 K and 138% RHi. at two Canadian sites: Toronto, a major city, and Whistler, a pristine coniferous rainforest. In Toronto, chemically-resolved surface areas were estimated by single-particle mass spectrometry and regressed against IN concentrations to identify a significant relationship between IN concentrations and both carbonaceous aerosols (EC and/or OC) and dust. In Whistler, IN concentrations during a biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) event did not increase from background levels (0.1 /L), suggesting that biogenic SOA particles do not nucleate ice under these conditions.

Ice crystals in clouds frequently form upon a subset of aerosol particles called ice nuclei (IN). IN influence cloud ice crystal concentrations, consequently affecting cloud lifetime and reflectivity. The present understanding of these effects on climate is hindered by limited data on the global distribution of IN. This thesis presents measurements of deposition-mode IN concentrations under conditions relevant to mid-level clouds, 238 K and 138% RHi. at two Canadian sites: Toronto, a major city, and Whistler, a pristine coniferous rainforest. In Toronto, chemically-resolved surface areas were estimated by single-particle mass spectrometry and regressed against IN concentrations to identify a significant relationship between IN concentrations and both carbonaceous aerosols (EC and/or OC) and dust. In Whistler, IN concentrations during a biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) event did not increase from background levels (0.1 /L), suggesting that biogenic SOA particles do not nucleate ice under these conditions.