The dissemination of members of the Enterobacteriaceae family with extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) has become a global concern. ESBLs and MBLs have been reported in humans, domestic animals, wildlife and the environment, and their isolation frequencies are increasing rapidly worldwide.  Most studies have been performed in developed countries and quite few in developing countries, where the antibiotic consumption is often poorly controlled. To explore the environmental contamination of antibiotic resistance in Bangladesh, and of ESBLs and MBLs in particular, fecal samples from poultry and wild birds were studied in this thesis. Samples were collected from both sick birds (poultry having Escherichia coli infections) and healthy birds (free-range poultry, seagulls and crows) residing in different environmental niches. Samples from patients and fresh/sea water were included, to follow the chain of antibiotic resistance in bacteria from humans to the environment. Information regarding the antibiotic usage in poultry production was also collected. The susceptibility of avian E. coli isolates cultured with and without selective pressure was tested against antibiotics commonly used in human and veterinary medicine in Bangladesh. Special attention was paid to ESBL-producing isolates, which were further characterized genetically. The results of the studies showed that E. coli isolates from commercial poultry, free-range poultry, gulls and crows were resistant to several classes of antibiotics, and that the level and spectrum of antibiotic resistance varied between different bird populations. There was no NDM-producer found among the birds, but ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae could be found in up to 59% of the crows, the birds with the highest carriage rate of multiresistant  Enterobacteriaceae of all bird species studied. The most common ESBL-type was CTX-M-15, which also is the most common in the human population in Bangladesh. Birds also shared clinically important sequence types with humans, including E. coli clone O25b-ST131. In conclusion, ESBL-producing bacteria with multiresistance are easily spread to wild birds. Their opportunistic feeding behavior at poorly managed hospital waste dumps and nearby water bodies makes them into both reservoirs and active spreaders. The high level of antibiotic resistant and ESBL-producing bacteria in the bird population of Bangladesh is worrying, and there is no easy solution in sight. Nationwide programs are necessary to both improve the management of hospital waste and sewage and the control of the antibiotic usage to prevent further environmental contamination. / <p>Time of defence has been changed to 09:00 am on 2013-05-27</p>

The behaviour of captive mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and black ducks (Anas rubripes) was studied from the end of March to mid-June in 1991 and 1992 to determine the extent of interspecific aggression exhibited and the effect of sympatry and allopatry on interactions between the two species. / Mallards were more aggressive than black ducks regardless of sex and origin, though both species were equally attacked in both years, male ducks were more aggressive and more attacked than female ducks regardless of species and origin in both years, and ducks of sympatric origin were more aggressive than ducks of allopatric origin in 1991 regardless of sex and species while the opposite was true in 1992. / Site attachment was observed in 7 of 9 experiments performed in 1992. In the experiments involving site attachment, almost all of the activity centered around the feeding stations, not around the nesting platforms.

Salmonella is one of the most important enteropathogenic bacteria. It is responsible for about 5000 reported cases of human gastroenteritis each year in Sweden. Salmonellosis is a zoonotic disease, and the bacterium has the ability to infect a variety of both domestic and wild animal species. In studies of Swedish wild bird populations, we found that Black-headed gull may be the main reservoir for Salmonella in birds, and that Salmonella infection is expressed as carriage with no obvious disease manifestations. Black-headed gull is a migratory bird and can transport strains of Salmonella with virulence traits like antibiotic resistance, from sources outside Sweden. Genetic molecular methods, PFGE and IS200, also demonstrate that Black-headed gull play a role in the transmission chain of Salmonella in Sweden. In a study of the Swedish Peregrine Falcon population, Salmonella amager and Campylobacter jejuni were found. There were indications, based on serotyping of Salmonella and genetical typing by PFGE of Campylobacter that these isolates were transmitsted to the falcons from a human or domestic animal source. This bird of prey has sparse contact with humans but may be infected by Salmonella of human origin by feeding on other birds, like gull. Salmonella was found in penguins, albatrosses and mainly in seals in a study in Antarctica. Several features of the Salmonella serotypes found indicate a human source for Salmonella infection in these animals, and also a spread of Salmonella within and between animal species in Antarctica. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2002</p> / digitalisering@umu

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1984.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1984.

BATISTA, Luiza Amélia Oliveira. O Tráfico de Aves Silvestres em Fortaleza: Implicações Bioéticas e Vivências de Compradores. 2010. 167 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente - PRODEMA, Fortaleza-CE, 2010. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-05-13T19:13:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_laobatista.pdf: 2059702 bytes, checksum: 6ecf61ca62fec8343cc0fff0cdcfdd99 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-05-13T19:15:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_laobatista.pdf: 2059702 bytes, checksum: 6ecf61ca62fec8343cc0fff0cdcfdd99 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-13T19:15:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_laobatista.pdf: 2059702 bytes, checksum: 6ecf61ca62fec8343cc0fff0cdcfdd99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / This survey developed in Fortaleza - Ceará - Brazil is about the experiences of some people who buy wild birds by means of the illegal trade and the bioethical implications of such practice. The main question is: why do the considered group of people purchase and take wild birds in captivity? The objective of this research is to understand the studied people’s motivation, feeling and perception as owners of wild birds as well as the relationship between them and their birds. The illegal trade is one of the main responsible for the biodiversity reduction in our country as well as hunting and the natural habitats destruction. Some Brazilian institution such as RENCTAS, IBAMA and Polícia Militar are trying to minimise that problem. At the beginning, some data were obtained from the literary, digital and documentary research. Afterwards, questionnaire and interviews were used to have some information about the buyers of wild birds from different areas of the city. The interviews were based on the Forghieri’s (1997) method. 9 According to the initial question, some results could be discussed. The interviewees have wild birds because of two basic reasons. One of them is affection: some people consider wild birds as pets and partners, whose presence could have therapeutic effects. The other is related to the cultural influence on having birds at home, which comes from the countryside. The tradition of listening to the birds’ twitter contributes for it as well. This study is an empirical phenomenological analysis focused on the considered people’s routine. Besides, this research discusses the wild birds traffic according to the Bioethics in the context of science and philosophy. / O presente trabalho constitui-se em uma investigação sobre as vivências de determinado grupo de compradores de aves silvestres, por meio do comércio ilegal, em Fortaleza - CE, e as implicações bioéticas que esta prática fomenta. A indagação principal é: o que significa, para os sujeitos em questão, comprar aves silvestres e mantê-las em seu poder? O objetivo da pesquisa é compreender as motivações, os sentimentos e as percepções dos participantes em sua vivência como possuidores de aves silvestres, bem como as diversas relações que estabelecem com essas aves no seu cotidiano. O tráfico de animais silvestres é uma das principais causas da perda de biodiversidade em nosso país, juntamente com a caça e a destruição dos habitats naturais. Esta problemática tem sido alvo do trabalho de algumas instituições brasileiras, tais como a RENCTAS, o IBAMA e a Polícia Militar. A coleta de dados foi realizada, em princípio, através de pesquisa bibliográfica, digital e documental. Posteriormente, aplicou-se um questionário e realizaram-se entrevistas com um grupo de compradores em diversos bairros da cidade. O método de análise do conteúdo de tais entrevistas seguiu a proposta de Forghieri (1997). Como resultado da investigação, alguns esclarecimentos podem ser apontados em resposta ao questionamento inicial. Os sujeitos entrevistados possuem as aves devido a dois motivos básicos. O primeiro refere-se à afetividade: as aves são, para essas pessoas, animais de estimação, que promovem bem-estar no cotidiano solitário, e cuja companhia, em alguns casos, produz efeitos terapêuticos. O segundo motivo diz respeito a influências culturais, pois a maioria dos sujeitos provém de cidades do interior do Estado, onde, desde a infância, tiveram convívio com o hábito da criação de aves silvestres em casa. A reprodução desse comportamento representa, em seu contexto atual, a continuidade de uma tradição que lhes traz boas lembranças e prazer, ao ouvir o canto das aves. Esta pesquisa é um estudo fenomenológico empírico, pois propõe uma investigação compreensiva sobre a vivência dos sujeitos. Além disso, traz considerações acerca do tráfico de aves silvestres sob o referencial teórico da Bioética, que permite um diálogo entre a ciência e a filosofia.

Doenças relacionadas ao manejo estão entre as principais causas de perdas na criação de aves silvestres ou ornamentais em cativeiro. Apesar da urgência em dominar a conservação de espécies em cativeiro, pouco se sabe sobre os fatores limitantes a esses projetos. O objetivo desse trabalho é descrever a ocorrência de enfermidades em aves silvestres em cativeiro, por meio da análise anatomopatológica, microbiológica, molecular, imuno-histoquímica, apresentando os fatores predisponentes observados. Os três artigos apresentados nesse trabalho abordam as causas de perdas em criatórios ou em iniciativas independentes de reabilitação de aves silvestres. O primeiro trabalho discute a casuística de perdas em um plantel de uma diversidade de aves silvestres, incluindo passeriformes, galiformes e musofagiformes. Foram registradas 28 mortes em cinco anos de estudo, em que se constatou que as categorias de maior risco foram as aves jovens e as recém introduzidas, com 40% e 28% das mortes, respectivamente. Além disso, se observou que, quanto à causa, 21% das mortes foram secundárias a infestações parasitárias, e que, excetuando-se três casos de mortes decorrentes de doenças da senescência, todas as demais puderam ser atribuídas a inadequações do manejo. O segundo trabalho relata a ocorrência de um surto de micoplasmose por Mycoplasma gallisepticum afetando 12 perdizes chukar, 12 pavões, 19 galinhas ornamentais e 46 exemplares de quarto espécies de faisões, dentre as quais, 36 aves morreram, em um grande aviário comercial. Em um outro evento no mesmo plantel, foi diagnosticada motalidade de 19 perdizes chukar em um grupo de 27, decorrente de histomoníase. Identificaram-se, em ambos os surtos, falhas na realização de quarentena, administração de anti-helmínticos, vacinação, assim como superlotação e higiene inadequada dos recintos. No último trabalho são apresentados casos de osteodistrofia de origem nutricional em cinco aves de rapina jovens, sendo um urubude- cabeça-preta, um carcará e três suindaras. Todas as aves foram abondonadas pelos pais e mantidas em cativeiro por criadores leigos, que lhes ofertaram exclusivamente carne desossada ou comida caseira. O diagnóstico dos casos apresentados foi baseado no histórico clínico, nos achados de necropsia e histopatologia, aliado a técnicas complementares. Tendo em vista os resultados obtidos, é possível concluir que o diagnóstico de doenças em aves silvestres em cativeiro e a manutenção de registros sanitários dos planteis pode auxiliar na implementação de programas de conservação de aves silvestres bem estruturados e com grandes chances de sucesso. / Management-related diseases are among the main causes of losses in wild or ornamental bird propagatig projects. Despite the urgency in dominate the conservation of species in captivity, still little is known about the limiting factors to these initiatives. The aim of this study is to describe the occurrence of diseases in wild birds in captivity through the anatomopathological, microbiological, molecular and immunohistochemical analysis, relating them to the predisposing factors. The three papers presented in this study address the causes of losses in aviaries or independent wild bird rehabilitation initiatives. The first study discusses the bird losses in a varied flock of wild birds, including passerines, galliformes and musofagiformes. Twentyeight deaths were recorded in five years of study, where the highest risk categories were young and newly introduced birds, with 40% and 28% of deaths, respectively. In addition, it was observed that 21% of the deaths were secondary to parasitic infestations, and that, except for three cases of deaths due to senescence diseases, all the others were attributed to management inadequacies. The second study reports the occurrence of an outbreak of mycoplasmosis by Mycoplasma gallisepticum affecting 12 chukar partridges, 12 peacocks, 19 ornamental chickens and 46 specimens of four species of pheasants, of which 36 birds died in a large commercial aviary. In another event in the same establishment, the morality of 19 chukar partridges was diagnosed in a group of 27, due to histomoniasis. Failure to perform quarantine, administration of anthelmintics, vaccination, as well as overcrowding and inadequate hygiene of the enclosures were identified in both outbreaks. In the last study, five cases of nutritional osteodystrophy in birds of prey are reported in chicks of a black-headed vulture, a caracara and three barn owls. All the birds were abandoned by the parents and kept in captivity by lay creators, who fed them an all-meat diet or homemade food. The diagnosis of all cases presented in this study was based on the clinical history, on necropsy and hitopathology findings, allied to complementary techniques. Considering the results, we conclude that the diagnosis of diseases in wild birds in captivity and to mantain a sanitary record of the flocks can help in the implementation of well planned and successfull wild bird conservation programs.

O Vírus de Influenza aviária pertence à família Orthomyxoviridae. Nos últimos anos vários subtipos da gripe aviária de baixa patogenicidade têm causado surtos e epidemia em humanos e aves domésticas. As aves selvagens e migratórias participam da manutenção e transmissão interespécie dos 16 subtipos de hemaglutinina e 9 subtipos de Neuraminidase na natureza. Nosso estudo teve como objetivo subtipar as amostras positivas através de teste sorológico de inibição da hemaglutinação (HI) e técnica de Biologia Molecular. Foram positivas as amostras das espécies: Elaenia mesoleuca (2), Sporophila lineola (1) Sporophila caerulescen (1), Vireo olivaceus (3), Columbina talpacoti (3), Paroaria dominicana (2), foram coletadas das reservas experimentais de campo localizadas no estado de São Paulo-Brasil,durante os anos de 1997 e 1998. Tais amostras foram identificadas por teste preconizado HI(de acordo com WHO) usando 20 soros imunes anti-influenza do tipo A e um do tipo B e análise de RT-PCR com sequenciamento do gene Hemaglutinina e Neuraminidase. O teste HI demonstrou que 12 amostras apresentou estreita afinidade com com soros imune A/HongKong/1/68 (H3N2), A/Equine/Miami/63 (H3N8) and A/Duck/Ukraine/63 (H3N8). As análises de sequenciamento do gene hemaglutinina e Neuraminidase desses isolados revelaram uma alta homologia com os do subtipos H3N2. As análise filogenética e variabilidade genética em comparação com as seqüências de Genbank representando diversos países, mostraram que nossas amostras apresentou estreita homologia com os vírus do subtipos que circularam em Victoria (1990), Siena (1991) e Beijim (1989). A análise de amino ácido indicou que há mutações não sinônimas no gene da Hemaglutinina exclusiva de nossas amostras e as mutações da Neuraminidase são sinônimos, quando comparadas com amostras de AIV de outros paises. Nossas Amostras quando análisadas a NA, não apresentaram mutações nos aminoácidos y285t e r297n que conferem resistencia aos inibidores da Neuminidase. / Avian Influenza virus belongs to Orthomyxoviridae family. The last years several low pathogenic avian influenza subtypes have caused outbreaks and epidemic in human and poultry. The wild and migrating birds may be participating of maintenance and interspecies transmission of the sixteen subtypes of the Hemagglutinina and nine Neuraminidase in nature. Our study was aimed to subtype the positive samples for influenza A isolated from migrating and wild birds by molecular technique and Haemagglutination inhibition test (HI). The samples from species Elaenia mesoleuca (2), Sporophila lineola (1) Sporophila caerulescens (1), Vireo olivaceus (3), Columbina talpacoti (3), Paroaria dominicana (2), were collected in reserves and experimental field stations located in the São Paulo State - Brazil, during the years 1997 and 1998. The samples were identified by HI test (according WHO) using the 20 antibody patterns anti-influenza A type and one for the influenza type B and RT-PCR and Sequence analysis of Hemaglutinina and Neuraminidase gene. The HI test demonstrated that 12 samples presented an antigenic close relationship with A/HongKong/1/68 (H3N2), A/ Equine/Miami /63 (H3N8) and A/Duck/ Ukraine/ 63 (H3N8) antiserum.The sequencing analyses of Hemaglutinin and Neuraminidase gene of these 12 isolates revealed a high homology with H3N2. Phylogenetic analysis and genetic variability compared with genbank sequence representing several countries, showed that our current samples submitted close homology to that circulated in Victoria (1990), Siena (1991) and Beijim (1989). Amino acid analysis compared our samples with representative genbank samples all of mutation are synonymous.

Doenças relacionadas ao manejo estão entre as principais causas de perdas na criação de aves silvestres ou ornamentais em cativeiro. Apesar da urgência em dominar a conservação de espécies em cativeiro, pouco se sabe sobre os fatores limitantes a esses projetos. O objetivo desse trabalho é descrever a ocorrência de enfermidades em aves silvestres em cativeiro, por meio da análise anatomopatológica, microbiológica, molecular, imuno-histoquímica, apresentando os fatores predisponentes observados. Os três artigos apresentados nesse trabalho abordam as causas de perdas em criatórios ou em iniciativas independentes de reabilitação de aves silvestres. O primeiro trabalho discute a casuística de perdas em um plantel de uma diversidade de aves silvestres, incluindo passeriformes, galiformes e musofagiformes. Foram registradas 28 mortes em cinco anos de estudo, em que se constatou que as categorias de maior risco foram as aves jovens e as recém introduzidas, com 40% e 28% das mortes, respectivamente. Além disso, se observou que, quanto à causa, 21% das mortes foram secundárias a infestações parasitárias, e que, excetuando-se três casos de mortes decorrentes de doenças da senescência, todas as demais puderam ser atribuídas a inadequações do manejo. O segundo trabalho relata a ocorrência de um surto de micoplasmose por Mycoplasma gallisepticum afetando 12 perdizes chukar, 12 pavões, 19 galinhas ornamentais e 46 exemplares de quarto espécies de faisões, dentre as quais, 36 aves morreram, em um grande aviário comercial. Em um outro evento no mesmo plantel, foi diagnosticada motalidade de 19 perdizes chukar em um grupo de 27, decorrente de histomoníase. Identificaram-se, em ambos os surtos, falhas na realização de quarentena, administração de anti-helmínticos, vacinação, assim como superlotação e higiene inadequada dos recintos. No último trabalho são apresentados casos de osteodistrofia de origem nutricional em cinco aves de rapina jovens, sendo um urubude- cabeça-preta, um carcará e três suindaras. Todas as aves foram abondonadas pelos pais e mantidas em cativeiro por criadores leigos, que lhes ofertaram exclusivamente carne desossada ou comida caseira. O diagnóstico dos casos apresentados foi baseado no histórico clínico, nos achados de necropsia e histopatologia, aliado a técnicas complementares. Tendo em vista os resultados obtidos, é possível concluir que o diagnóstico de doenças em aves silvestres em cativeiro e a manutenção de registros sanitários dos planteis pode auxiliar na implementação de programas de conservação de aves silvestres bem estruturados e com grandes chances de sucesso. / Management-related diseases are among the main causes of losses in wild or ornamental bird propagatig projects. Despite the urgency in dominate the conservation of species in captivity, still little is known about the limiting factors to these initiatives. The aim of this study is to describe the occurrence of diseases in wild birds in captivity through the anatomopathological, microbiological, molecular and immunohistochemical analysis, relating them to the predisposing factors. The three papers presented in this study address the causes of losses in aviaries or independent wild bird rehabilitation initiatives. The first study discusses the bird losses in a varied flock of wild birds, including passerines, galliformes and musofagiformes. Twentyeight deaths were recorded in five years of study, where the highest risk categories were young and newly introduced birds, with 40% and 28% of deaths, respectively. In addition, it was observed that 21% of the deaths were secondary to parasitic infestations, and that, except for three cases of deaths due to senescence diseases, all the others were attributed to management inadequacies. The second study reports the occurrence of an outbreak of mycoplasmosis by Mycoplasma gallisepticum affecting 12 chukar partridges, 12 peacocks, 19 ornamental chickens and 46 specimens of four species of pheasants, of which 36 birds died in a large commercial aviary. In another event in the same establishment, the morality of 19 chukar partridges was diagnosed in a group of 27, due to histomoniasis. Failure to perform quarantine, administration of anthelmintics, vaccination, as well as overcrowding and inadequate hygiene of the enclosures were identified in both outbreaks. In the last study, five cases of nutritional osteodystrophy in birds of prey are reported in chicks of a black-headed vulture, a caracara and three barn owls. All the birds were abandoned by the parents and kept in captivity by lay creators, who fed them an all-meat diet or homemade food. The diagnosis of all cases presented in this study was based on the clinical history, on necropsy and hitopathology findings, allied to complementary techniques. Considering the results, we conclude that the diagnosis of diseases in wild birds in captivity and to mantain a sanitary record of the flocks can help in the implementation of well planned and successfull wild bird conservation programs.

Os fatores de virulência presentes em Escherichia coli (E. coli) patogênicas vêm sendo estudados em diversas espécies animais devido à importância de algumas cepas. Estas podem ser classificadas em sorotipos ou mais recentemente através de patotipos, de acordo com algumas técnicas de biologia molecular. Os patotipos mais conhecidos atualmente incluem as ETEC, STEC, EPEC, EIEC, UPEC e APEC. Vários patotipos encontrados causando doenças em animais têm também afetado gravemente seres humanos. Diversas espécies de aves também revelaram possuir patotipos de E. coli capazes de causar infecções zoonóticas. Além do aspecto zoonótico, infecções por bactérias Gram-negativas em aves silvestres têm especial importância, pois o Taxon Psittacidae contém muitas das espécies que mais estão ameaçadas de extinção, e sua manutenção e reprodução em cativeiro é comprometida por infecções bacterianas constantes, em especial por E. coli. Nesse estudo 174 amostras de swabs cloacais de aves sintomáticas e assintomáticas e de casos de necropsias foram testadas através da técnica da PCR para a detecção de fatores de virulência e a classificação em grupos filogenéticos. Detectaram-se 93 amostras (53.45%) positivas para associações de fatores de virulência, em especial para os patotipos EPEC, APEC e UPEC e a classificação de grande parte das amostras de necropsias no grupo filogenético A. O gene iss foi encontrado com maior freqüência, sendo esta de 51.7% (n=30) nas aves sintomáticas e 23.2% (n=23) naquelas assintomáticas. Os resultados demonstraram serem de interesse não apenas com relação ao potencial zoonótico dessas aves em cativeiro, mas também para programas de conservação que visem à liberação de aves no meio selvagem. / Virulence factors of pathogenic Escherichia coli (E.coli) have been studied in several animal species due the importance of certain strains. These strains can be classified in serotypes and more recently in pathotypes using molecular biology techniques. The mostly known pathotypes nowadays include ETEC, STEC, EPEC, EIEC, UPEC and APEC. Several pathotypes causing disease and found in animals are also linked to severe disease in humans. A number of bird species are also known to possess pathotypes able to cause zoonotic infections. Besides de zoonotic aspect, infections by Gram-negative bacteria have a special importance as the Taxon Psittacidae includes many of the most threatened species and their maintenance in captivity is compromised by constant bacterial infections, especially E.coli. In this study, 174 samples from cloacal swabs of asymptomatic and symptomatic birds and necropsy cases were tested employing the PCR technique to detect virulence factors and to classify among phylogenetic grups. Ninety three positive samples were detected for virulence factors associations, mostly EPEC, APEC and UPEC, and most of the necropsy samples for the phylogenetic group A. The iss gene was detected with a higher frequency in symptomatic birds (51.7%, n=30) and 23.2%, (n=23) in asymptomatic ones. The results reveal to be of interest not only to the zoonotic potential of the isolates but also for conservation programs that intend to release these birds into the wild.