Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:21:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Priscila Angelo.pdf: 689356 bytes, checksum: 98e4f0d862d60afa187be8140280332a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-25 / Economic valuation through willingness to pay method has the assumption that tourists personal features, preferences and opinions concerning to the environment affect their willingness to pay by conservation of the area visited. The aim of this study were estimate the non-use value of Araguaia River through willingness to pay method and obtain its total economic-ecologic value, testing the hypothesis that tourist willingness to pay is influenced by personal features, preferences and opinions. From two hundred and one tourists interviewed the majority were married men, with mean age of 35 years (s.d. = +10), high instruction degree and monthly income of R$1.500,00 (s.d. = +424,26). The environmental service valuated was Araguaia River´s scenic beauty to which majority of tourists do not have substitutes (51%) despite the use of mainly the river, the beach and fishes. However tourists are not aware of existence, function and localization of Araguaia River floodplain (72%) despite majority recognize about Fishban (63%) influenced by recreational fishing activity (r = 0,98) and comprehension of fishes use as resource (r = 0,98). The note attributed to environment by interviewed (p = 0,02) determined that majority (79%) pay US$4.3/month (R$10,00/month) to hypothetic foundation for Araguaia River existence (54%) and for future generations pleasure (22%). However the interviewed expressed protest bids mainly for economic reasons (35%) and due to conservation programs disbelieve (25%). The non-use value estimated was US$27,2 millions/year (R$62.9 millions/year) and the total economic-ecologic value was US$7,5 billions/year (R$17.3 billions/year). The theoretical present value at a discounting rate of 5.4%/year to the next five years was US$9,6 millions (R$22.2 millions) and represent the loss in economic-ecologic benefits associated to the risk of variation in economy and in the quality of resource available due to inadequate use. Therefore the integrity of Araguaia River has high economic value associated to non use value and negative environmental impacts from its degradation could generate economic loss which could be reflected in the total ecological economic value as well as in the importance attributed by the users. / A valoração econômica através do método da disposição a pagar parte do pressuposto de que as informações pessoais dos turistas, suas preferências e opiniões sobre o ambiente afetam a sua disposição a pagar (DAP) pela conservação da área visitada. Assim, os objetivos deste capítulo foram estimar o valor de não-uso do Rio Araguaia na região de Aruanã, através do método da Disposição a Pagar, e obter o valor econômicoecológico total deste ecossistema, testando a hipótese de que informações pessoais, preferências e opiniões dos turistas afetam a sua DAP. Foram entrevistados 201 turistas na maioria homens casados, com idade média de 35 anos (dp = +10), alto grau de instrução e renda mensal de R$1.500,00 (dp = +424,26). O serviço ambiental valorado foi a beleza cênica do Rio Araguaia e não há substitutos a esse serviço ambiental para a maioria (51%) que usa principalmente o rio, as praias e os peixes. Entretanto, os turistas desconhecem a existência, função ou localização da planície inundável do Rio Araguaia (72%) embora a maioria saiba o que é defeso (63%) influenciada pelo fato de pescarem (r = 0,98) e compreenderem que usam os peixes como recurso (r = 0,98). A nota atribuída ao ambiente pelos entrevistados (p = 0,02) determina que a maioria (79%) se disponha a pagar R$10,00/mês à uma fundação hipotética para que o Rio Araguaia continuasse existindo (54%) e para que as futuras gerações pudessem conhecê-lo (22%). Entretanto, os entrevistados expressaram zeros de protesto principalmente por motivos econômicos (35%) e porque não acreditam nos programas de conservação (25%). Apesar disso, o valor de não-uso estimado é de R$ R$62.9 milhões/ano (US$27,2 milhões/ano) e o valor econômico-ecológico total é de R$17.3 bilhões/ano (US$7,5 bilhões/ano). O valor presente teórico à uma taxa de desconto de 5,4% ao ano projetado para cinco anos foi de R$22.2 milhões (US$9,6 milhões) e representa a perda em benefícios econômico-ecológicos associada aos riscos de variação na economia e na qualidade dos recursos disponíveis advindos do uso inadequado. Portanto, a integridade do Rio Araguaia gera um contingente econômico alto associado ao valor de não-uso e impactos ambientas negativos advindos de seu mau uso podem gerar perdas econômicas que no curto prazo se refletirão no valor econômico-ecológico deste ecossistema bem como na importância atribuída pelos visitantes.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi analisar o grau de sustentabilidade do PerÃmetro Irrigado Baixo AcaraÃ, de acordo com a capacidade de pagamento e a disposiÃÃo a pagar dos seus irrigantes. Foram utilizados dados secundÃrios e dados primÃrios, atravÃs da aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrios e realizaÃÃo de oficina. A metodologia empregada para anÃlise da capacidade de pagamento foi o levantamento das caracterÃsticas socioeconÃmicas dos irrigantes e o modelo conceitual bÃsico denominado de âmÃtodo residualâ. Para anÃlise da alocaÃÃo eficiente dos fatores de produÃÃo, utilizou-se a funÃÃo de produÃÃo do tipo Cobb-Douglas. Para anÃlise da disposiÃÃo a pagar, aplicaram-se questionÃrios. Em relaÃÃo à capacidade de pagamento, 21 irrigantes (61,76%) mostraram-se sem capacidade de pagamento e trÃs (8,82%) nÃo apresentaram disposiÃÃo a pagar. A funÃÃo de produÃÃo apresentou um coeficiente de determinaÃÃo de 71%, mostrando que 71% da variaÃÃo na produÃÃo podem ser explicados pelas variÃveis incluÃdas no modelo. Apesar das hipÃteses do modelo clÃssico terem sido testadas e todas terem sido atendidas, a estatÃstica t dos coeficientes estimados nÃo mostrou significÃncia, exceto para os insumos. Jà a funÃÃo polinomial, tendo a Ãgua como Ãnico fator variÃvel, indicou que a maioria dos produtores està usando Ãgua para produzir de forma racional. Os irrigantes indicaram pontos positivos do PerÃmetro Irrigado, com destaque para a oportunidade de terem um negÃcio prÃprio e a busca por uma melhor qualidade de vida, enquanto entre os pontos negativos do PerÃmetro, os mais apontados foram o acesso a serviÃos bÃsicos, a falta de organizaÃÃo dos produtores e a falta de assistÃncia tÃcnica. Conclui-se que os irrigantes do PerÃmetro Irrigado Baixo AcaraÃ, em geral, nÃo apresentaram, capacidade de pagamento no perÃodo estudado, enquanto, individualmente, a maior parte nÃo apresentou capacidade de pagamento. Apesar da qualidade da infraestrutra do PerÃmetro e de os irrigantes terem disposiÃÃo a pagar pela Ãgua que utilizam, ainda nÃo tÃm capacidade de pagamento pelo uso da Ãgua, dado que estÃo desorganizados e nÃo alcanÃam bons nÃveis de produÃÃo e de comercializaÃÃo. Por consequÃncia, o PerÃmetro nÃo mostra um nÃvel de sustentabilidade aceitÃvel. A desorganizaÃÃo dos irrigantes nÃo permite estabelecer estratÃgias que levem a um melhor desempenho dos irrigantes do PerÃmetro Irrigado Baixo Acaraà / The objective of this study was to analyze the degree of sustainability of the Irrigated Perimeter Baixo Acaraà according to capacity to pay and willingness to pay of it irrigants. It was used secondary data and primary data from public institutions and the application of questionnaires and conduct of participative research. The methodology used for analysis of capacity to pay was through the removal of the socioeconomic characteristics of irrigant and the basic conceptual model called the "residual method". For analysis of the efficient allocation of production factors built up to the production function of Cobb-Douglas type. For analysis of the willingness to pay, questionnaires were applied. In relation to ability to pay, 21 irrigant (61.76%) proved to be without capacity to pay and three (8.82%) showed no willingness to pay. The production function showed a determination coefficient of 71%, showing that 71% of the variation in production can be explained by the variables included in the model. Despite the assumptions of the classical model have been tested and all have been met, the t statistic of the estimated coefficients were not significant, except for the inputs. The polynomial function having water as the only variable factor indicated that the majority of producers are using water to produce a rational way. The irrigant showed positive points of the Irrigated Perimeter, with emphasis on the opportunity to have their own business and search for a better quality of life, while among the negative points of the perimeter, the most mentioned were access to basic services, lack of organization producers and the lack of technical assistance. It is concluded that irrigants of the Irrigated Perimeter Baixo Acaraà do not generally presented, capacity to pay during the period studied, while individually, most showed no capacity to pay. Despite the of perimeter infrastructure quality and the fact of irrigants to have willingness to pay for water they use, they donât have capacity to pay for water use, as they are disorganized and do not reach good levels of production and marketing. Consequently, the perimeter does not show an acceptable level of sustainability. The disorganization of irrigants does not permit to establish strategies that lead to better performance of irrigants in the Irrigated Perimeter Baixo AcaraÃ

Utilizou-se um modelo de escolha discreta (MED) para avaliar as preferências e disposição-a-pagar (DAP) dos pacientes por diferentes atributos de risco-benefício do tratamento insulínico, entre eles a via de administração da insulina. Através de uma revisão da literatura, consulta com especialistas, e do desenvolvimento de um estudo qualitativo utilizando as técnicas de entrevistas individuais e grupos focais, os atributos (e níveis) mais importantes do tratamento insulínico foram identificados, sob o ponto de vista dos pacientes. Os atributos incluídos no MED foram: controle da glicemia de jejum, número de episódios de hipoglicemia, ganho de peso, via de administração para as insulinas de ação longa e rápida, e custo do tratamento. Pares de opções de tratamentos insulínicos hipotéticos contendo diferentes níveis dos atributos foram apresentados aos pacientes com DM1 ou DM2, e lhes foi solicitado que, para cada cenário, eles escolhessem a alternativa de sua preferência. Dados demográficos, nível sócio-econômico (NSE) e informações relacionadas ao diabetes também foram coletados. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se um modelo logit condicional de regressão e modelos segmentados foram posteriormente utilizados para a análise das sub-populações. Um total de 274 questionários foram incluídos na análise final dos dados. A idade média (± DP) dos participantes foi de 56.7 ± 12.98 anos, e 53% eram homens. Quarenta e nove por cento dos participantes eram usuários de insulina e 47 eram portadores de DM1. O tratamento insulínico ideal, sob o ponto de vista dos pacientes, resultaria em um melhor controle glicêmico, menos reações adversas, menor custo, e seria administrado por via oral. Houve uma forte preferência e uma DAP mais elevada por um melhor controle glicêmico, seguido pelos atributos de risco ganho de peso e episódios de hipoglicemia. Surpreendentemente, a via de administração da insulina foi o atributo menos valorizado. A estratificação social revelou que pacientes com alta renda anual familiar apresentaram uma DAP mais elevada por um melhor controle glicêmico e por menos reações adversas em relação aos grupos com rendas inferiores. Ainda, quanto mais alto o nível de renda, maior o desejo por uma insulina oral, enquanto a via inalada torna-se menos importante para os pacientes. A estratificação da amostra pelo uso de insulina e tipo de diabetes revelaram uma forte aversão pela via subcutânea pelos não-usuários de insulina e pacientes com DM2. Tais resultados sugerem a existência de uma importante barreira psicológica em se iniciar uso da insulina; no entanto, os resultados também revelam que os pacientes tendem a se acomodar com a via subcutânea uma vez iniciado o tratamento insulínico. Este estudo demonstra a importância que os pacientes com DM atribuem ao atributo controle glicêmico, e como suas preferências e DAP pelo tratamento insulínico variam entre as sub-populações. Especificamente, esforços devem ser realizados no sentido de vencer a barreira psicológica em se iniciar o uso da insulina, o que contribuirá para que se alcance um melhor controle glicêmico, através da melhor aderência do paciente ao tratamento, resultando em uma redução dos custos do DM e melhora na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. / We used a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to evaluate patients preferences for various attributes of insulin treatment, including route of insulin delivery. Through a review of the literature, expert consultation, and a qualitative descriptive study using individual interviews and focus group techniques, the attributes (and levels) of diabetes treatment most important to patients were identified. The attributes included in the DCE were: glucose control, frequency of hypoglycaemic events, weight gain, route of administration for the long-acting and the short-acting insulin, and out-of-pocket cost. Patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes were presented with pairs of hypothetical insulin therapy profiles (i.e. choice sets) with different levels of the attributes and were asked to choose the treatment option they preferred. Sociodemographic data and diabetes medication were also collected. Data were analysed using conditional logit regression and segmented models were also developed for the analysis of subgroups. A Two hundred and seventy four questionnaires were completed. The mean age (±SD) of participants was 56.7 ± 12.98 years, and 53% were men. Forty-nine percent of participants were insulin users, and 47 had type 1 diabetes. Overall, patients ideal insulin treatment would provide better glucose control, result in fewer adverse reactions, have the lowest cost, and be administered orally. There was a strong preference and highest mean WTP for glucose control followed by the risk attributes weight gain and hypoglycaemic events. Surprisingly, route of insulin administration was the least valued attribute. Stratification of the sample revealed that patients with higher incomes had a significant higher WTP for better glucose control and less adverse reactions compared to lower income groups. Moreover, the highest the income, the stronger the preference for an oral insulin, while inhaled insulin becomes less important for patients. Segmented models by insulin use and type of diabetes indicated that insulin naïve and type 2 diabetics had a greater aversion to the subcutaneous route. These findings suggest that there may be an important mental barrier to initiating insulin therapy; however, patients tend to accommodate to subcutaneous administration once they initiate therapy. This study illustrates the importance that patients with diabetes place on glucose control and how preferences for insulin therapy vary between subgroups. Specifically, efforts need to be made to overcome the mental barrier to initiating insulin therapy, which may lead to improved control, through improved compliance and ultimately reduce the financial burden of the disease and improve patients quality of life.

Submitted by João Roberto Lo Turco Martinez (joaoadm01@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-10-30T15:30:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese- João Roberto Lo Turco Martinez.pdf: 8746959 bytes, checksum: 89a49d1f04686525afd0e60e1d448843 (MD5) / Rejected by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br), reason: João boa tarde, aguardo a tese sem as linhas. Grata, Suzi on 2012-10-30T16:08:58Z (GMT) / Submitted by João Roberto Lo Turco Martinez (joaoadm01@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-10-30T16:35:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE DE DOUTORADO - João Roberto Lo Turco Martinez.pdf: 8706430 bytes, checksum: 413836a0d7be80ae23784a5f2566be8d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-10-30T16:38:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE DE DOUTORADO - João Roberto Lo Turco Martinez.pdf: 8706430 bytes, checksum: 413836a0d7be80ae23784a5f2566be8d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-30T16:39:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE DE DOUTORADO - João Roberto Lo Turco Martinez.pdf: 8706430 bytes, checksum: 413836a0d7be80ae23784a5f2566be8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-25 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo entender e testar a relação entre confusão por excesso de informação, vulnerabilidade do consumidor e disposição a pagar. Para isso, primeiramente foi desenvolvida uma escala de vulnerabilidade do consumidor com base nas estratégias de enfrentamento resultantes da vulnerabilidade (desatamento, distanciamento e fantasia). Então, foi realizado um experimento, no qual se manipulou a quantidade de informação e a informação vital e obtiveram-se aleatoriamente quatro grupos (confuso com informação vital, confuso sem informação vital, não-confuso com informação vital e não-confuso sem informação vital). Em seguida, foi medida a disposição a pagar e o escore de vulnerabilidade destes grupos. Como principais resultados conclui-se que o consumidor confuso tem sua disposição a pagar aumentada em relação ao não-confuso e que, o consumidor confuso que recebe informação que seja vital para sua decisão tem sua disposição a pagar aumentada ainda mais em relação ao grupo confuso que não recebeu a informação vital e também em relação ao grupo não-confuso. Outra conclusão é que consumidores em estado de confusão tem um maior escore de vulnerabilidade do que consumidores não confusos e que a vulnerabilidade é mediadora da relação entre confusão e disposição a pagar. / This study aims to understand and test the relation between information overload confusion, consumer vulnerability and willingness to pay. For this, first I developed a consumer vulnerability scale based on coping strategies resulting of vulnerability (disattaching, distancing and fantasy). Then, it was realized an experiment, in which I manipulated the quantity of information and the vital information obtaining so randomly four groups (confused with vital information, confused without vital information, not confused with vital information and not confused without vital information). After that, I measured the willingness to pay and the vulnerability score of the groups. As main results I conclude that the confused consumer has a higher willingness to pay in relation to the not confused consumer, and that the confused consumer that received the vital information has higher willingness to pay than the confused consumer that not received and also than the not confused consumer. Another conclusion is that consumers in confusion state has higher vulnerability score than the not confused one and that the vulnerability is a mediator of the relation between confusion and willingness to pay.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Agricultural Economics / John A. Fox / Mail surveys are used to gather information in order to make inferences about populations. This study examines cost effective methods to maximize response rates to a mail survey. A consumer mail survey was developed and used to study consumer demand for safer foods. In addition, the study will verify if additional responses from follow-up mailings changes econometric analysis results, thus validating follow-up mailing costs. A test was created to maximize response rates and incentives were used in both mailings. An Ordinary Least Square (OLS) model was developed to analyze response rates and mail survey costs while a willingness to pay model and an ordered probit were used for the consumer demand analysis. Results showed that when a consumer survey was sent to a city within the school's state no incentive should be included while if sent to a city outside the school's state an incentive should be included. Moreover, if the outcome from the first mailing resulted in a low response rate a monetary incentive should be included in the follow-up mailing to increase response rates. Results from the consumer willingness to pay for irradiated salad greens showed that consumers are willing to pay higher prices for irradiated salad greens. Furthermore, results showed that there is no statistical difference between the coefficients, in both the willingness to pay and the ordered probit, from the model using additional observations from follow-up mailing and the model that included only observations from the first mailing. Even though coefficients were not statistically different in the ordered probit, significance of the marginal effects for some variables were different between models.

This thesis analyses stated preferences for 4 different types of passenger ve- hicles (conventional, hybrid electric, plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehi- cles). The discrete choice experiment survey was conducted in Poland in 2014. With the use of latent class model it was possible to identify and describe dis- tinct segments in the population with varying preferences for the propulsion technologies: groups with strong and weak preferences for conventional vehi- cles, segments preferring pure hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and a class in favour of battery electric vehicles. Even though it was found that on average consumers would require compensation up to 22,200zł (e5,311) to switch to using an electric vehicle, respective segments in the population would be willing to pay around 10,100zł (e2,417) for this change in case of pure hy- brid, around 21,400zł (e5,128) in case of plug-in hybrid, and around 92,800zł (e22,199) in case of battery electric vehicles.

Cette thèse aborde la question de la fiabilité du temps de transport. L’étude de la fiabilité du temps de transport trouve ses sources dans le fait que, dans biens des situations, le temps de transport n’est pas certain, mais aléatoire. De nombreux évènements peuvent en effet modifier le temps de transport prévu par les opérateurs ou espéré par les usagers. Par ailleurs, lors de l’évaluation socioéconomique de projets d’investissement en infrastructure de transport, il peut exister un arbitrage entre gain de temps et gain de fiabilité. Or, comme la fiabilité est encore à l’heure actuelle, difficilement intégrable dans ce type d’évaluation, ces projets d’investissement voient leur rentabilité collective sous-estimée conduisant à leurs reports. Il émerge ainsi trois problématiques majeures relatives à l’étude de la fiabilité du temps de transport : sa mesure, sa valorisation monétaire (i.e. la disposition à payer des individus pour améliorer la fiabilité du temps de transport) et enfin, sa prise en compte dans les analyses coûts-avantages. Un premier chapitre permet d’adapter les mesures usuelles de la fiabilité du temps de transport appliquées dans le cadre du transport routier, aux modes de transport collectif (fer et aérien plus particulièrement). Nous proposons également une nouvelle mesure de la fiabilité, le Delay-at-Risk (DaR) inspiré de la littérature financière. Le DaR est une transposition de la mesure de la Value-at-Risk (V aR) à l’économie des transports. Cette mesure est plus utile du point de vue des usagers pour la planification des trajets avec correspondance que les autres mesures. Le deuxième chapitre a pour principal objectif de déterminer la disposition à payer des individus pour améliorer la fiabilité du temps de transport. Nous proposons un cadre théorique inspiré de la théorie de la décision en univers risqué à partir duquel nous définissons la préférence des individus à l’égard de la fiabilité (i.e. reliabilityproneness) ainsi que la prudence. Nous développons des nouvelles mesures de la fiabilité du temps de transport, exprimées comme des primes de risque : la reliability-premium et la V OR. La reliability-premium détermine le temps de transport maximum supplémentaire qu’un individu est prêt à accepter pour supprimer l’intégralité du risque sur le temps de transport. La V OR, quant à elle, se définit comme la disposition maximale à payer d’un individu pour supprimer l’intégralité du risque sur le temps de transport. Par ailleurs, nous établissons également les conséquences sur la valeur du temps (V TTS) et de la fiabilité (V OR), de la prise en considération de l’attitude à l’égard du risque sur le temps de transport des usagers (aversion et prudence). Le dernier chapitre de cette thèse a pour objet d’intégrer la fiabilité dans les évaluations socioéconomiques de projet d’investissement et plus particulièrement dans la détermination du surplus des usagers. Nous mettons en exergue un effet de diffusion des gains de fiabilité par rapport aux gains de temps. Ainsi, nous proposons des recommandations quant à l’arbitrage entre les projets générateurs de gain de temps et de gain de fiabilité en fonction des valeurs monétaires du temps (V TTS) et de la fiabilité (V OR). / This thesis deals with the issue of travel time reliability. The study of travel time reliability emerges from the fact that in many situations, travel time is random. Many events can change the travel time forecasted by operators or expected by users. Moreover, a tradeoff may exist between time and reliability benefits when evaluating socio economic appraisal of transport infrastructure. However, since reliability is still difficult to integrate in this type of evaluation, investment projects’ collective profitability is underestimated and often postponed. Thus, three main issues of travel time reliability analysis emerge: measurement, monetary valuation and implication for cost benefit analysis. This thesis is organized in three chapters. The first chapter adapts the measure of travel time reliability typically used in the road transport context to the collective modes (rail and air, in particular). We also develop a new reliability measure: the Delay-at-Risk (DaR). DaR is an implementation of the Value-at-Risk (V aR) measure into the transport economic framework. The DaR seem to be relevant and understandable information for the users, especially to plan their travel and avoid missing their connections. The main objective of the second chapter is to define the users’ willingness to pay to improve travel time reliability. We present a theoretical framework based on decision theory under risk. We introduce the concept of reliability-proneness (i.e. travel time risk aversion) and prudence. We develop new measures of travel time reliability expressed as risk premium: the reliability-premium and V OR. The reliability-premium is the maximum amount of additional travel time that an individual is willing to accept to escape all the risk of travel time. The V OR is defined as the maximum monetary amount that an individual is willing to pay to escape all the risk of travel time. Furthermore, we also establish the link with attitudes towards risks of travel time (aversion and prudence) and the impact of the value of travel time (V TTS) and the value of reliability (V OR). The final chapter of this thesis integrates reliability in investments project’s socioeconomic appraisal. More particularly, it allows to determine users’ surplus valuation. We highlight a diffusion effect of reliability benefits with regard to travel time benefits. Thus, we propose recommendations regarding the tradeoff between projects that generate time benefits compared with reliability benefits, according to the monetary values of travel time (V TTS) and reliability (V OR).

Dans le colloque singulier, désormais désacralisé du soignant avec son patient, la charge responsabilisante pesant sur l’activité des praticiens médicaux n’a cessé de croître ces dernières décennies dans une société où les questions de santé sont prépondérantes. Exercée au sein d’un ordre social complexe et technique qui pose un principe d’intangibilité du corps humain, simultanément but et objet de la pratique médicale, cette dernière est susceptible d’engager la responsabilité pénale du praticien médical en raison de sa faute pénale non-intentionnelle. Or malgré le particularisme évident de l’activité médicale et alors que l’on peut redouter un phénomène de judiciarisation qui conduirait les praticiens médicaux de plus en en plus souvent devant les juridictions répressives, la responsabilité pénale du praticien médical ayant commis une faute non-intentionnelle est engagée selon les dispositions du droit pénal commun et selon le principe d’une culpabilité non-intentionnelle dérogatoire au primat de l’intention en droit pénal. En matière de responsabilité pénale, on ne cherche pas seulement le responsable d’une faute, mais le coupable d’un crime ou d’un délit. Ce constat invite à se demander si un praticien médical qui se verrait poursuivi en raison d’une faute médicale non-intentionnelle ayant entrainé le décès ou les blessures involontaires de son patient, a la faculté de prévoir les suites judiciaires et d’organiser efficacement sa défense. L’étude de cette question met en lumière un texte insuffisant, d’essence interprétative, reposant sur une culpabilité non-intentionnelle dans laquelle l’élément moral pourtant théoriquement nécessaire à la caractérisation infractionnelle mais si ténu, relève d’une fiction juridique. De fait, se pose la question de l’existence même d’une culpabilité en cas de faute non-intentionnelle. Ainsi, fragile en son principe et critiquable dans sa rédaction, le droit commun relatif à la faute non-intentionnelle conduit à une responsabilité du praticien médical exorbitante. Les travaux de recherche mettent en évidence un droit prétorien contingent des composantes de la faute pénale non-intentionnelle et notamment de ses composantes causales par l’effet d’une approche jurisprudentielle volontariste, créative et affranchie du texte. L’analyse révèle aussi une appréhension de la faute pénale médicale qui dépend de l’expertise médicale, légitime substantiellement mais illégitime au plan processuel car insuffisamment contradictoire. De sorte que ces deux caractéristiques de l’appréhension judiciaire de la faute pénale médicale permettent d’envisager l’opportunité d’une évolution légale. / In a society where the issues of health are prominent, the doctor-patient bond is now desecrated as the load of responsibility bearing on the activity of medical practitioners has not stopped growing these last decades.Exercising within a complex and technical social order that puts a principle of intangibility on the human body, simultaneously purpose and object of medical practice, the penal responsibility of medical practitioners may be engaged even if the penal fault was non intentional.Yet, in spite of the particularism of the medical activity, and whilst we could fear a phenomenon of judicialisation which could lead medical practitioners to be more often in the forefront of the repressive judicial system, the penal responsibility of the medical practitioner who has committed a non-deliberate fault is engaged according to common rules and the principle of a non-deliberate guilt that represents an exception in criminal law.In terms of penal responsibility, not only do we look for someone responsible of a fault, but also the culprit guilty of a crime or an offence.This observation raises the question: does a medical practitioner, pursued on the basis of a non-deliberate médical fault leading to the death or injury of his / her patient, have the faculty to foresee the judicial consequences and to effectively organise his / her defence.The study of this issue highlights an insufficient text, interpretative by nature, based on a non-deliberate guilt in which the moral element, theoretically necessary to fully characterise the offence, is a legal fiction.De facto, one can therefore query the very essence of guilt in case of a non-intentional offence.Thus, fragile in its principle and questionable in its wording, common criminal law relative to a non-deliberate fault has led to an exorbitant responsibility placed upon medical practitioners.Research has put forward evidence of a contingent of praetorian law with components of non-deliberate faults, and notably the causal components through a jurisprudential approach which is not only pro-active and creative but also liberated from the text.The analysis also reveals an apprehension of the penal medical fault which would depend on the medical expertise, substantially legitimate, but considered illegitimate from the criminal proceedings point of view as it is deemed insufficiently contradictory.These two characteristics of the judicial apprehension of the medical penal fault could allow us the possibility to envisage a legal evolution.

Managed lane refers to the application of various operational and design strategies on highway facilities to improve system efficiency and mobility by proactively allocating traffic capacity to different lanes. One of the key elements to understand the behavior changes and underlying causalities in user responses to managed lanes is to examine the value of time (VOT) and value of reliability (VOR). The breadth of this dissertation encompasses two major dimensions of VOT and VOR estimation – distributions or variations across different users and under different circumstances; and influences of unobserved attitudinal characteristics on roadway pricing valuation. To understand travelers’ choice behavior regarding the usage of managed lanes, combined revealed preference (RP) and stated preference (SP) data were used in this study. Mixed logit modeling was applied as the state of the art methodology to capture heterogeneity in users’ choice behavior. The model revealed an average value of $10.68 per hour for VOT and $13.91 per hour for VOR, which are reasonable considering the average household income in the region, and are well within the ranges found in the literature. In terms of user heterogeneity, the mixed logit model was further enhanced by adding interaction effects of variables, which helped recognize and quantify potential sources of heterogeneity in user sensitivities to time, reliability, and cost. The findings indicated that travelers were likely to exhibit higher willingness to pay when they were female, younger (years), older (>54 years), had higher income (> 50 K), driving alone, and traveled on weekdays. Attitudinal aspects are rarely incorporated into roadway pricing analysis. The study herein presents an effort to explore the role of attitudinal factors in drivers’ propensity toward using managed lanes. Model results boded for a significant contribution of attitudinal parameters in the model, both in terms of coefficients and model performance. This study provides a robust approach to quantify user heterogeneity in VOT and VOR and capture the impacts of attitudinal attributes in pricing valuation. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding on what attributes lead to higher or lower VOT and VOR and to what extent.

The aim of the paper is to research possible approaches to valuation of human life and to explore possible situations leading to such valuation. Another goal is to create a systematic description of categories of value and to provide compact description of the problem. In order to create a system, the thesis maps premises and criteria. The result is identification of methods that are frequently used both abroad and in Czech Republic. Values differ based on the category of value. The paper identifies methods, comments on them and classifies them.