Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseAMP_DISSERT.pdf: 611395 bytes, checksum: 408fd692f763f1aec5ff57294a03a83e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-21 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The environment, which fundamental importance has already been recognized in all the world, is an actual national and international discussion subject, whose interest grows for the society, and consequently to the Law, in order to prevent the natural resources to the present and future generations. The 1988 Brazilian Constitution, recognizing the importance of the environment, treated about it in many of its parts, even dedicating a specific chapter (Chapter V About Environment, inserted in Title VIII About Social Order). The brazilian constitutional text established to everyone the fundamental right of enjoying an equilibrated environment, obligating the State and all society to defend and preserve the environment to the present and future generations. The economic growing process, that predominated and still persist in the big majority of the countries, where is practiced the capitalist system, has in the enterprises (legal persons) one of its main actors. Many times, these enterprises, especially in the actual globalized world in where we live, where the gain of money is priorized, ends, at the moment they act, making damages to the environment. These damages are, many times, considered by the law. crimes against the environment. The 1988 Brazilian Constitution, according to the Modern Criminal Law, realizing that many crimes were being committed by the enterprises, established in article 225, ?3rd, the criminal responsibility of the legal persons. Almost ten years after the 1988 Brazilian Constitution, was published the Law number 9.605/98, in which third article established the penal responsibility of the legal persons that practice crimes against the environment, without excluding the individual responsibility / O meio ambiente, cuja import?ncia fundamental j? foi definitivamente reconhecida em todo o mundo, constitui um tema da ordem do dia tanto no cen?rio nacional quanto no internacional, despertando um crescente interesse da sociedade, e por conseq??ncia, do Direito, no que diz respeito ? preserva??o dos recursos naturais para as presentes e futuras gera??es. A Constitui??o Brasileira de 1988, reconhecendo a import?ncia do meio ambiente, dele tratou em diversas de suas passagens, inclusive dedicando-lhe um cap?tulo espec?fico (Cap?tulo V Do Meio Ambiente, inserido no T?tulo VIII Da Ordem Social). O texto constitucional brasileiro consagrou a todos o direito fundamental de desfrutar de um meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, impondo ao Poder P?blico e ? coletividade o dever de defend?-lo e preserv?-lo para as presentes e futuras gera??es. O processo de crescimento econ?mico que predominou e ainda persiste na grande maioria dos pa?ses, onde vigora o sistema capitalista, tem nas empresas (pessoas jur?dicas) um dos seus principais atores. Muitas vezes, essas empresas, especialmente no mundo contempor?neo globalizado em que vivemos, onde se prioriza o ac?mulo de capital, acabam, ao desempenharem suas atividades, praticando atos lesivos ao meio ambiente, atos esses que muitas vezes s?o previstos legalmente como crimes ambientais. A Constitui??o Brasileira de 1988, de acordo com os ideais do Direito Penal Moderno, percebendo que, em um n?mero grande de vezes, os crimes ambientais estavam sendo praticados atrav?s de pessoas jur?dicas, previu expressamente em seu texto (art. 225, ?3?) a possibilidade da sua responsabiliza??o criminal. Quase dez anos ap?s ser promulgada a Constitui??o Federal de 1988, foi sancionada a Lei n? 9.605/98, que em seu artigo terceiro, previu a responsabiliza??o penal da pessoa jur?dica pela pr?tica de crimes ambientais, sem excluir a das pessoas f?sicas

Le début du 21ème siècle a vu s'ériger de profondes réformes législatives qui continuent de bouleverser le droit pénal et la politique criminelle. Elles prennent corps dans une société de risque caractérisée par l'accélération de la modernisation et la production de risques multiformes qui lui sont rattachés. Progressivement, le principe de précaution, emprunté de manière pervertie à l'environnement, et sur un mode incantatoire et répétitif, s'immiscera dans ces matières jusqu'à produire des conséquences sur le principe de légalité qui structure la rationalité pénale moderne, imposer la révision de certains autres grands principes comme celui de la présomption d'innocence et celui de nécessité, et mettre au centre des décisions des notions critiques telle la dangerosité. Sous l'influence du principe de précaution, les concepts-mêmes d'infraction, de responsabilité pénale et de peine sont bousculés avec l'invitation à prendre toujours plus en considération le futur et sa potentialité de danger. Dans cette perspective, et comme pendant au principe de précaution, le droit à la sécurité tend à déplacer la focale sur une approche victimaire de la société au détriment d'une conception ancienne d'un droit pénal fondé sur un équilibre juridique entre sécurité et liberté. Et la politique criminelle guidant ces évolutions fonctionne sur un nouveau modèle qui, dans cette recherche poussée de la sécurité, fait de la précaution à la fois sa finalité interne et sa finalité externe. Cette thèse est donc consacrée à l'étude du principe de précaution appliqué au droit pénal et à la politique criminelle qu'elle examine à la lumière de théories et d'approches pluridisciplinaires. Elle s'attache surtout à travers l'analyse de l'évolution du droit pénal et de certaines thèses criminologiques, à mettre en évidence l'émergence aujourd'hui, et au contact d'une idéologie précautionniste, d'une nouvelle rationalité pénale de précaution fonctionnant selon une méthodologie et avec l'usage d'une terminologie spécifique. / The beginning of the 21st century has seen the implementation of profound legislative reforms which have upset the criminal law and the criminal policy. They took place in a society of risk characterized by the acceleration of the modernity and the production of multiform risks which are linked to it. Gradually the precautionary principle, taken forcibly from the environmental perspective and as an incantation and a refrain, will interfere in those matters to such an extent as to generate consequences on the principle of legality which structures the modern legal rationality, to impose the revision of some other key principles like the presumption of innocence and the principle of necessity, and to place at the center of decisions critical notions such as the danger. Under the influence of the precautionary principle, the very concepts of infraction, of legal responsibility and of punishment are being dislocated by the urgent appeal to take more and more into consideration the future and its potentiality of danger. In this perspective and under the growing pressure of the precautionary principle, the right to security tends to focalize upon a victimizing approach of the society at the expense of an old conception of criminal law founded upon the legal balance between security and liberty. And the criminal policy guiding those developments operate as a new model, which in its obsessional quest of security, makes of the precautionary principle both its internal and external finality. This thesis is thus devoted to the study of the precautionary principle as it is applied to the criminal law and to the criminal policy which it examines through theories and multidisciplinary approaches .Its main objective is, by the examination of the evolution of the criminal policy and of some theories of criminology, and in contact with the ideology of precaution, to highlight the current emergence of a new legal rationality of precaution which operates according to a specific methodology and by the use of a specific terminology.

Dans le colloque singulier, désormais désacralisé du soignant avec son patient, la charge responsabilisante pesant sur l’activité des praticiens médicaux n’a cessé de croître ces dernières décennies dans une société où les questions de santé sont prépondérantes. Exercée au sein d’un ordre social complexe et technique qui pose un principe d’intangibilité du corps humain, simultanément but et objet de la pratique médicale, cette dernière est susceptible d’engager la responsabilité pénale du praticien médical en raison de sa faute pénale non-intentionnelle. Or malgré le particularisme évident de l’activité médicale et alors que l’on peut redouter un phénomène de judiciarisation qui conduirait les praticiens médicaux de plus en en plus souvent devant les juridictions répressives, la responsabilité pénale du praticien médical ayant commis une faute non-intentionnelle est engagée selon les dispositions du droit pénal commun et selon le principe d’une culpabilité non-intentionnelle dérogatoire au primat de l’intention en droit pénal. En matière de responsabilité pénale, on ne cherche pas seulement le responsable d’une faute, mais le coupable d’un crime ou d’un délit. Ce constat invite à se demander si un praticien médical qui se verrait poursuivi en raison d’une faute médicale non-intentionnelle ayant entrainé le décès ou les blessures involontaires de son patient, a la faculté de prévoir les suites judiciaires et d’organiser efficacement sa défense. L’étude de cette question met en lumière un texte insuffisant, d’essence interprétative, reposant sur une culpabilité non-intentionnelle dans laquelle l’élément moral pourtant théoriquement nécessaire à la caractérisation infractionnelle mais si ténu, relève d’une fiction juridique. De fait, se pose la question de l’existence même d’une culpabilité en cas de faute non-intentionnelle. Ainsi, fragile en son principe et critiquable dans sa rédaction, le droit commun relatif à la faute non-intentionnelle conduit à une responsabilité du praticien médical exorbitante. Les travaux de recherche mettent en évidence un droit prétorien contingent des composantes de la faute pénale non-intentionnelle et notamment de ses composantes causales par l’effet d’une approche jurisprudentielle volontariste, créative et affranchie du texte. L’analyse révèle aussi une appréhension de la faute pénale médicale qui dépend de l’expertise médicale, légitime substantiellement mais illégitime au plan processuel car insuffisamment contradictoire. De sorte que ces deux caractéristiques de l’appréhension judiciaire de la faute pénale médicale permettent d’envisager l’opportunité d’une évolution légale. / In a society where the issues of health are prominent, the doctor-patient bond is now desecrated as the load of responsibility bearing on the activity of medical practitioners has not stopped growing these last decades.Exercising within a complex and technical social order that puts a principle of intangibility on the human body, simultaneously purpose and object of medical practice, the penal responsibility of medical practitioners may be engaged even if the penal fault was non intentional.Yet, in spite of the particularism of the medical activity, and whilst we could fear a phenomenon of judicialisation which could lead medical practitioners to be more often in the forefront of the repressive judicial system, the penal responsibility of the medical practitioner who has committed a non-deliberate fault is engaged according to common rules and the principle of a non-deliberate guilt that represents an exception in criminal law.In terms of penal responsibility, not only do we look for someone responsible of a fault, but also the culprit guilty of a crime or an offence.This observation raises the question: does a medical practitioner, pursued on the basis of a non-deliberate médical fault leading to the death or injury of his / her patient, have the faculty to foresee the judicial consequences and to effectively organise his / her defence.The study of this issue highlights an insufficient text, interpretative by nature, based on a non-deliberate guilt in which the moral element, theoretically necessary to fully characterise the offence, is a legal fiction.De facto, one can therefore query the very essence of guilt in case of a non-intentional offence.Thus, fragile in its principle and questionable in its wording, common criminal law relative to a non-deliberate fault has led to an exorbitant responsibility placed upon medical practitioners.Research has put forward evidence of a contingent of praetorian law with components of non-deliberate faults, and notably the causal components through a jurisprudential approach which is not only pro-active and creative but also liberated from the text.The analysis also reveals an apprehension of the penal medical fault which would depend on the medical expertise, substantially legitimate, but considered illegitimate from the criminal proceedings point of view as it is deemed insufficiently contradictory.These two characteristics of the judicial apprehension of the medical penal fault could allow us the possibility to envisage a legal evolution.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Liege Gomes.pdf: 795681 bytes, checksum: 84af86a4bd72e364a06e823eb8720b95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-14 / Tribunal de Justiça do Amapá / This Dissertation for Master Science has the purpose to make a diagnosis of environment questions within the ambit of the State of Amapá. We started the work by studying the importance of environment law as a fundamental law of third generation in view of constitutional instructions inserted in article 225. We identified some principles and the ways to make the causer of environment damages, responsible in civil, administrative and penal spheres. We studied the international perspective one has of Amazonia beyond the physical, geographical and administrative characteristics and the human contingent of the State of Amapá, as a component of this amazonic microcosm. We pointed out the considerable environment impacts which are being caused through offensive proceedings to the Amapá environment. We mentioned the administrative and judiciary measures adopted for the protection of the natural and urban environment of the State. Finally, all the study has a major purpose, which is to show the importance of the ecologically well balanced environment as an essential benefit for the healthy living standard of all, specially of this integrating part of Amazônia. And this will only be achieved effectively through the means, which are capable to restrain the illicit actions, that is, through the threefold liability and incentives to public politics, efficient in the combat of environment damages / A presente dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo tecer um diagnóstico das questões ambientais inseridas no âmbito do Estado do Amapá. Iniciamos o trabalho abordando a importância do direito ambiental como direito fundamental de terceira geração, em face do preceito constitucional inserto no art. 225. Identificamos alguns princípios e as formas de responsabilização do causador do dano ambiental, nas esferas civil, administrativa e penal. Abordamos a perspectiva internacional que se tem da Amazônia, além das características físicas, geográficas, administrativas e o contingente humano do Estado do Amapá, como parte integrante desse microcosmo amazônico. Pontuamos os consideráveis impactos ambientais que vem sendo ocasionados por condutas lesivas ao meio ambiente amapaense. Mencionamos as medidas administrativas e judiciais adotadas na defesa do meio ambiente natural e urbano do Estado. Em conclusão, todo o estudo tem um fim maior que é o de mostrar a importância do meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, como bem essencial à sadia qualidade de vida de todos, especialmente dessa parte que integra a Amazônia. E que isso só se conseguirá efetivamente através dos meios capazes de coibir as condutas ilícitas, que é por meio da tríplice responsabilização e de incentivo as políticas públicas eficazes no combate aos danos ambientais