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International environmental law is one of the most dynamic fields of public international law, and has rapidly acquired great breadth and sophistication. Yet the rate of global environmental decline has also increased and is accelerating. Halting and reversing this process is a challenge of effective governance, requiring institutions that can ensure that the now impressive body of environmental norms is faithfully implemented. This thesis explores whether and to what extent international courts and tribunals can play a useful role in international environmental regimes. Consideration is given to the threefold function of adjudication in resolving environmental disputes, in promoting compliance with environmental standards, and in developing environmental rules. The thesis is divided into three Parts. The first Part examines the spectrum of adjudicative bodies that have been involved in the resolution of environmental disputes, situates these within the evolution of institutions for compliance control, and offers a reassessment of their relevance in contemporary environmental governance. The second Part critically assesses the contribution that arbitral awards and judicial decisions have made to the development of norms and principles of environmental law, examining case law relating to transboundary pollution, shared freshwater resources and marine environmental protection. In the third Part of the thesis consideration is given to three looming challenges for international environmental litigation: accommodating greater levels of public participation in adjudicative processes, resolving practical problems stemming from the interaction among multiple jurisdictions, and ensuring that specialised courts and tribunals do not apply environmental norms in a parochial manner that privileges the policy objectives of issue-specific regimes.

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International environmental law is one of the most dynamic fields of public international law, and has rapidly acquired great breadth and sophistication. Yet the rate of global environmental decline has also increased and is accelerating. Halting and reversing this process is a challenge of effective governance, requiring institutions that can ensure that the now impressive body of environmental norms is faithfully implemented. This thesis explores whether and to what extent international courts and tribunals can play a useful role in international environmental regimes. Consideration is given to the threefold function of adjudication in resolving environmental disputes, in promoting compliance with environmental standards, and in developing environmental rules. The thesis is divided into three Parts. The first Part examines the spectrum of adjudicative bodies that have been involved in the resolution of environmental disputes, situates these within the evolution of institutions for compliance control, and offers a reassessment of their relevance in contemporary environmental governance. The second Part critically assesses the contribution that arbitral awards and judicial decisions have made to the development of norms and principles of environmental law, examining case law relating to transboundary pollution, shared freshwater resources and marine environmental protection. In the third Part of the thesis consideration is given to three looming challenges for international environmental litigation: accommodating greater levels of public participation in adjudicative processes, resolving practical problems stemming from the interaction among multiple jurisdictions, and ensuring that specialised courts and tribunals do not apply environmental norms in a parochial manner that privileges the policy objectives of issue-specific regimes.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-05-20T13:20:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TiberioBassideMelo.pdf: 936056 bytes, checksum: f83a8807de67cd70669c1613378538e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-20T13:20:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TiberioBassideMelo.pdf: 936056 bytes, checksum: f83a8807de67cd70669c1613378538e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-19 / Nenhuma / Conhecemos a realidade pela comunicação. A comunicação das células foi, e ainda é, a responsável pela evolução humana. A comunicação é a autopoiese social. No entanto, a divisão do conhecimento e a construção de uma sociedade global criaram sistemas função, cada qual com sua estrutura de comunicação própria. Desenvolveu, dessa forma, uma sociedade hipercomplexa, multicultural, multicêntrica, de risco e policontextural. A racionalidade dos subsistemas sociais é a estrutura de comunicação de cada sistema. Seus códigos racionais de operabilidade. É por meio da comunicação, dos acoplamentos estruturais e da observação de segunda ordem, entre os subsistemas, que podemos ter um conhecimento sistêmico e transdisciplinar, sem os quais teremos um conhecimento parcial e reduzido da realidade. O positivismo jurídico, ainda que tenha a pretensão de açambarcar todas as possibilidades sociais é, apenas, um de seus subsistemas, sem condições, isoladamente, de observar toda a comunicação social e dos demais subsistemas. A crise socioambiental, decorrente da racionalidade estabelecida pelo sistema econômico, prescinde de uma observação sistêmica. O sistema do direito é obrigado a observar a sociedade de forma reflexiva e sistêmica, sem os quais suas decisões podem criar novos conflitos e não trazer segurança e paz social. O sistema do direito já construiu estruturas jurídicas, decorrente dos efeitos estruturais da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos, que determinaram a constituição de direitos fundamentais em torno da dignidade da pessoa humana. Entretanto, o acesso a referidos direitos depende do espaço bioprodutivo disponível a todos, bem como da entropia gerada pelos mais de sete bilhões de seres humanos que habitam a Terra Pátria. A sustentabilidade é a racionalidade, a comunicação intersistêmica, a cognição por meio de observações científicas de segunda ordem sobre os limites ecossistêmicos, que servirá de ressonância à construção de limites econômicos que garanta o direito ao futuro. Isto considerado como uma responsabilidade confiada, que as futuras gerações depositam na nossa geração, em legar a elas um mundo onde a vida humana tenha possibilidade de se manter com um mínimo de dignidade. / We know the reality for the communication. The cellular communication was and still it is, responsible for the evolution the human being. The communication is autopoiese social. The division of the knowledge and the construction of a global society had created systems function, each one with its structure of proper communication. It developed, of this form, multicultural, multicenter a society to hiper complex, of risk and polished contextural. The rationality of the social subsystems is the structure of communication of each system. Its rational codes of operabilits. It is by means of the communication, of the structural couplings and the comment of second order, between the subsystems, that we can have a systems knowledge and trans to discipline, without which wewill have a partial and reduced knowledge of the reality. The legal positivism, despite it has the pretension to abroach all the social possibilities is, only, one of its subsystems, without conditions, separately, to observe all the social communication and of the too much subsystems. The ambient partner, decurrent crisis the rationality established for the economic system, does without a systems comment. The system of the right is obliged to observe the society of consequent and systems form, without which its decisions can create new conflicts and not bring security and social peace. The system of the right already constructed legal structures, decurrent of the structural effect of the Universal Declaration of the Human Rights, that had determined the constitution of basic rights around of the dignity of the person human being. However, the access the right related ones depends on the available bioprotuctive space to all, as well as of the entropy generated for more than the seven billion human beings that inhabit the Native Land. The support is the rationality, the intersystems communication, the cognition by means of scientific comments of second order on the ecosystems limits, that will serve of resonance to the construction of economic limits that guaranteesthe right to the future. This considered as a trusted responsibility that the future generations deposit in our generation, in bequeathing they a world where the life human being has possibility of if keeping with a minimum of dignity.

This article analyzes how Environmental Law can take intoconsideration some of fundamental rights study categories, by a constitutional point of view, particularly the right to a balanced and appropriate environment recognized in article 2, paragraph 22 of the 1993 Peruvian Constitution in order to develop policies oriented to implementation of constitutional legal status for environment rights and property. / El presente trabajo analiza la manera en que el derecho ambiental puede tomar en consideración categorías propias del estudio de los derechos fundamentales desde una perspectiva constitucional, en particular del derecho al medio ambiente equilibrado y adecuado reconocido en el artículo 2, inciso 22, de la Constitución de 1993, con miras al desarrollo de las políticas orientadas a la concretización de los derechos y bienes jurídico constitucionales relacionados con el medio ambiente.

In Sweden, threats and violence has become a serious psychosocial work environment problem within the workplaces of health and social care. Several studies show the need to pay attention to how the workers psychosocial work environment is affected by the risk of threats and violence. Women are more exposed of threats and violence because the professions were most women work, the threats and violence occur. The purpose of this study is to investigate what legal obligations the employer holds to prevent threats and violence in the working environment and what consequences it can have if the employer does not fulfill these obligations. For a deeper knowledge in threats and violence as a psychosocial work environment problem other factors that can affect are included. To fulfill the purpose and answer the research questions in this study the doctrinal method is used to describe, systematize and interpret the legislation, case law and literature.   The results of this study show that the legal actions that the employer is obliged to take is far-reaching. The preventive work is central considering the psychosocial work environment were threats and violence occur. If the employer fails to take the actions that is obliged there are different legal consequences depending on what type of actions the employer, deliberately or accidently, failed to take. Due to the extent of threats and violence in health and social care and some differences in the formulation of the legislation, future studies would be required to investigate if the legislation on this matter is enough.

Abstract The mental illness has increased sharply in the recent years and the focus on the psychosocial work environment has become more and more important. Today, the physical working environment is not the only thing that matters, the psychosocial work environment has taken more space and become a part of the labor environment law. The purpose of this work is to see how the concept of psychosocial environment law and mental health is regulated and worked with in the municipality of Jönköping, to gain a better understanding of how legal texts and rules apply in working life. Since the work is based on the regulations of Arbetsmiljöverket, the legal methodology is used to the greatest extent. The method is very similar to the traditional legal dogmatic method but provides little room for analysis. However, the legal sociological method will also be used to investigate what psychosocial work environment impact the employees. Psychosocial labour environment is very important for workers not to suffer from ill health. Various factors enter the psychosocial work environment that can contribute to psychological ill health. Stress, demands and uncomfortable working hours are just a few. The concept of psychosocial work environment is now included in the labour environment law and its regulations. There is, however, no indicative case law in this area. More research and more knowledge in the psychosocial labour environment is required for mental health to stop increase. Unfortunately, it is difficult to make the law more general, since each case in mental health is unique.

C’est au navire que le droit maritime doit son particularisme, plus précisément au fait qu’il s’expose au risque de mer. On comprend dès lors que les évolutions des règles applicables au bien soient susceptibles d’avoir un impact sur la matière. Ainsi le particularisme du droit maritime ne manquera pas de s’étioler, à mesure que celui du navire se trouvera affecté. Or, le navire est susceptible de connaître plusieurs états qui vont de celui de navire à celui d’épave, en passant par les états de navire abandonné et de navire à démanteler, chacun de ces états du navire faisant intervenir un ensemble de règles juridiques qui lui est applicable. Ce sont les différents statuts du navire. Ils ont connu ces dernières années des évolutions notables de leurs régimes juridiques respectifs, dont le sens et l’influence sur le particularisme du droit maritime sont étudiés dans cette thèse.En effet si la volonté du législateur d’enfermer le navire dans une définition depuis l’entrée en vigueur du code des transports semble manifester une volonté de banaliser l’engin de transport et partant d’atténuer son particularisme, l’intégration des préoccupations et exigences environnementales aux règles gouvernant sa fin révèle, quant à elle, une nécessaire adaptation de la matière. Cette thèse se propose de montrer comment les évolutions du régime juridique des différents états du navire fragilisent davantage le particularisme du droit maritime, ou ce qu’il en reste. L’étude réalisée tend ainsi à démontrer comment le droit maritime qui s’est historiquement construit autour de la nécessité de protéger le navire contre le risque de mer par la mise en mouvement de règles originales se définit désormais de plus en plus comme un droit destiné à protéger la mer contre le navire. Ce mouvement se traduit par une certaine forme d’amarrage progressif du droit maritime au droit terrestre. / It is to the ship that the maritime law owes its particularism, more precisely to the fact that it exposes itself to the risk of sea. One understands then that the evolutions of the rules applicable to the good are likely to have an impact on the subject. Thus the peculiarity of the maritime law would fade if ship peculiarity is affected.However, the ship is likely to know several States that go from that of ship to that of wreck, through the States of abandoned ship and ship to dismantle, each of these States of the ship involving a set of legal rules that it is applicable. These are the different statutes of the ship. In recent years, they have undergone significant changes in their respective legal régimes, whose meaning and influence on the peculiarity of maritime law are studied in this thesis.Indeed, if the will of the legislator to enclose the ship in a definition since the entry into force of the transport code seems to manifest a desire to trivialize the transport vehicle and thereby mitigate its particularism, the integration of concerns and environmental requirements to the rules governing its end reveal, for its part, a necessary adaptation of the subject. This thesis proposes to show how the evolutions of the legal regime of the different statutes of the ship weaken further the particularism of maritime law, or what remains of it. The study carried out thus tends to demonstrate how maritime law, which has historically been built around the need to protect the ship against the risk of the sea by setting in motion original rules, is now more and more defined as a right destined to protect the sea against the ship. This movement is reflected in some form of progressive docking of maritime law to land law.

L’ambition de la présente étude se déploie à deux niveaux. En premier lieu, elle vise à rendre intelligible à un juriste de tradition française, et plus généralement, romano-germanique, les techniques juridiques mobilisées en droit anglais pour la protection et la gestion de l’environnement. Elle a donc pour premier enjeu d’introduire le juriste français à une compréhension claire et distincte des procédés juridiques employés pour l’élaboration, la formalisation et la mise en oeuvre des politiques publiques de protection, de gestion et de mise en valeur de l’environnement, dans le contexte particulier du common law anglais. A un second niveau, elle se propose d’illustrer la contribution qu’est susceptible d’apporter le recours à la méthode comparative en vue d’une meilleure compréhension du rôle, de l’utilité, mais aussi des limites de la technique juridique, dans l’élaboration, la formalisation et la mise en oeuvre de ces politiques institutionnelles que tendent de plus en plus à devenir les politiques publiques d’environnement. Une grande confusion règne en effet en ce qui concerne le rôle du droit au coeur de ces politiques publiques. Le discours de la gouvernance, en révélant toute la diversité des techniques d’orientation des conduites, au-delà de la seule contrainte unilatérale, tend, par contre-coup à réduire le droit au statut très humble de simple instrument parmi d’autres, dans la boîte à outils du gouvernant, à côté des instruments incitatifs, de l’information ou de la participation. Les études de politiques publiques comparées ne font qu’ajouter à ce trouble. Partout c’est le même éventail, la même typologie d’instruments que l’on retrouve. Et pourtant, nulle part, ces instruments ne sont mobilisés ni juridiquement formalisés de la même manière. Le propos du présent travail est d’illustrer combien l’effort de compréhension du sens de ces différences à partir d’une perspective juridique comparative peut-être l’occasion d’une enquête critique permettant d’établir tant la nature que les limites de la contribution susceptible d’être apportée par la technique juridique à l’effort collectif de résolution de la crise environnementale. L’étude du cas anglais présente à cet égard un double intérêt. D’une part, l’extrême singularité de la tradition administrative et étatique anglaise forme un contraste contrintuitif avec le caractère prototypique de sa culture juridique et de son organisation économico-politique, par quoi on tend usuellement à l’assimiler au cas américain. D’autre part, le Royaume-Uni a été, depuis trente ans, le théâtre d’un effort, sans précédent outre-Manche, de réforme institutionnelle et administrative, au point de faire figure de laboratoire d’avant-garde aux yeux de l’OCDE. Or, d’après nous, seule une compréhension des plus classique de la notion de technique juridique, comme technique de (juste) partage, permet à un juriste français de décrypter et de rendre raison de la contingence affectant la manière dont elle est mobilisée, en droit anglais, pour élaborer, formaliser et mettre en oeuvre les politiques publiques d’environnement. Et, en effet, les problèmes de partage et de redistribution et donc : les conflits, que soulèvent nécessairement tout effort collectif d’adaptation technologique et de réagencement institutionnel, pour la résolution de la crise environnementale, sont tout aussi nécessairement relatifs, dans leurs termes, au contexte juridique et institutionnel au sein duquel cet effort se déploie. Ainsi, les réponses qui sont apportées à ces questions ne peuvent-elles être que particulières, même si les objectifs matériels sont en grande partie les mêmes partout. La clef de cette compréhension comparative se trouve dans le retour à une compréhension du droit comme technique de juste partage des choses et des rôles plutôt que comme une technique de gouvernement. / No summary