WHO rekommenderar helamning upp till sex månaders ålder och delamning upp till två årsålder eller längre. Enligt Socialstyrelsen helammades endast 13 procent av de barn födda år 2017 vid sex månaders ålder. Att utesluta amningsperioden ur kvinnans reproduktiva cykel, kan leda till negativa aspekter för både mamman och barnet senare livet. Den viktigaste faktorn för att etablera amning är stöd. Har de blivande föräldrarna förkunskaper resulterar det i en ökad ansträngning till att etablera amning. Dagens mammor är vana att enkelt kunna söka information och stöd på internet dygnet runt. Bristen på lämpliga appar som stöd vid amning har föranlett denna studie, vars syfte är att undersöka nyblivna mammors önskemål och behov av en applikation som stöd vid amning. Studien är en kvalitativ intervjustudie med halvstrukturerade intervjuer. Totalt utfördes 10 individuella intervjuer. Intervjuerna analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en induktiv ansats. Studiens resultat har utmynnat i tre kategorier: Amningsinformation underlättar amningen, Vikten av att få personlig kontakt med amningsvården samt Amningsberättelsen som stöd. Kategorin Amningsinformation underlättar amningen har delats upp i fyra underkategorier. Det centrala i resultatet är att nyblivna mammor har ett stort behov av lättillgänglig information, stöd och kontakt baserad på vetenskapligt baserad kunskap under sin amningsresa men även under graviditeten. Det naturliga sättet att söka information på idag är via smartphones eller datorer men risk finns att man utsätts för felaktiga råd. Genom en amingsapplikation baserad på vetenskaplig kunskap skulle nyblivna mammor enkelt få tillförlitlig information och stöd vilket kan bidra till längre amningsduration. / WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding to six months of age and partial breastfeeding up to two years of age or longer. Only 13% of children born in 2017 were exclusively breastfed at the age of six months. Eliminating the breastfeeding period from a woman’s reproductive cycle can lead to negative aspects for mother and child later in life. The most important factors to establish breastfeeding is support and knowledge. Mothers of today are used to being able to easily search for information and support on the internet at all times. The lack of suitable apps as support during breastfeeding has resulted in this study, the aim of which is to examine the wishes and needs of new mothers with regards to an application as support during breastfeeding.The study is a qualitative interview study with in total 10 semi-structured interviews. The interviews were analyzed through a qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach.The findings of the study have resulted in three categories: Breastfeeding information facilitates breastfeeding, The importance of having contact with breastfeeding care and The breastfeeding story as support.The central finding is that new mothers have a great need of easily accessible information, support and contact based on evidence-backed knowledge during their breastfeeding journey but also during pregnancy. Today, the natural way to search for information is via smartphones or computers. Through a breastfeeding application based on scientific knowledge new mothers would have easy access to reliable information and support which can contribute to a longer duration of breastfeeding.

Background: Concerns about burnout, and its consequences, among German physicians are rising. However, data on burnout among German physicians are scarce. Also, a suspected association between burnout and German physicians’ wishes to leave remains to be studied. Therefore, the extent of burnout, and the association between burnout and wishes to leave clinical practice or to go abroad for clinical work was studied in a sample of young physicians in Saxony. Methods: In a cross-sectional survey, all physicians ≤40 years and registered with the State Chamber of Physicians of Saxony, Germany (n = 5956) received a paper-pencil questionnaire inquiring about socio-demographics, job satisfaction, and wishes to leave clinical practice or to go abroad for clinical work. Response rate was 40 % (n = 2357). Burnout was measured with the German version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI) consisting of the subscales emotional exhaustion (feeling emotionally drained), depersonalization (feelings of cynicsm) and personal accomplishment (feelings of personal achievement in job). Variables associated with burnout, and the association between burnout and wishes to leave were assessed in multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: For emotional exhaustion participants reached a mean of 21.3 [standard deviation = 9.74], for depersonalization a mean of 9.9 [5.92], and for personal accomplishment a mean of 36.3 [6.77]. Men exhibited significantly higher depersonalization than women (11.3 [6.11] versus 9 [5.62], p < 0.001). Eleven percent of participants showed a high degree of burnout on all subscales, while 35 % did not show a high degree of burnout on any subscale. Confirming that one would become a physician again, and higher satisfaction with the components \"work environment\" and \"humaneness\", were associated with a lower chance for a high degree of burnout on all subscales. Higher emotional exhaustion and lower personal accomplishment were associated with an increased chance of wishing to leave clinical practice. Higher emotional exhaustion and higher depersonalization were associated with an increased chance of wishing to go abroad for clinical work. Conclusions: Preventing physician burnout may not only benefit the affected individual. It may also benefit the health care system by potentially preventing physicians from leaving clinical practice or from going abroad for clinical work.

1 Proxy decision making for incompetent patients Abstract The author of this thesis discusses the applicable Czech legislation on the proxy decision making for incompetent patients and the provision of medical care without informed consent. The thesis is divided into six parts, while the first part is devoted to the definition of the basic terms that are directly related to this topic and which are repeatedly used herein. These basic terms are the following: health services and healthcare, informed consent and the patient. The second chapter is devoted to sources of law, which are divided into three levels - international sources, European Union law and national sources. Within the national regulation, attention is focused mainly on Act No. 372/2011 Coll., On health services and conditions of their provision, as amended. It also outlines the issue of the duality of legal regulation, that was caused by the adoption of Act No. 89/2012 Coll., Civil Code. The third chapter deals with surrogate consent, attention is paid mainly to resolving conflicts of opinions and to the best interests pricniple, as to the key factor when granting the proxy consent. The fourth chapter is devoted to the institute of previously expressed wishes. The fifth chapter analyses the issue of providing health services to vulnerable...

Il lavoro persegue l’obiettivo di raccogliere e analizzare le formule augurali che in Cina vengono veicolate tramite l’omofonia, un fenomeno che all’interno del Cinese Mandarino Standard ha un’incidenza di gran lunga superiore ad altre lingue. I dati sono stati raccolti nel corso di un’indagine di campo a Langfang (Hebei), tra settembre e dicembre 2017, tramite 30 interviste semi-strutturate su un campione tipologico a scelta ragionata, che ha portato alla creazione di un corpus scritto di 217.000 caratteri cinesi, e tramite osservazione. La ricerca ha evidenziato come nella cultura cinese permanga una radicata percezione del valore magico della parola, in grado con la sua sola formulazione di influenzare il corso degli eventi. L’omofonia si fa quindi portavoce di espressioni beneauguranti, con un duplice obiettivo pragmatico: da un lato, fornire rassicurazione psicologica al singolo, dall’altro creare appartenenza sociale, per cui il rispetto dell’omofonia si configura come una forma di adesione al sistema di valori in cui la società si riconosce. Il fenomeno si presenta estremamente dinamico: si evidenziano spinte innovative da parte dei giovani e invenzioni personali, un crescente orientamento verso messaggi augurali positivi, con una re-interpretazione dei tabu, e infine con la tendenza a una formulazione proverbiale. / This study aims at collecting the wishes hidden in Chinese homophonies. The data have been collected during a field search carried out in Langfang (Hebei), between September and December 2017, both through 30 semi-structured interviews to a judgmental sample, resulting in a written corpus of 217,000 Chinese characters, and through field observation. The study points out that a belief in the magical power of words still persists nowadays in Chinese culture. In such a cultural context, homophony conveys good wishes, with a twofold pragmatic aim: on one hand, it provides the individuals with psychological reassurance; on the other hand, it creates social we-ness and the respect of homophony is seen as adhering to the social value system the society identifies itself with. The homophonic phenomenon appears to be extremely dynamic: innovations are provided by the young, personal creativity is allowed, taboos are re-interpreted so that they take on a positive meaning and wishes tend to be formulated as proverbs.

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