This thesis examines the topic of the position of women in rural development. This topic has become the focus of extensive international debate at theoretical and policy levels, but for historical reasons remains relatively undeveloped in South Africa. After reviewing a number of contemporary approaches, the thesis argues in favour of the "Gender and Development" approach, and applies this to a case study of the gender division of labour in a rural black community in South Africa. Chapter one reviews the variants of the "Women in Development" (WID) approaches, as well as the claims of "Global Feminism". It is argued that, although Global Feminism began as a critique of WID approaches, it is in fact similar in many respects to the contemporary "empowerment" focus within the WID tradition. Although useful, these approaches are not sufficiently explicit in their theorizing of gender relations in the context of development. Chapter 2 sets out the key elements of the "Gender and Development" approach, which emphasises the complexity of the issue of women's interests, and warns against assuming a commonality of interests amongst all women. Instead, the GAD approach demands a detailed investigation of socially constructed gender relations in specific communities, with a special focus on the gender division of labour. For GAD theorists such analysis is a requirement of development planning which seeks to advance the position of women. Chapter 3 spells out the methodological implications of the GAD approach, and develops a specific research design, influenced by GAD as well as feminist methodology, for the investigation of the gender-specific needs of women in Merino Walk, a rural black community. Chapter 4 presents a brief overview of the general context of rural women in Southern Africa, and a specific history of the Merino Walk community. Chapter 5 presents the results of the research. In the context of this thesis, the results are presented essentially as an illustration of the application of the GAD principles to a specific South African example. The conclusion draws out some of the issues which emerge from the research.

This thesis is a case study of the implementation of Ontario's 1987 pay equity legislation. Ontario's pay equity legislation was very progressive and was aimed at eliminating the portion of the wage gap between men and women caused by discrimination. The legislation mandated both public and private sector employers with more than 10 employees to create pay equity plans to eliminate the discriminatory portion of the wage gap. The legislation has met with some success. However, measuring the progress of eliminating wage discrimination is difficult because the Ontario government was unwilling to impose a coercive implementation regime. Consequently, the government has little information to measure either employer compliance or the results of employer pay equity plans. Employers have few incentives to comply with the legislation and the implementing agency has insufficient financial resources to monitor compliance. Clearly this implementation regime was a delicate political balancing of the interests of business and labour and women. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Using data from a national survey, this study examines income and other key variables (division of labor and work-family conflict) and their relationship to marital satisfaction. This study builds upon the body of research regarding working couples and women's increased participation in the paid labor force as well as evaluates the findings in the context of data gathered from the recent United States census. Results from this study also are compared to the findings of other key studies. Emergent data may be used to prepare counselors to work more effectively with couple clients and to assist employers in the development of work life policies for dual career and dual earner employees. Results from the multiple regression revealed no direct effects of income on marital satisfaction. For this sample, increases in work family conflict contributed to less marital satisfaction as did the presence of children. Increased participation in household chores by respondents' partners contributed to increased marital satisfaction. No differences were observed by gender. Limitations of the study, recommendations for further research, and implications for practitioners also are addressed.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:08:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_diogivania.pdf: 1757247 bytes, checksum: 79bdc3b4f0055d56cc76f73f58d7a737 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-25 / The Final of the XIX century, with the massif (salid) insercion of woman into the market of work, has given origin to a process of fusion and mutual occupation of the domestic (private) space and of the public one. In this scenery, we can perceive meaninful changes in her economical, profissional and familiar trajectories. Using, employing this cartography as a certain context, this work has consisted os analysing the multiple activities developed by woman (in her domestic and profissional fields of action) and the possible resonanges upon her healthiness. Seven women from the Metropolitan Region of Recife, having in their daily work routine, two or more day s labor. Their ages varied from 30 to 49 years old . Relating to profession, one of them was a taxical driver; two of them were teachers from state of pernambuco s official schools, locates in risking areas; two of them from women military police, and one from armed-weaponed safety. We had perfomed, accomplished semidirect interviews in the participants better convenience place. Later on, we have elected, chosen, as the inverviwed persons speeches organization, description and analysis proceeding, content thematic analysis. We have identified meaning three units of senses, multiple activities overload; identification with profession and resonanges upon healthiness and confronting strategies-fieds a great satisfaction presence and fruition in their tasks and in the commitments assumed by these women. However, notwith-standing, we have found out some negative impacts. Price for high fulfillment and high changes, exigences on demands have reached their clímax, their highest point in suffering several ways and emotional overload wchich we can emphasize: some depressive syntoms and anxiety syntoms presence, as well as high pressure, sleeplesness, height excess, stress and headaches. The supporting nets search -the familiar and social ones - has taken shape has (configurated itself) as the most important factor of protection to healthiness risk and maintenance in this studied group. These partnerships have assumed, have developed a fundamental locus - place in these women confronting strategies texture. The interaction study among the multiples activities accomplished, developed by women and their resonance upon their healthiness has allowed, permitted providing (informations and ressonances for clinical interventions development, as well as subsidies for public politics furnishing that aim at the women needs attendances and protection in their several and varied functions exercise / O final do século XIX, com a inserção maciça da mulher no mercado de trabalho, se deu início a um processo de fusão e, mútua ocupação, do espaço doméstico (privado) e do público. Nesse cenário, percebe-se mudanças significativas, nas suas trajetórias econômica, profissional e familiar. Tomando essa cartografia como contexto, este trabalho consistiu analisar, as múltiplas atividades desenvolvidas pela mulher (nos âmbitos domésticos e profissionais) e as possíveis ressonâncias sobre a saúde. Participaram desse estudo, sete mulheres residentes na Região Metropolitana do Recife, e com rotina diária, de duas ou mais, jornadas de trabalho. Suas idades, variaram entre 30 e 49 anos. No que se refere à profissão, uma era taxista; duas professoras do estado, locadas em área de risco; duas policiais militares; e uma segurança armada. Realizamos entrevistas semidirigidas, no local de melhor conveniência das participantes. Posteriormente, elegeu-se como procedimento de organização, descrição e análise das falas das entrevistadas, a análise temática de conteúdo. Identificaram-se três unidades de sentido, a saber: sobrecarga das múltiplas atividades; identificação com a profissão; e repercussões sobre a saúde e estratégias de enfrentamento. Neste contexto, identificamos a presença de uma grande satisfação e realização nas tarefas e nos compromissos assumidos por essas mulheres, contudo, alguns impactos negativos foram notados. O preço pelo alto desempenho e, elevadas cobranças, culminaram em diversas formas de sofrimento e sobrecarrega emocional. Entre os quais, destacamos: presença de alguns sintomas depressivos e de ansiedade, assim como, pressão alta, insônia, excesso de peso, estresse e dores de cabeça. A busca por redes de apoio familiar e social, se configurou como o mais importante fator de proteção ao risco e manutenção da saúde no grupo estudado. Essas parcerias assumiram lugar fundamental, na tessitura das estratégias de enfrentamento para o grupo estudado. O estudo da interação, entre as múltiplas atividades desenvolvidas pela mulher e, as ressonâncias sobre a saúde permitiram fornecer informações e recursos para o desenvolvimento de intervenções clínicas, como também, de subsídios para o fortalecimento de políticas públicas, que visem o atendimento e proteção das necessidades da mulher no exercício de suas variadas funções

Affirmative action, more strongly than ever before in the history of its existence as a viable approach to bringing minorities and women into work force populations, has been called into question. Much rhetoric has been spent on whether or not minorities and women have made measurable gains because of such approaches and whether or not such approaches in themselves constitute unfairness. The major focus of this study was to examine certificated staff employment gains or losses for Blacks, Hispanics and women in eleven school districts over a five year period.

PHDRDV / Institute for Rural Development

MSc (Statistics) / Department of Statistics / See the attached abstract below

This research aimed to qualititavely identify any new dimensions of job satsfaction , gender differences among black middle level managers as well as the impact of afrocentric values. Content and process theories provided the theoretical framework in the identification of determinants of job satsfaction. Semi-structured interviews were administered to eight employees in the educational and finacial sector. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyse the data. The results indicated that no 'new' dimensions of job satisfaction were identified in the selected sample. Behaviour, perceptions and actions, however, manifested against the background of the South African political and socio-economic history, as well as highlighting the process of acculturation. Findings referred to the importance of social needs against the background of ubuntu. The role of the supervisor and the necessity of open communication in the workplace were emphasised. Language issues were highlighted as significant in the perception of exclusion in the workplace. The need for recognition of qualifications and skills against the background of affirmitive action policies was clear. Participants suggested the significance of personal development as manifested in their need for self-actualisation and self-efficacy. Gender differences were prevalent in all determinants of job satisfaction bar recognition of qualifications in the work environment. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / With an increased interest in work-family conflict, researchers have recently turned much of their attention to understanding what puts people at risk of experiencing higher levels of work-family conflict. The purpose of this paper is to examine how gender might influence work-family conflict (WFC) experienced. While past research has explored this topic, results have remained inconclusive. Although some research indicates that women experience more conflict, other research indicates that men experience more conflict, while still other research indicates no gender difference. It is proposed here that these mixed results indicate other factors may be present which moderate the effect of gender on work-family conflict. Drawing on the theory of work-family conflict and role congruity theory, this paper looks specifically at how the gender-type of a job moderates the relationship between gender and experienced levels of work-family conflict. Data from alumni from a large Midwestern University were analyzed using hierarchical regression. Job gender-type (i.e., femininity) was found to moderate the relationship between gender and work-family conflict such that women in jobs that were less stereotypically feminine reported higher levels of time based-conflict than women working in jobs that were more stereotypically feminine. Men reported similar levels of WFC regardless of their job type. Directions for future research on gender and WFC are discussed.

This study sought to explore gender issues affecting management promotions in Malawi's health care services, utilising both qualitative and quantitative techniques in data collection and analysis. Promotion patterns were compared and contrasted for male and female managers. The study was based on the assumptions that • both men and women were aware of experiences that affected their promotion opportunities • promotion patterns showed fewer variations than did cultural, social and gender factors • male prejudices were maintained which oppressed women's promotions • increased decision-making power lowered stress about professional growth and development The findings supported the first two assumptions, but not the last two. The findings suggested that males and females encountered similar experiences concerning managerial promotions in Malawi's health care services. Factors that enhanced management successes for both males and females included management orientation and mentorship. Unclear promotion policies and procedures hindered management promotions. Information derived from this research could enable policy-makers to establish an environment that increases supportive networks and interactions between male and female managers in Malawi. Furthermore, to ensure equal opportunities in the health care services management, monitoring strategies by Malawi's Ministry of Gender, the Department of Human Resources Management and Development, and the Ministry of Health and Population need to be established and implemented. / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)