Scholars have been conflicted whether descriptive representation of women leads to substantive representation. A new way of measuring this relationship is through the relationship between women movements and female parliamentarians. Thus, this paper develops from the rethinking of the critical mass theory and uses the feminist demands stated by women organisations in Uganda. This in order to establish whether or not there exists an alliance between inside and outside actors as a measure of substantive representation of women. By applying this approach to transcripts from plenary debates in the Ugandan parliament, the study finds that several gender-related issues are addressed by female MPs. Using a frame analysis comparing the framing of problems between the women organisations and the female MPs, the paper discovers that the majority of issues addressed in the parliament is framed less radically by the female MPs. While the organisations frame the problems as being gender-related, mainly affecting rural women and girls, the MPs frame them more of concern for the whole population and as problems with economic implications for the country.

Studiens syfte var att genom sex kvalitativa intervjuer undersöka hur arbetsfördelningen ser ut inom kvinnojourer och vilken roll som volontärerna erhåller i verksamheterna. Vi ville även se vilken inställning till ideellt arbete som uttrycktes inom kvinnojourer samt se vilken betydelse som kvinnojourerna har i samhället kopplat till myndigheter och organisationer. Genom tiderna har kvinnorörelsen bidragit till den utvecklingen inom mäns våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer vi ser idag. Det har gått från att kvinnor uppmärksammat problematiken, ställt upp för sina medmänniskor och varit en stöttande individ, till att det utvecklats kvinnojourer. Samhället har genom uppmärksammandet fått en större förståelse till problematiken och har därför tagit över ansvaret. Idag finns det fortsatt många som arbetar ideellt inom kvinnojourer och som vill vara en god medmänniska genom att hjälpa dessa utsatta kvinnor på sin fria tid. Vårt resultat- och analysdel visade att synen på volontärerna inom kvinnojourerna är delad men att den ändå är övervägande positiv. Inom kvinnojourer sägs det av respondenterna att det inte finns några gränser mellan vad volontärer får och inte får göra, men genom vårt empiriska material kunde vi se att det fanns en osynlig gräns. Denna osynliga gräns uppkommer då volontärer per automatik inte utför arbetsuppgifter som till exempel att sköta kontakten mellan myndigheter, då det har blivit en av de anställdas arbetsuppgifter. Somliga av respondenterna påpekade även att sådana arbetsuppgifter inte kunde ske på grund av brist på utbildning, erfarenhet samt lämplighet som volontärerna saknade. En annan tydlig punkt inom detta avsnitt var att kvinnojourerna allt mer och mer går efter krav som ställs från Socialtjänsten, exempelvis dokumentation. Slutligen visade vårt resultat- och analysdel att det största hindret inom kvinnojourernas verksamhet är myndigheterna, eftersom de tar beslut som kvinnojourerna kan se som tvivelaktiga. Kvinnojourerna menar att de inte ser helheten som personalen på jourerna gör, utan de ser endast delar av det. Slutligen har vi en diskussion kring hela vårt arbete, där vi även diskuterar studiens styrkor och svagheter men också ger förslag till vidare forskning. / The aim for this study has been to explore through six qualitative interviews how division of work looks among workers and volunteers in women-shelters. And also, to address the topic of the attitude against nonprofit work in women-shelters. Ant last to look into what importance the women-shelters has in society linked with the authorities and other organizations linked with the particular area. A change has occurred through time, domestic violence has gone from a private matter within the family to an acknowledge social problem in the community because of the woman movement and their care for their fellow women in society. Through the attentiveness society has gained a larger understanding for the complex of the problem and has taken over the responsibility for battered woman. Even though there has been a change in woman shelters with more professional workers rather than volunteers, the nonprofit work has not yet gone out of time. Our results and analytic part show that the view of volunteer’s within women-shelters are divided but mainly the view is positive. The respondents don’t say openly that there are boundaries that tells the volunteers what they can and can’t do within the women’s-shelter. Although we could see in our empiric material that an invisible boundary does exist. The invisible line occurs when volunteers by automatic doesn’t exercise the same tasks as works by example contact authorities, thus that is a tasked carried out by workers. It was pointed out by some of the workers that those types of tasks could be performed by volunteers due their lack of education, experience and adequacy. Another clear matter in the results and analytic part was that women-shelters in higher extent match the criteria that comes from the social services by example the need for documentation. Furthermore, the results and analytic part shows that the biggest difficulties for the women-shelter organizations are the authorities. Primarily by reason of some om the decisions that can be seen as questionable. The womenshelters mean that the social services don’t see the whole picture but only a part of it. Finally, we have a discussion who discuss our entire study in whole where we also meditate the study’s strengths and weaknesses. We also give suggestions for further research options.

A tese de doutorado intitulada Mulheres Negras em Movimento, analisa o processo de formação do ativismo transnacional de mulheres negras na América Latina, entre os anos 1980 e 1995. A abordagem metodológica utilizada vem da Teoria do Confronto Político, da Sociologia Relacional e dos estudos sobre Ativismo Transnacional. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o processo de formação da Rede de Mulheres Afro Latino-Americanas, Afro-caribenhas e da Diáspora RMAAD. Este processo é reconstruído a partir da trajetória de oito ativistas latino-americanas e do funcionamento dos espaços internacionais de ação política para os movimentos sociais, em particular as Conferências Mundiais da ONU e os Encontros Feministas Latino-americanos, que permitiram o desenvolvimento da ação política coletiva aqui analisada. A hipótese do trabalho é que as conexões entre as ativistas negras latino-americanas produziram, a partir de repertórios discursivos disponíveis, um novo enquadramento interpretativo crucial para produzir a mobilização, o Feminismo Negro Latino-americano. Procura-se demonstrar que este processo culminou na formação de um movimento transnacional de mulheres negras, ou seja, de um movimento que transcendas fronteiras nacionais. / The doctoral thesis entitled Black Women in Movement analyzes the process of formation of transnational black women activism in Latin America between the years 1980 and 1995. The methodological approach used comes from Political Confrontation Theory, Relational Sociology and studies on Transnational Activism. The objective of this work is to analyze the process of formation of the Network of Afro-Latin American, Afro-Caribbean and Diaspora Women - RMAAD, based on the trajectory of eight Latin American activists and on international spaces of political action for social movements as the UN World Conferences and the Latin American Feminist Meetings that allowed the development of political action. The hypothesis of the work indicates that the connections between Latin American black activists produced, during this period, an interpretative framework, Latin American Black Feminism, based on discursive repertoires, that mobilized this population of women culminating in the formation of a transnational movement, that is, a movement that transcends national boundaries.

A tese de doutorado intitulada Mulheres Negras em Movimento, analisa o processo de formação do ativismo transnacional de mulheres negras na América Latina, entre os anos 1980 e 1995. A abordagem metodológica utilizada vem da Teoria do Confronto Político, da Sociologia Relacional e dos estudos sobre Ativismo Transnacional. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o processo de formação da Rede de Mulheres Afro Latino-Americanas, Afro-caribenhas e da Diáspora RMAAD. Este processo é reconstruído a partir da trajetória de oito ativistas latino-americanas e do funcionamento dos espaços internacionais de ação política para os movimentos sociais, em particular as Conferências Mundiais da ONU e os Encontros Feministas Latino-americanos, que permitiram o desenvolvimento da ação política coletiva aqui analisada. A hipótese do trabalho é que as conexões entre as ativistas negras latino-americanas produziram, a partir de repertórios discursivos disponíveis, um novo enquadramento interpretativo crucial para produzir a mobilização, o Feminismo Negro Latino-americano. Procura-se demonstrar que este processo culminou na formação de um movimento transnacional de mulheres negras, ou seja, de um movimento que transcendas fronteiras nacionais. / The doctoral thesis entitled Black Women in Movement analyzes the process of formation of transnational black women activism in Latin America between the years 1980 and 1995. The methodological approach used comes from Political Confrontation Theory, Relational Sociology and studies on Transnational Activism. The objective of this work is to analyze the process of formation of the Network of Afro-Latin American, Afro-Caribbean and Diaspora Women - RMAAD, based on the trajectory of eight Latin American activists and on international spaces of political action for social movements as the UN World Conferences and the Latin American Feminist Meetings that allowed the development of political action. The hypothesis of the work indicates that the connections between Latin American black activists produced, during this period, an interpretative framework, Latin American Black Feminism, based on discursive repertoires, that mobilized this population of women culminating in the formation of a transnational movement, that is, a movement that transcends national boundaries.