Why was an ideal of elite women's virtue promoted in London c. 1580-1630, and why was it based on their reformed piety and charity? To what extent can elite women's piety and charity reveal their religious identity, among an elite characterised as 'puritan' by contemporaries and historians? How did women practise piety and charity in a worldly City, and did they share a civic ethos? This thesis engages with historiographies of urban history, the history of charity and hospitality, and gender history. It concerns over 400 wives and widows of the 331 aldermen elected 1540-1630, and uses 78 widows' wills. Women's wills are analysed qualitatively save to consider widows' public charitable bequests. From preambles to exceptionally diffuse bequests, wills are an intimate source for studying women's religious identity through their piety and charity. They reveal women's understanding of their gender in a patriarchal society that fostered an attitude of sorority that is particularly evident in women's charity and hospitality. To study the piety and charity of aldermen's wives extra-testamentary personal evidence complements the wills. Sources written by women themselves include a household book used to reconstruct a woman's charity and hospitality, portraits, devotional works and letters. Sources of praise and abuse authored by men including Stow's Survay, funeral sermons, verse libel and verbal abuse are used to reconstruct ideals and antitypes of elite female virtue and hypocrisy, and are read critically in comparison with other sources to furnish evidence of female piety and social conduct. Chapter II-VII focus on the conforming female elite, comparing contemporary discussion of female piety, charity and religious identity to women's lives and practice in the household and the community, and Chapter VIII considers three Catholic women to ask to what extent the civic ethos shared by reformed City women could accommodate even their recusant kinswomen.

Zhang, Jiayu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-147). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.iiii / Table of Contents --- p.viii / List of Abbreviations --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.x / List of Tables --- p.x / Chapter Chapter I: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1. 1 --- What happened to China´ةs SRB? --- p.1 / Chapter 1. 2 --- Women´ةs Human Rights as important Human Rights --- p.3 / Chapter 1. 3 --- SRB and Women´ةs Rights --- p.6 / Chapter 1. 4 --- Research Purpose and Methods --- p.7 / Chapter 1. 5 --- Research Outline --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter II. --- The Particular Features in China´ةs SRB --- p.20 / Chapter 2. 1 --- The Regional Features in SRB --- p.20 / Chapter 2. 2 --- The Ethnic Features in SRB --- p.23 / Chapter 2. 3 --- The Features by Birth Order --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter III. --- The Causes of Imbalanced SRB --- p.26 / Chapter 3. 1 --- The Proximal Causes --- p.26 / Chapter 3. 2 --- The Fundamental Cause --- p.31 / What Encourage son preference in China? --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cultural and Historical Factors --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Economic Factors --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Law and policy as a Structural Factor --- p.40 / Political Silence --- p.42 / Economic Subordination --- p.43 / Sexual Subordination --- p.48 / Birth Control --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter IV. --- The Consequences of Imbalanced SRB from a Human Rights Perspective --- p.58 / Human Rights Violation against Women in the SRB Issues --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1 --- Rights Violations Which Cause the Distorted SRB --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2 --- Rights Violations for Which the Abnormal SRB is a Cause --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Trafficking in Women --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Sexual Crimes --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Women´ةs Civil and Political Rights --- p.73 / Chapter Chapter V. --- Women´ةs Human Rights Mechanism and Domestic Measures Adopted to Control Abnormal SRB --- p.76 / Chapter 5.1 --- The International Human Rights Fundamental for Protecting Women's Human Rights --- p.77 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- International Human Rights Treaties --- p.77 / Charter of the United Nations --- p.77 / The ICCPR and the ICESCR --- p.79 / CEDAW --- p.80 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Monitoring Treaty Bodies and Monitoring Mechanism --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2 --- Domestic Laws and Policies Adopted by Chinese Government to Control the Abnormal SRB --- p.88 / What are the Chinese Government´ةs Responses to SRB issue? --- p.89 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Laws and Policies that Aim to Control Prenatal Sex Selection and Infanticide --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Measures that Aim to Dilute Son Preference --- p.96 / Political Participation --- p.98 / Economic Situation --- p.100 / Provide Some Resolution to Women's Sexual Subordination --- p.107 / Extra-Legal Measures Government Used to Change Son Preference Culture --- p.109 / Chapter 5. 3 --- Implications and Suggestions --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Forbidding Prenatal Sex Selection Can not Pull up the Roots --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Gender-Equal Laws are Still Problematic --- p.115 / States Parties´ة Responsibilities and Legal Remedies --- p.116 / Equal Treatment vs. Special Protection --- p.118 / Other Problems in Domestic Law --- p.123 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Extra-legal Actions Failed to Touch Patriarchal Culture --- p.124 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Loose the Birth Control Policy --- p.127 / Chapter Chapter VI. --- Conclusion --- p.130 / Bibliography --- p.136 / List of Abbreviations / SRB: Sex Ratio at Birth / NPFPCC : National Population and Family Planning Commission of China / PFPCC: Population and Family Planning Commission of China / NPC: National People´ةs Congress / TAR: Tibet Autonomous Region / UDHR: Universal Declaration of Human Rights / ICCPR: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights / "ICESCR: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights" / CEDAW: The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women / List of Figures / "Figure 1-1: Sex Ratio at Birth in China, 1982-2005" / Figure 2-1: Overall SRB Tendency and Regional Differences in Chin / "Figure 2-2: SRB by Province in 1982, 1990, 2000, 2005" / "Figure 2-3: SRB by Birth Order, 1982-2005" / "Figure 3-1: SRB by Birth Order: South Korea, 1980-2001" / "Figure 3-2: SRB by Birth Order: China, 1982-2000" / List of Tables / Table 3-1: Investigation to parents' gender expectation to first birth child / "Table 4-1: Surplus Males, Aged 15-34, China" / "Table 5-1: Female Participation in Political Decision-making, 1995-2000" / "Table 5-2: Number of Female Student by Level of Regular School, 1998-2001"

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2004. / "A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy" Bibliography : leaves [361]-388.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2007. / "Graduate Program in Women's and Gender Studies." Includes bibliographical references (p. 235-247).

Even in the context of the multicultural scholarship, there is a lack of psychological research addressing the in-law relationship experiences of East Asian American daughters-in-law (DILs) residing in the U.S., specifically with regard to the emotional impacts and resiliencies that these women may experience in the face of potentially conflictual family dynamics. The primary purpose of this study was to contribute to the multicultural psychology literature by exploring the cultural, relational, affective, and coping experiences of these women, especially with regard to their unique social location and cultural contexts of Confucian and European American influences. The present study utilized a consensual qualitative research (CQR) methodology to analyze the narratives of 12 Korean and Chinese American women who identified as 1.5 and 2nd generation and as DILs within their family network in the U.S. The results shed light into the affective and relational duress that they experienced due to their in-laws’ differing cultural values and traditional expectations. In particular, the participants reported that they often used indirect coping strategies to manage these stressors. The study offers multicultural training and practice recommendations for mental health service providers to consider when working with Korean and Chinese American women and their families.

published_or_final_version / Chinese Historical Studies / Master / Master of Arts

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between urinary incontinence and self-esteem and also social participation. A convenience sample of 25 women 60 years of age and older participated. Forty-eight percent of the women had urinary incontinence at the time of the study. No significant differences were found in the level of self-esteem between those women with urinary incontinence and those women without urinary incontinence. Two subjects with urinary incontinence reported refusing social participation due to urinary incontinence. However, no difference in the overall level of social participation was found when comparing those with to those without urinary incontinence. A nonsignificant correlation was found between self-esteem and the overall level of social participation. In addition, the relationship between self-esteem and the level of social participation for women with urinary incontinence was nonsignificant. Only two of the 12 subjects with urinary incontinence reported receiving treatment.

M.A. / African family structures have not been systematically studied in South Africa. This is a pilot study of household structures in the Qumbu village at the Mhlontlo district in the Eastern Cape. I researched household arrangements in the area, whether migration of husbands to the cities has disrupted the traditional family unit, what the survival strategies are of these women, and whether survival strategies influence household structure. Fifteen households were surveyed. Questions asked included marital status, household size, ways of earning a living, alternative survival strategies to wage employment and government social grants, contributions to the household, government role to such families, any knowledge about self help groups and decision making skills, power relations, perception of future developments in their communities, fulfillment of essential needs and service rendering, etc. The study revealed that since traditional family units were disrupted by migration, and wives were left at home to take care for the children, the traditional “extended” African household, dependent on various survival strategies. The main categories are: Five women survived through receiving social grants from the Department of Social Development. Four were domestic workers, three were supported by their lovers whom are from extra marital affair, two from doing piece jobs in the community and 01 from community projects. The majority have no wage employment and make a living on the land where they dwell, but because of migration, rural food production has declined. However, the community survives also by supporting each other, for example, kin and community networks and neighborliness account for much of the survival strategies. Many men migrate to the cities, and as a result wives have different feelings towards male migrancy such as anger, regret, self blame, confusion and powerlessness. Dominantly in black societies grandmothers play a vital role in maintaining households and raising the children of migrants

The problem of this study was to describe, by use of a questionnaire and selected testing instruments, mature college women enrolled in undergraduate curricula at a state supported university in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area. Factors of marital status, major fields of study, children, employment patterns age, part time and full time enrollment, family attitudes, regarding continuing education, and membership in ethnic groups were included in this study.

Older adults are more vulnerable to the ill effects of life stress due to physiological changes associated with aging that result in decreased immunocompetence. Stressors interacting with an aging immune system may produce further declines in health. Variables shown to modulate the effect of stressors on neuroendocrine and immune function and health include social support, personality, coping style, and health locus of control. A comprehensive model is proposed that includes: life stressors, social resources, psychological resources, interaction between stressors and social resources, neuroendocrine and immune function, and symptomatology. This model was evaluated using structured equation modeling. Participants were 97 active, community dwelling, older women, ranging in age from 60 to 93 years.