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Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of History, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 76-85).

This dissertation is an analysis of writings and illustrative material by Canadian travel writers Anna Jameson, Mina Hubbard, and Margaret Laurence, that attempts to reconcile the masculinist focus of postcolonial criticism and the charges of cultural imperialism levied against feminist criticism with the role postcolonial and feminist theories play in understanding women's travel narratives. I argue that Jameson's 1838 Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada, Hubbard's 1908 A Woman's Way through Unknown Labrador, and Laurence's 1963 The Prophet's Camel Bell provide maps of the political, cultural, and physical features of the areas through which the women travelled, and of their own social and cultural positions. Their mapping is also done through more graphic media---including Hubbard's cartographic work, Hubbard's and Laurence's photographs, and Jameson's unpublished sketches---which reflect and complicate the written negotiations of gender and imperialism in which the three women engage. / Because my aim is to reconcile theoretical contradictions, I examine in detail books that clearly dramatize colonialist or anti-imperialist approaches and considerations or exemplifications of issues of gender. Not surprisingly, the three writers draw very different maps of those subjects, as a function of their disparate geographical and historical contexts. This study reveals, however, that the maps themselves are drawn with similar tools, which include an anti-racist philosophy and an acute awareness of women's position in their own and the visited societies. Thus Jameson makes philosophical connections between mid-nineteenth-century feminist and anti-racist theoretical approaches; Hubbard provides insights into an early twentieth-century woman traveller's relationship to First Nations men who have both more and less power than she; and Laurence serves as a witness to and astute reporter on oppression of mid-twentieth century women by specific colonial and patriarchal forces.

In this thesis I explore the global circulation and cross-cultural encounters of women advocacy travelers in the early twentieth century. I focus on Carrie Chapman Catt, Margaret Hodge, Mildred McFaden, and Madeleine Z. Doty, who journeyed around the world in order to advocate for women’s rights and peace. Catt traveled on behalf of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) to South Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in 1911-12, Hodge promoted women’s suffrage around the British dominions, and McFaden and other members of the American Woman’s Republic brought a resolution linking peace and women’s suffrage to the IWSA congress in Budapest in 1913. Doty made several journeys from the U.S. to Germany and Russia, as a dissident antiwar journalist during the First World War. Using their travel writings, I explore these women travelers, their encounters with women from other countries and cultures, and their ideas about internationalism and inclusion in the worldwide movement for women’s rights.

Orientador: Adriana Gracia Piscitelli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T16:47:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonioli_FernandaLeaoA._M.pdf: 1902638 bytes, checksum: 915ef0c550f0744f2b6d31975a337195 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa trata da presença de mulheres estrangeiras viajando no Brasil, em especial a sós ou sem companhia masculina. O objetivo foi compreender as expressões e representações sociais em termos de gênero, feminilidade, masculinidade, corporalidade, sexualidade, idade, "cor" e nacionalidade que permeiam e/ou circundam as viagens destas mulheres no Brasil, voltando-se às experiências dessas turistas, seus perfis sociais e as percepções locais sobre elas. Para tal, foi realizado um trabalho etnográfico em um contexto de turismo de lazer e praia, Trancoso-BA, apresentado em diálogo com considerações sobre viagens femininas na mídia, escritos de mulheres viajantes no século XIX e uma leitura crítica da bibliografia nas ciências sociais que trata das mudanças nos padrões de gêneros, sexualidades e afetividades nos contextos de migração e turismo. Reflexões sobre imagens de 'turismo sexual' e de leituras ambíguas acerca das possibilidades de prazer erótico feminino ofereceram à pesquisa a oportunidade de complexificar os significados culturais do turismo internacional feminino, no marco de economias e estruturas de poder frequentemente desiguais, como é o contexto do turismo internacional em Trancoso. Finalmente, esta pesquisa indica como as viagens, ao fazer circular disparidades históricas, de renda, capital cultural, gênero, etnicidade e sexualidade fortalecem ou desestabilizam convenções socioculturais e provocam conformações ou reposicionamentos na economia política do turismo contemporâneo / Abstract: This investigation looks upon the presence of female foreign tourists travelling in Brazil, specially alone or without male counterparts. The objective was to understand social expressions and representations regarding gender, femininity, masculinity, corporality, sexuality, age, race, and nationality that permeate and/or restrain these women travel practices in Brazil, turning to their experiences, social profiles, and local perceptions about them. To do so, an ethnographic work -- carried out in a context of leisure and beach tourism in Trancoso-Bahia -- is presented in dialogue with considerations on female travels in the media, 19th century women travel writings, and critic readings of the social sciences production on the changes in gender patterns, sexualities, and affects in contexts of migration and tourism. Remarks on images of ¿sex tourism¿ and ambiguos readings around the possibilities of female erotic pleasure offered to this research the opportunity to complexify cultural meanings of female international tourism, from the standpoint of frequentelly inequal economies and structures of power, as it is the context of international tourism in Trancoso. Finally, this investigation indicates how travelling and tourism, in circulating historic inequalities in terms of income, cultural capital, gender, ethnicity, and sexuality can strengthen or disturb sociocultural conventions, and reposition or provoke conformations in the political economy of contemporary tourism / Mestrado / Antropologia Social / Mestra em Antropologia Social

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This study examines five counter-narratives written by British women between 1832 and 1885 who wrote in a non-conformist or negative manner about their travel experiences in foreign countries. In considering a small number of women travellers who took an alternative approach to narrating their experiences, a key objective of this study is to consider the reasons for the way in which the women writing counter-narratives positioned their writing. After considering how the quasi-scientific concept of domestic womanhood attempted to restrict Victorian women in general, and in particular influenced how women travellers were viewed, an exploration of counter-narratives questions whether the sustained interest in more positive travel accounts reflects a simplified contemporary, if not feminist, reading of Victorian women. An examination follows of the influence of discourse criticism, alternative interpretations of geographical space, and the presence of intertextuality in travel writing. The chapters are then arranged chronologically, with each counter-narrative being analysed as emanating from the range of discourses that were in conflict during the period. The writers form a varied group, travelling and living in five different countries, with a range of contradictory voices. Susannah Moodie and Emily Innes are outspoken in their criticism of British government policy for Canada and the Malay States respectively; Isabella Fane in India and Emmeline Lott in Egypt are disdainful of foreign practices which were otherwise considered fascinating on account of their exoticism; Frances Elliot differentiates her writing by opposing the ubiquitous influence of guidebooks for European travel. Thus each account records an aspect of political or cultural opposition to established discourses circulating at the time, as the women challenge the 'grand narratives' of foreign travel in different ways. Because such accounts may be challenged by literature of the period, the study positions the women in the context of their contemporaries, and thus each chapter examines the counter-narrative alongside another account by a female writer who travelled or lived in a similar area during the same era. Moreover, before examining the range of discursive complexities and tensions that emerge in each case study, the writers are positioned in their geographical locations and historical moments so that the texts are read against the cultural background to which the women were originally responding. The marginalisation of such counter-narratives has led to gaps in our understanding of travel writing from the period: where accounts once coexisted they are separated, and positive accounts are privileged over negative ones. It is this discontinuity of knowledge that the study will address in order to create a truer picture of the diversity of travel writing at the time.

Travel writing is by definition an open and hybrid form that encompasses a variety of genres, styles, and modes of presentation. This study focuses on four little-known travel texts about Italy written between 1840 and 1880 by two English and two German women writers and shows how, by exploiting the openness of the form of travel writing, they broadened its scope beyond mere description to provide insight into national ideologies and identities while expanding the boundaries of the female sphere of influence. This study considers the following texts: Mary Shelley’s Rambles in Germany and Italy, in 1840, 1842, and 1843 (1844), Adele Schopenhauer’s Florenz: Ein Reiseführer mit Anekdoten und Erzählungen (1847/48) (2007), Frances Power Cobbe’s Italics: Brief Notes on Politics, People, and Places in Italy, in 1864 (1864), and Fanny Lewald’s Reisebriefe aus Deutschland, Italien und Frankreich 1877, 1878 (1880). In the first chapter, the four texts under consideration are presented against the backdrop of nineteenth-century sexual ideology of the ‘separate spheres’ and the conventions of women’s travel writing. A survey of the long tradition of English and German travellers to Italy and their writings is provided to establish the context in which the texts were produced. Also considered is the role they play in the narrative of Italian nation-building. In the second chapter, the discussion of Rambles in Germany and Italy examines how, by presenting herself as a mother and an educator, Shelley foregrounds the pedagogical purpose of the book, which aims at garnering the sympathy of her British audience for the oppressive political situation of the Italian people and their growing nationalism. The third chapter explores Schopenhauer’s attempt in Florenz to create her own gendered version of the guidebook for travellers in the style of Murray and Baedeker and to revive the memory of the democratic institutions of thirteenth-century Florence at a time when Italians were fighting for democratic reforms and independence. The fourth chapter shows how, in Italics, the representation of Italy in the wake of its partial unification in 1861 is closely intertwined with Cobbe’s own thinking on politics, religion, and women’s emancipation. The fifth chapter examines how, in Reisebriefe, the discussion of the social and political changes that had affected both Italy and Germany in the previous forty years allows Lewald to engage in a reflection on her own femininity and on the role of women in the newly formed German nation. Shelley, Schopenhauer, Cobbe and Lewald each used travel writing to explore their own identities as women and as writers. Pushing the form beyond exposition into the realm of social commentary, they used it to shape public opinion and to explore new roles for women in society.

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L'Italie a toujours été une destination privilégiée de voyage et a accueilli les voyageurs de tous les pays, mais les Français y ont une place importante. Nombre de voyageurs ont éprouvé la nécessité de garder un souvenir en papier de leur entreprise viatique et il nous reste des lettres, de véritables récits de voyage ou des journaux intimes. Au 19e siècle, les femmes, souvent absentes de la littérature viatique antérieure, ont commencé à être associées au voyage d’Italie qui restait une destination favorite de la bonne société européenne. Le voyage d’Italie a été le sujet de nombreuses études depuis quelques décennies. J’ai décidé de m’insérer dans ce courant en privilégiant les récits de voyageuses du 19e siècle et en limitant à l’Italie du Nord, la plus proche de la sociabilité française. La sensibilité féminine est différente de celle des hommes et, bien que les voyageuses soient victimes des mêmes préjugés, l’image qu’on aura cette fois de l’Italie pourra être originale, en fonction aussi des catégories sociales concernées. J’ai donc comparé les récits de ces voyageuses avec les récits de certains de leurs compatriotes masculins et avec les guides touristiques, qui avaient de plus en plus de succès auprès des voyageurs. Parmi les thèmes récurrents, le moment du départ et la vie quotidienne ont une importance cardinale dans les récits féminins. Le but de ma recherche est non seulement de comparer ces différents récits de voyage en retraçant une ligne commune et en même temps d’analyser les différences entre ces expériences italiennes ; il s’agit aussi de comprendre si on peut parler d’une vision et d’une écriture strictement féminines du voyage d’Italie. / Italy has always been a privileged destination and has welcomed travelers from all over the world, and the French have a very important place. Many travelers felt the need to write about their travels in Italy and we still have their letters, true accounts of their visits and personal diaries. In the 19th century Italy remained a favorite destination for the upper classes, and women, often absent from previous travel narratives, started to be associated with Italian travel. Italian travel has been the theme for many studies in the last few decades. I decided to integrate these studies and give priority to 19th century women travelers in the North of Italy, those closest to French society. Feminine sensitivity is different to that of men, and even though women travelers are victims of the same prejudices we will be able to see Italy from an original point of view depending on the classes concerned. I compared women’s accounts of their travels with those of men and also with guide books which were having more and more success among travelers. Among recurrent themes, departure and everyday life have a very important place in women’s travel narratives. My purpose is not only to compare these accounts, tracing a common line and analyzing the differences between these Italian experiences; it is also to understand whether we can speak of a purely feminine vision and writing for Italian travel.