Floods are considered to be among of the deadliest, costliest and most common natural disasters. Rapid onset, catastrophic floods inundate the shore quickly and manifest as deep water with high velocities. The deep water and high velocities caused by these floods inflict great pressures and forces on the built and natural environments and pose a threat to human safety. Recent disasters such as Hurricane Katrina in the Southern United States and the Sumatra tsunami in the Indian Ocean have revealed that communities at risk require improved preparations for these types of dangerous events. Current building codes, design practices and disaster planning methods account for potential earthquake and wind loads on simple wood frame buildings typical of North American residential construction, however, flood impacts have not been considered in the same level of depth. The objectives of this research are to develop a theoretical model that describes flood impacts on wood frame residential buildings and relates building response to physical flood properties such as depth and velocity. This thesis provides a brief synopsis of previous approaches used to describe building response to flooding. An overview of the major loads caused by rapid onset flooding, along with a description of the structural system utilized in wood design to resist these forces is provided. The failure mechanisms considered and the model logic are described and applied to assess the response of a typical Canadian wood frame home to flood conditions that might be experienced in a rapid onset flood event like a tsunami. Building response results are discussed along with recommendations for future analysis and applications.

Floods are considered to be among of the deadliest, costliest and most common natural disasters. Rapid onset, catastrophic floods inundate the shore quickly and manifest as deep water with high velocities. The deep water and high velocities caused by these floods inflict great pressures and forces on the built and natural environments and pose a threat to human safety. Recent disasters such as Hurricane Katrina in the Southern United States and the Sumatra tsunami in the Indian Ocean have revealed that communities at risk require improved preparations for these types of dangerous events. Current building codes, design practices and disaster planning methods account for potential earthquake and wind loads on simple wood frame buildings typical of North American residential construction, however, flood impacts have not been considered in the same level of depth. The objectives of this research are to develop a theoretical model that describes flood impacts on wood frame residential buildings and relates building response to physical flood properties such as depth and velocity. This thesis provides a brief synopsis of previous approaches used to describe building response to flooding. An overview of the major loads caused by rapid onset flooding, along with a description of the structural system utilized in wood design to resist these forces is provided. The failure mechanisms considered and the model logic are described and applied to assess the response of a typical Canadian wood frame home to flood conditions that might be experienced in a rapid onset flood event like a tsunami. Building response results are discussed along with recommendations for future analysis and applications.

Floods are considered to be among of the deadliest, costliest and most common natural disasters. Rapid onset, catastrophic floods inundate the shore quickly and manifest as deep water with high velocities. The deep water and high velocities caused by these floods inflict great pressures and forces on the built and natural environments and pose a threat to human safety. Recent disasters such as Hurricane Katrina in the Southern United States and the Sumatra tsunami in the Indian Ocean have revealed that communities at risk require improved preparations for these types of dangerous events. Current building codes, design practices and disaster planning methods account for potential earthquake and wind loads on simple wood frame buildings typical of North American residential construction, however, flood impacts have not been considered in the same level of depth. The objectives of this research are to develop a theoretical model that describes flood impacts on wood frame residential buildings and relates building response to physical flood properties such as depth and velocity. This thesis provides a brief synopsis of previous approaches used to describe building response to flooding. An overview of the major loads caused by rapid onset flooding, along with a description of the structural system utilized in wood design to resist these forces is provided. The failure mechanisms considered and the model logic are described and applied to assess the response of a typical Canadian wood frame home to flood conditions that might be experienced in a rapid onset flood event like a tsunami. Building response results are discussed along with recommendations for future analysis and applications. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

This research project deals with dynamic field testing of light-frame wood buildings with wood based shear walls. The primary objective of the investigation is to evaluate the code formula for estimating light wood frame building’s fundamental period, through intensive field testing and numerical modelling. The project also aims to propose an alternative simplified rational approach where applicable. The thesis provides insight to the ambient vibration testing procedures of light-frame wood buildings and explains the protocol adopted for the current research program. Ambient vibration (AV) field tests were conducted on several multi-storey wood and beam-and-post buildings in Canada. Modal parameters of measured buildings, such as natural frequency, mode shapes and equivalent structural damping were obtained from Frequency Domain (FD) analysis of ambient motion records. Experimental and numerical investigations were performed to evaluate the effect of non-structural components, and the connectivity between firewall-separated buildings, on dynamic properties of light-frame wood buildings. The study provides a reliable expression for building period estimate based on field testing and numerical modeling.

This thesis presents a numerical study of the influence of varying story strength on the seismic performance of multi-story wood-frame shear wall buildings. In the prior FEMA P695 studies of these buildings, the non-simulated collapse limit-state was exceeded primarily in the first story. This observation raised interest in quantifying the influence of varying strength from story to story on seismic response. In this study, four distributions of strength are used as bounding cases. The Parabolic strength distribution (1) results from the ELF vertical force distribution method in ASCE 7 that assigns forces to each level based on weight and story height. The Triangular strength distribution (2) results from an assumed vertical force distribution that assigns lateral forces based on the seismic weight at each level. The Constant strength distribution (3) results from an assumed vertical force distribution that assigns a concentrated lateral force at the uppermost level based on the total seismic weight of all levels. The Baseline distribution (4) reflects a realistic vertical strength distribution resulting from the ELF vertical force distribution method. The FEMA P695 methodology, which quantifies seismic performance via adjusted collapse margin ratios, is employed in this study. The analytical models include P-Delta effects and utilize the 10-parameter hysteresis CASHEW model. It is observed that the Parabolic strength distribution allows for dissipation of energy over the height of the building, has less collapse risk than other strength distributions studied, and reduces occurrence of concentrated deformations in a single story from the onset of applied lateral force. / MS

A construção civil é um dos setores com maior impacto ambiental, decorrentes do uso elevado de recursos naturais como matérias-primas e pela geração de resíduos. No Brasil ainda são utilizados em larga escala sistemas construtivos convencionais como os em alvenaria e em concreto armado, que muitas vezes empregam materiais de baixa qualidade e com alto impacto ambiental e social, como blocos e telhas cerâmicas fabricados de forma irregular em olarias clandestinas. A madeira, um material de construção de fonte renovável, possui características vantajosas relativas à sustentabilidade, assim como boa trabalhabilidade e relação peso específico/resistência, podendo ser utilizada combinada a outros materiais na industrialização de componentes de madeira, como painéis de vedação vertical, pisos e coberturas, sendo facilmente transportado e montado em obra, de forma racional, com controle de qualidade e custos, desde a fase de projeto, e baixa geração de resíduos. Vale ressaltar, que como a madeira é um material de origem orgânica, ela é passível da ação de deterioração por organismos xilófagos e intempéries, o que faz com que a etapa de projeto e o adequado detalhamento de todos os componentes deve ser cuidadoso, respeitando as características geográficas (climáticas) do local onde o sistema construtivo será empregado. Para que uma construção possa caminhar no sentido da sustentabilidade, ela deve conciliar os aspectos ambientais, econômicos e sociais. O sistema construtivo em wood frame consiste em painéis estruturados em madeira de floresta plantada tratada autoclavada, combinada com diferentes materiais para revestimento interno e externo, com materiais isolantes no seu interior, para proteção a intempéries, contra o fogo e para melhorar o desempenho termoacústico. É um sistema construtivo a seco, que apresenta baixa geração de resíduos, mas ainda é pouco aceito e empregado no Brasil. Novos sistemas construtivos visam aumentar a qualidade e a competividade, por meio de construções racionais, sustentáveis e competitivas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar as características do sistema construtivo wood frame, avaliar o desempenho termoacústico dos painéis de vedação verticais deste sistema por meio de ensaios de campo realizados com base na norma brasileira de desempenho NBR 15575 (ABNT, 2013) em uma habitação unifamiliar em wood frame, discorrer sobre a resistência ao fogo e os tratamentos utilizados atualmente nos componentes de madeira deste sistema, de modo a corroborar seu potencial e empregabilidade para construção de habitações no Brasil. Foram feitos baseados na norma NBR 15575 (ABNT, 2013) ensaios pelo método de engenharia em campo para determinação do desempenho acústico. Foram feitas medições in loco da temperatura do ar externa a edificação e interna nos dormitórios, o cálculo das propriedades térmicas de condutibilidade térmica (U) e capacidade térmica (CT) dos painéis de vedação vertical externos, e a área de aberturas para ventilação, para determinação do desempenho térmico. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios, atendendo aos requisitos de desempenho estabelecidos pela norma de desempenho vigente. Desta forma foi evidenciada a viabilidade da utilização deste sistema construtivo para locais com caraterísticas climáticas semelhantes a da cidade de São Carlos - SP. / Civil construction is one of the sectors with the greatest environmental impact, resulting from the high use of natural resources as raw materials and the generation of waste. In Brazil, conventional construction systems such as masonry and reinforced concrete are still used in large scale, which often use low quality materials with high environmental and social impact, such as blocks and irregularly manufactured ceramic tiles in clandestine pottery. Wood, a renewable source construction material, has advantageous characteristics related to sustainability, as well as good workability and specific weight / resistance ratio, and can be used in combination with other materials in the industrialization of wood components such as vertical fence panels, floors and roofing, being easily transported and assembled in a rational way, with quality control and costs, from the design phase, and low waste generation. It is worth noting that, since wood is a material of organic origin, it is susceptible to deterioration by xylophagous and weathering organisms, which means that the design stage and the adequate detailing of all the components must be careful, respecting the geographic (climatic) characteristics of the place where the construction system will be employed. For a construction to move towards sustainability, it must reconcile environmental, economic and social aspects. The construction system in wood frame consists of panels structured in autoclaved treated planted wood, combined with different materials for internal and external coating, with insulation materials inside, for protection against the elements, against fire and to improve thermoacoustic performance. It is a dry construction system, which presents low generation of waste, but is still little accepted and used in Brazil. New constructive systems aim to increase quality and competitiveness by means of rational, sustainable and competitive constructions. The objective of this work is to present the characteristics of the wood frame construction system, to evaluate the thermoacoustic performance of the vertical sealing panels of this system by means of field tests carried out based on the Brazilian performance standard NBR 15575 (ABNT, 2013) in a single family dwelling in wood frame, to discuss the fire resistance and treatments currently used in the wood components of this system, in order to corroborate its potential and employability for housing construction in Brazil. Based on the NBR 15575 (ABNT, 2013) tests were made by the field engineering method to determine the acoustic performance. Measurements were made in loco of internal and external air temperature in the dormitories, calculation of the thermal conductivity (U) and thermal capacity (CT) properties of external vertical sealing panels, and the area of ventilation openings, for determination of thermal performance. The results were satisfactory, meeting the performance requirements established by the current performance standard. In this way, the feasibility of the use of this constructive system for places with climatic characteristics similar to the city of São Carlos -SP.

A nonlinear automated parameter fitted analytical model that numerically predicts the load-displacement response of wood frame shear walls subjected to static monotonic loading with and without vertical load is presented. This analytical model referred to as Analytical Model of wood frame SHEar walls subjected to Vertical load (AMSHEV) is based on the kinematic behavior of wood frame shear walls and captures significant characteristics observed from experimental testing through appropriate modeling of three failure mechanisms that can occur within a shear wall under static monotonic load: 1) failure of sheathing-to-framing connectors, 2) failure of vertical studs, and 3) uplift of end studs from bottom sill. Previous models have not accounted for these failure mechanisms as well as the inclusion of vertical load, which has shown to reveal beneficial effects such as increasing the ultimate load capacity and limiting uplift of the wall as noted in experimental tests. Results from the proposed numerical model capture these effects within 7% error of experimental test data even when different magnitudes of vertical load are applied to predict the ultimate load capacity of wood frame shear walls.

LEITE, M. A. Construção de edificações pré-fabricadas em Wood Frame para habitação de interesse social no Estado do Ceará: análise da viabilidade econômico-financeira, técnica e ambiental. 2017. 217 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Civil: Estruturas e Construção Civil)-Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2017. / Submitted by Hohana Sanders (hohanasanders@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-19T13:10:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_maleite.pdf: 15590727 bytes, checksum: d421cef6133c52f4bdb2bc89c1c8e038 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marlene Sousa (mmarlene@ufc.br) on 2017-07-20T13:17:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_maleite.pdf: 15590727 bytes, checksum: d421cef6133c52f4bdb2bc89c1c8e038 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-20T13:17:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_maleite.pdf: 15590727 bytes, checksum: d421cef6133c52f4bdb2bc89c1c8e038 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-18 / Several studies point to different efficient building systems for the construction of Habitation of Social Interest (HIS), but is common to all these the construction industrialization factor. In this context, it is possible to highlight the prefabricated wood frame system, object of study of the research in question, a solution that is adequate to the construction demand for HIS due to several reasons, such as those related to productivity, quality, speed, gaining prominence by the sustainable factor. This system is a constructive solution still relatively new in Brazil, although it is not a novelty to the world. It has not yet gained space in all Brazilian states, being concentrated in the south and southeast regions of the country, where the pre-fabrication factories of wood frame panels are located. Thus, the research aims to analyze the economic-financial, technical and environmental feasibility and the implications of the use of the prefabricated wood frame construction system in the construction of Habitation of Social Interest (HIS) in the State of Ceará. For this, initially technical visits were made in Brazilian companies that representing all stages of the cycle of production of buildings in wood frame system. From these visits, technical factors of greater prominence and questions about the environmental impacts of the system were analyzed, seeking to adapt to the reality of the Ceará State, aiming the analysis of technical and environmental feasibility. As a continuity, hypothetical scenarios were elaborated to analyze the costs of the implementation of this system in the State of Ceará, seeking to analyze the economic-financial feasibility. In addition to the national scope, it was sought to observe some international practices, references in the subject, in order to compare with Brazilian production, aiming a more realistic characterization, addressing perceived advantages and limitations. The results indicated that it is feasible, within the studied aspects, the implantation of the wood frame system in Ceará for the HIS typology, obeying the limitations established in the work. Also indicate that there is a need for wider dissemination of the system, its characteristics and possibilities of use, so that the knowledge manages in the construction professionals and the general population increased interest and confidence, making the wood frame is a real possibility for all the Brazilian regions. It is concluded that this is an initial work since in the State of Ceará is the first study on the subject, which provides the possibility of being continued, improved and developed from other strands and visions of other authors. / Vários estudos apontam diferentes sistemas construtivos eficientes para a construção de Habitações de Interesse Social (HIS), porém é comum a todos estes o fator da industrialização da construção. É nesse contexto que é possível destacar o sistema wood frame pré-fabricado, objeto de estudo da pesquisa em questão, solução que se adequa à demanda da construção para HIS por vários fatores, como os relacionados à produtividade, qualidade, rapidez, ganhando destaque pelo fator sustentável. Esse sistema é uma solução construtiva ainda relativamente nova no Brasil, apesar de não se tratar de uma novidade em relação ao mundo. Ainda não ganhou espaço em todos os estados brasileiros, estando concentrado no sul e sudeste do país, onde estão localizadas as fábricas de pré-fabricação dos painéis em madeira. Assim, a pesquisa tem como meta analisar a viabilidade econômico-financeira, técnica e ambiental, e as implicações da utilização do sistema construtivo wood frame em forma de painéis pré-fabricado na construção de Habitações de Interesse Social (HIS) no Estado do Ceará. Para isso, inicialmente foram realizadas visitas técnicas em empresas brasileiras representantes de todas as etapas do ciclo de produção de edificações em wood frame. A partir dessas visitas, analisou-se fatores técnicos de maior destaque e questões sobre os impactos ambientais do sistema, buscando adaptar para a realidade do Estado do Ceará, visando a análise de viabilidade técnica e ambiental. Como continuidade, elaborou-se cenários hipotéticos para análise dos custos da implantação deste sistema no Estado do Ceará, buscando analisar a viabilidade econômico-financeira. Além da abrangência nacional, buscou-se um olhar para as práticas internacionais, referências no assunto, de forma a comparar com a produção brasileira, visando uma caracterização mais realista, abordando vantagens e limitações percebidas. Os resultados apontaram que é viável, dentro dos aspectos estudados, a implantação do sistema wood frame no Ceará para a tipologia HIS, obedecendo as limitações estabelecidas no trabalho. Apontam ainda que há a necessidade de uma maior divulgação do sistema, suas características e possibilidades de uso, para que o conhecimento gere nos profissionais da construção civil e na população em geral maior interesse e confiança, tornando o wood frame uma possibilidade real para todos os lugares do Brasil. Conclui-se que este é um trabalho inicial visto que no Estado do Ceará é o primeiro estudo sobre o assunto, o que fornece a possibilidade de ser continuado, aperfeiçoado e desenvolvido a partir de outras vertentes e visões de outros autores.

Wood-framed buildings have generally performed well during earthquake events, resulting in low fatality levels. However, various degrees of damage is still observed in these buildings during previous earthquakes. Lessons learned from the performance of wood frame construction in these earthquakes is led to an improvement in the design codes and construction practices over the past decades. But, the existing buildings are still vulnerable, since they were designed based on the older codes or constructed using old construction practices. Wood frame construction is the most common construction type in Canada, especially for single family dwellings. Most of these buildings are old, built prior to any modern seismic requirement, and have not been retrofitted against the damaging effects of earthquakes. Therefore, with a number of Canadians living in areas of high or moderate earthquake risk, there is a need to develop tools to assess the seismic vulnerability of the exiting wood-framed buildings in Canada. In the following thesis, a risk-based visual seismic assessment model and a screening tool (CanRisk) is developed, to assess the seismic vulnerability of existing wood frame construction in Canada. The model is dependent on the seismic hazard, building vulnerability, and building importance/exposure, which are integrated using hierarchical fuzzy rule based modeling. In the proposed seismic assessment model, fuzzy logic is used as a computing technique to capture the vagueness and uncertainty of a seismic vulnerability assessment, caused by subjectivity involved in the evaluation process. The hierarchical fuzzy rule based modeling used in this seismic assessment method is implemented in a prototype Matlab based program (CanRisk), which incorporates the Canadian seismic design practice based on the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) and the Canadian site seismic hazard. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to test and verify the seismic assessment model and investigate the effects of various parameters on the outcome of the assessment. Also, in a case study, selected wood-framed buildings located in the city of Ottawa are evaluated using CanRisk, to demonstrate the applicability of the program.