The project is concerned about northern slope of water reservoir Nové Mlýny at the end of the street containing wine-cellars in the village of Strachotín. The main building is object of winery, supplementary functions are forming relaxation and feeding objects. This supplementary objects are placed under the slope by water bank. Mass - tube - of winery is jutting over the slope a points towards opponenting mountains Pálava. In the interior is this direction seconded by ramp passing through the middle of winery object. The basement is made of reinforced concrete and is intended for manufacturing, above-ground floors are carried by wood frame construction and represent presentation and administration functions.

Wood-frame shear wall structures are widely used for residential and commercial buildings. These buildings are lightweight, have very ductile connections and includes multiple load paths. The main objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the seismic performance of a wide range of wood-frame shear wall building designs under the influence of modeling and analysis parameter variations. The first step towards the broad objective of seismic performance evaluation is to identify the different modeling and analysis parameters that can have a potential influence in the seismic response variations. The major variations considered in this study include level of critical damping, analytical modeling of damping, hysteresis model shape variations, ground motion characteristics, level of gravity loads, and floor acceleration variations. A subset of building model designs that were originally designed for the development of FEMA P-695 methodology is adapted for the numerical evaluations and a baseline for the variations is established. To study the sensitivity of inherent damping in wood-frame shear wall structures, an extensive literature survey is completed to find the experimentally observed damping levels in these buildings. Later, nonlinear dynamic analysis is performed for the range of damping levels using different Rayleigh damping models. Ground motion scaling methods, source-to-site distance, and peak intensity levels are the selected variations in ground characteristic group. To assist with the ground motion scaling procedures, a computational toolkit is created to produce amplitude and spectrum matched ground motions for response history analysis. The particular hysteresis model CASHEW that is used for the wood-frame shear wall system has a specific load-displacement shape which is a function of the shear wall design. Three key parameters of this model are varied in a range of values that were observed during experimental tests and seismic performance responses are computed for this variations. From the performance evaluations it is observed that the seismic response is quite sensitive to several of the modeling parameter variations and analysis variations mentioned above and has a unique response based on the design of the building. The range of performance variations for the different models are outlined in the chapters included in this dissertation. / Ph. D.

Performance-based engineering (PBE) requires advances in hazard characterization, structural modeling, and nonlinear analysis techniques to fully and efficiently develop the fragility expressions and other tools forming the basis for risk-based design procedures. This research examined and extended the state-of-the-art in hazard characterization (wind and surge) and risk-based design procedures (seismic). State-of-the-art hurricane models (including wind field, tracking and decay models) and event-based simulation techniques were used to characterize the hurricane wind hazard along the Texas coast. A total of 10,000 years of synthetic hurricane wind speed records were generated for each zip-code in Texas and were used to statistically characterize the N-year maximum hurricane wind speed distribution for each zip-code location and develop design non-exceedance probability contours for both coastal and inland areas. Actual recorded wind and surge data, the hurricane wind field model, hurricane size parameters, and a measure of storm kinetic energy were used to develop wind-surge and wind-surge-energy models, which can be used to characterize the wind-surge hazard at a level of accuracy suitable for PBE applications. These models provide a powerful tool to quickly and inexpensively estimate surge depths at coastal locations in advance of a hurricane landfall. They also were used to create surge hazard maps that provide storm surge height non-exceedance probability contours for the Texas coast. The simulation tools, wind field models, and statistical analyses, make it possible to characterize the risk-consistent hurricane events considering both hurricane intensity and size. The proposed methodology for event-based hurricane hazard characterization, when coupled with a hurricane damage model, can also be used for regional loss estimation and other spatial impact analyses. In considering seismic hazard, a risk-consistent framework for displacement-based seismic design of engineered multistory woodframe structures was developed. Specifically, a database of probability-based scale factors which can be used in a direct displacement design (DDD) procedure for woodframe buildings was created using nonlinear time-history analyses with suitably scaled ground motions records. The resulting DDD procedure results in more risk-consistent designs and therefore advances the state-of-the-art in displacement-based seismic design of woodframe structures.

Syfte: Det moderna samhället befinner sig i en miljökris där utsläppsnivåerna måste minska om den globala uppvärmningen skall begränsas till 1,5 Co . Byggsektorn står för 21% av Sveriges koldioxidutsläpp, 36% av den totala energianvändningen och 31% av allt genererat avfall. Forskningen visar att en ökning av andelen trä i nyproducerade byggnader kan minska koldioxidutsläppen. Denna rapport syftar till att kartlägga de faktorer relaterade till kompetensbrist som negativt påverkar ett framgångsrikt byggande i trä. Metod: Genom en litteraturstudie av befintlig forskning på området har forskningsfronten kartlagts och använts som utgångspunkt för studiens datainsamling. Primärdatainsamlingen är gjord som semi-strukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer. Empiri har analyserats tematiskt i syfte att finna de mönster som framträder i data. Resultat: Kompetensbristen hos beställare är den enskilt största faktorn som negativt påverkar ett framgångsrikt byggande i trä. För att beställare ska bygga i trä måste det vara ekonomiskt lönsamt. Kompetensbristen anses ligga i att identifiera de nya arbetssätten och utmaningarna som att bygga i trä medför snarare än att lösa problemen i sig. För att uppnå ett ökat framgångsrikt byggande i trä krävs en omställning hos alla aktörer. Störst och förmodligen svårast att motivera är den hos de stora entreprenadföretagen på grund av delägarskap i betongindustrin och företagens storlek. Konsekvenser: Genom att identifiera faktorer som negativt påverkar ett framgångsrikt byggande i trä, skapas ett underlag för en utveckling av det moderna träbyggandet och på så sätt ett bidrag till att minska byggsektorns miljöpåverkan. Rekommendation: Precisa beräkningsmodeller för trähus behövs för att kunna göra exakta kalkyler. En nyckelfaktor till att minimera den ekonomiska osäkerheten hos beslutsfattare är exakta kalkyler. Begränsningar: Något som eventuellt kan begränsa studien är den geografiska utspridningen, alla representanter kommer främst från södra delarna av Sverige. Detta gör att utspridningen inte är representativ för hela landet. Vissa discipliner inom branschen representeras endast av en respondent och ingen hänsyn har tagis till olika upphandlingsformers påverkan. / Purpose: The modern society is in the midst of an environmental crisis and carbon dioxide emissions must decrease if the global warming is to be limited to 1,5 Co . The construction sector in Sweden is responsible for 21% of the total carbon dioxide emissions, 36% of total energy usage and 31% of all waste. Research implies that by increasing the amount of wood in buildings the amount of carbon dioxide emitted can be reduced. This report aims to map out the factors linked to a lack of competence that hinders the progress of successful building with wood. Method: By performing a study of the existing literature on the subject the most relevant research can be converged and used as a starting point for the data collection part of this study. The primary data collection is conducted through semi-structured qualitative interviews. Empiricism was analyzed thematically with the purpose of finding patterns that present themselves in data. Findings: Developers that are lacking competence is believed to be the single greatest factor that hinders the progress of successful building with wood. If developers are to build with wood it has to be financially profitable. The lack of competence is believed to be connected to identifying the new work procedures and challenges that building with wood induces rather than solving the problem itself. If an increased usage of wood in construction is to be achieved all involved actors must readjust their practices. The greatest and probably the most difficult readjustment to motivate is the one that has to be made by the largest contractors because of their part-ownership in the concrete industry and the size of the companies. Implications: By identifying the factors that negatively affect the progress of successful building with wood a foundation for further development of modern wood construction can be established and assist in reducing the environmental impact of the construction sector. Recommendation: Precise calculation models for wood buildings are required for improving the accuracy of cost calculations. A key factor to minimizing the economic uncertainties of decisionmakers is accurate cost calculations. Limitations: The geographical diffusion of the study might limit its use. The respondents originate mostly from the southern part of Sweden. The diffusion might not be representative of the entire country. Some disciplines within the construction industry are represented by a single respondent and different forms of procurement has not been taken in to consideration.

Moisture induced damages to building envelopes can result in microbial growth possibly affecting the health and wellbeing of occupants. Recent failing structures and damaged buildings indicate a lack of tools to estimate risk of mould growth and moisture damage. In this work a so-called mould resistance design (MRD) model has been applied for mapping the risk for mould growth on a number of wood-containing wall structures. The MRD model introduces an engineering approach to moisture safety design in a similar way as for structural design, where load and resistance is compared. The MRD model introduces and quantifies the concepts of climatic exposure and material resistance and compares them through an MRD index. This MRD index incorporates a limit state, which gives the critical dose of exposure for a given resistance to initiate onset of mould growth.   Three conceptual wall structures were evaluated and analyzed in terms of MRD index: two wall systems with an air gap and one wall system without. A parametric study investigating the effect of parameter variation on MRD index was conducted. Evaluated parameters were: climate (geographic location), orientation, air changes per hour in the air gap, driving rain penetrating the facade layer, exterior plaster properties and wood type. The simulations were performed using the hygrothermal calculation software WUFI. The results indicate that the wall systems with a ventilated air gap performs better in terms of MRD index i.e. suggests a lower risk of initiation of mould growth than the wall system without air gap. The results of orientation variation show that wall systems perform differently dependent on layering structure. The inherent water sorption properties of the exterior plaster are shown to have a large effect on the results. In addition, uncertainties were found on how to accurately include hydrophobicity as a parameter in the model. The report concludes that geographical location and its specific climate is the most important parameter to consider when designing for moisture safety. The MRD model is recommended to be used in combination with traditional moisture safety evaluation.

Moisture loads arising from the deposition of wind-driven rain (WDR) on building façades can induce detrimental effects to wall assembly components and can adversely influence their long-term performance. Wind-driven rain as a climatic phenomenon will inevitably be affected by the evident changing climate in the near future. Wall assemblies subjected to wind-driven rain loads will also perform differently due to a varying moisture environment over the course of time. The performance of the building envelope, including the wall assembly, largely determines the serviceability of a building over its life cycle. Thus, it is essential for practitioners to understand and to be able to assess such performance. In this study, a complete procedure has been developed to permit assessing the moisture resilience of wall assemblies to wind-driven rain loads arising from climate change. The development of this procedure included four phases. In the first phase the historical and projected climate data was analysed to identify the possible wind-driven rain conditions to which a wall assembly may be exposed. The magnitudes of wind-driven rain and driving-rain-wind-pressure for different return periods were also investigated. Based on the results from phase one, a watertightness test protocol was established taking into consideration the possible ranges of wind-driven rain and driving-rain-wind-pressure as they may occur spatially, as well as temporally, across Canada. The range of watertightness test parameters was accommodated in the newly built Dynamic Wind and Wall Testing Facility (DWTF) at the National Research Council Canada. Thereafter in phase two of the research, wall assemblies having different configurations were tested in the DWTF following the test protocol to obtain the moisture load for wall assemblies under different wind-driven rain conditions. Such moisture loads were formulized and used in the third phase, where hygrothermal simulations were conducted to derive the hygrothermal parameters of the wall assemblies subjected to historical and projected climate data. In the final research development phase, different criteria and methods were explored to describe the performance of wall assemblies based on the hygrothermal parameters. During the development of the moisture resilience assessment procedure, a novel wind-driven-rain-pressure-index was devised to describe the extent of the effects arising from the concurrent action of wind-driven rain and driving-rain-wind-pressure loads on a vertical wall assembly; a new two-step approach was established to formulize the watertightness test results and thereby permit calculating the moisture load using values of hourly wind-driven-rain and hourly driving-rain-wind-pressure of a given location; a novel severity index was proposed to quantitatively describe the damage events arising from such moisture load on the wall assemblies. The moisture performance of tested wall assemblies subjected to historical and projected future climate were compared and discussed. The risks of occurrence of damage events in wall assemblies during different time periods were also demonstrated.

Analytical models of wood-frame shear walls and diaphragms for use in monotonic, quasi-static (cyclic), and dynamic analyses are developed in this thesis. A new analytical model is developed to accurately represent connections between sheathing panels and wood framing members (sheathing-to-framing connections) in structural analysis computer programs. This new model represents sheathing–to–framing connections using an oriented pair of nonlinear springs. Unlike previous models, the new analytical model for sheathing-to-framing connections is suitable for both monotonic, cyclic, or dynamic analyses. Moreover, the new model does not need to be scaled or adjusted. The new analytical model may be implemented in a general purpose finite element program, such as ABAQUS, or in a specialized structural analysis program, such as CASHEW. The analytical responses of several shear walls and diaphragms employing this new model are validated against measured data from experimental testing. A less complex analytical model of shear walls and diaphragms, QUICK, is developed for routine use and for dynamic analysis. QUICK utilizes an equivalent single degree of freedom system that has been determined using either calibrated parameters from experimental or analytical data, or estimated sheathing-to-framing connection data. Application of the new analytical models is illustrated in two applications. In the first application, the advantages of diaphragms using glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) panels in conjunction with plywood panels as sheathing (hybrid diaphragms) are presented. In the second application, the response of shear walls with improperly driven (overdriven)nails is determined along with a method to estimate strength reduction due to both the depth and the percentage of total nails overdriven.