No description available.

No description available.

Comachara cadburyi Franclemont has benn classified as a sarrothripine (Noctuidae), lithosiine (Arctiidae), and afridine (Nolidae). Larval morphology and behavior indicate a close phylogenetic relationship with Polygrammate hebraeicum Hübner, an acronictine noctuid. The egg and larva of Comachara are described and illustrated with line drawings and scanning electron micrographs. Photographs of last instars of both Comachara and Polygrammate are provided. Larval feeding and pupation habits of C. cadburyi are briefly described and compared with those of Polygrammate. Larvae of both Polygrammate and Comachara exhibit a dramatic coloration change in the last instar, transitioning from a green phase to a mottled, steely gray form. As the color change progresses, the larva ceases feeding and enters a wandering phase, during which it seeks out wood in which to pupate. Interpretation of L group setal homologies on the ninth abdominal segment is briefly addressed. Comachara provides a poignant example of the importance of immatures in elucidating phylogeny - adult features of Comachara misled a number of the twentieth century century's finest lepidopterists.

No description available.

Most studies of under-bark microclimate have been restricted to observations of a few coniferous trees in wooded southern latitudes. This limitation is worrying because of emerging wood-boring pests that specialize on deciduous trees in Canada, such as emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). Using a large data set that includes 60 ash trees spread across both urban and woodlot sites in 6 different Ontario locations, I found that the under-bark microclimate of deciduous trees can provide wood-boring beetles with an environment in which temperatures which differ from air temperature. On average, daily minimum under-bark temperatures are significantly warmer than air temperatures in the winter months. At temperatures low enough to cause substantial cold-temperature mortality to emerald ash borer, the difference between under-bark and air temperature can be large. In addition, I observed that the difference between daily minimum under-bark and air temperature can vary, and consequently that assumptions of a constant level of difference between the two are not valid. In the spring season, I found that daily under-bark temperature maxima on the south side of the tree are significantly warmer than air temperature maxima. This difference lead to faster predicted development times for beetles in the southern under-bark microclimate of urban trees as compared to predictions based on air temperature, suggesting that city trees may impact overall population dynamics. While it is clear that under-bark temperatures differ from air temperatures, and are important to predicting possible range and population growth of wood-boring insects, large scale measurements of microclimate conditions are not feasible. I tested the ability of a simple Newtonian cooling model to predict under-bark temperature extremes using weather station data. While the model did not predict daily under-bark temperature maxima accurately, predictions of minima were quite accurate (1.31˚C average root mean squared error), especially when compared to the errors from assuming under-bark temperature is the same as air temperature (3.20˚C average root mean squared error). I recommend use of the Newtonian cooling model to predict under-bark temperature minima of deciduous and coniferous trees.

Most studies of under-bark microclimate have been restricted to observations of a few coniferous trees in wooded southern latitudes. This limitation is worrying because of emerging wood-boring pests that specialize on deciduous trees in Canada, such as emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). Using a large data set that includes 60 ash trees spread across both urban and woodlot sites in 6 different Ontario locations, I found that the under-bark microclimate of deciduous trees can provide wood-boring beetles with an environment in which temperatures which differ from air temperature. On average, daily minimum under-bark temperatures are significantly warmer than air temperatures in the winter months. At temperatures low enough to cause substantial cold-temperature mortality to emerald ash borer, the difference between under-bark and air temperature can be large. In addition, I observed that the difference between daily minimum under-bark and air temperature can vary, and consequently that assumptions of a constant level of difference between the two are not valid. In the spring season, I found that daily under-bark temperature maxima on the south side of the tree are significantly warmer than air temperature maxima. This difference lead to faster predicted development times for beetles in the southern under-bark microclimate of urban trees as compared to predictions based on air temperature, suggesting that city trees may impact overall population dynamics. While it is clear that under-bark temperatures differ from air temperatures, and are important to predicting possible range and population growth of wood-boring insects, large scale measurements of microclimate conditions are not feasible. I tested the ability of a simple Newtonian cooling model to predict under-bark temperature extremes using weather station data. While the model did not predict daily under-bark temperature maxima accurately, predictions of minima were quite accurate (1.31˚C average root mean squared error), especially when compared to the errors from assuming under-bark temperature is the same as air temperature (3.20˚C average root mean squared error). I recommend use of the Newtonian cooling model to predict under-bark temperature minima of deciduous and coniferous trees.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(農学) / 乙第13547号 / 論農博第2912号 / 新制||農||1101(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R5||N5428(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 大村 和香子, 教授 井鷺 裕司, 教授 今井 友也 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

This study examined the role of olfactory and visual cues in host finding of the pine bark beetles Hylastes ater and Hylurgus ligniperda and the burnt pine longhorn beetle Arhopalus ferus. The ultimate aim of this research was to provide new information on attractant and repellent (such as non-host leaf volatiles) stimuli to improve monitoring methods and reduce the attack by wood-boring and bark beetle species. A field trapping trial of visual and olfactory cues near Nelson caught 7842 H. ater, 274,594 H. ligniperda and 16,301 A. ferus adults. There were significant effects of both visual (colour and sihoutte) and olfactory (host and non-host volatiles) cues for all three species. The highest catches were in black (host mimicking), panel flight intercept traps baited with attractant (α-pinene and ethanol) and the lowest in clear or white (non-host mimicking) control traps. The repellent, green leaf volatiles (GLV) ((E)-2-hexen-1-ol & (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol) when present on traps with attractant reduced catches significantly but modestly in H. ater and H. ligniperda, but had no significant effect on A. ferus. A field trial near Christchurch found that GLV applied as a topical repellent halved the number of beetles attacking Pinus radiata logs. This reduction was significant in H. ligniperda, but not quite (P = 0.07) in H. ater. Placing logs among broadleaved plants (natural sources of non-host volatiles) significantly reduced attack of H. ligniperda by about 75% compared to logs in the open, but had no effect on H. ater. Attack by H. ater was found on 4% of 500 P. radiata seedlings in a field trial near Dunedin. Treatment of seedlings with GLV significantly affected the severity and proportion of seedlings attacked by H. ater, compared with insecticide-treated and control seedlings, but the treatment effect was apparently driven by an unexpected direct damaging effect of GLV on the health of seedlings. It is recommended that future research explores the use of non-host volatiles from natural sources that influence host finding in wood–boring and bark beetle species for the protection of plantation forests in New Zealand.

<p>Denna rapport är en jämförande studie av utvalda konsolidanter som används till att stabilisera nedbrutet insektsangripet trä. Av de trägnagande skadeinsekter vi har i Sverige är det främst<em> </em>den<em> </em>strimmiga trägnagaren som är intressant i möbelsammanhang. I rapporten beskrivs den strimmiga trägnagaren, en liten skadeinsekt<strong> </strong>som kan åstadkomma stor skada om den får verka ostörd. Insekten finns utspridd i hela Europa och är ett stort problem då den angriper alla typer av träslag. Nedbrutet insektsangripet trä<strong> </strong>förlorar sin styrka och kan behöva konsolideras genom att injicera konsolidanter in i träet. Studien är tänkt att jämföra styrkan på de vanligast förkommande och använda konsolidanterna. Urval av dessa har dels gjorts genom att intervjua konservatorer i Sverige, Norge och Danmark, dels utifrån tillgänglig litteratur och forskning. I studien injiceras de utvalda konsolidanterna in i provbitar av artificiellt konstruerat insektsangripet trä som sedan utsätts för hållfasthetsprover. Provbitarna är utformade i kuber av björk, 45x45x45 mm och är borrade med 2 mm stora hål för att efterlikna angripet trä. Två olika typer av hållfasthetsprov har använts för att mäta styrkan hos de olika konsolidanterna, tryckhållfasthet tvärsfiber och skjuvhållfasthet. Resultaten av hållfasthetsproverna visar inga tydliga tecken på att de injicerade konsolidanterna gett någon direkt styrka till provbitarna. I tryckhållfasthets tvärsfiber finns en dock en tendens tillförhöjda värden. För att kunna dra någon slutsats bör ytterligare studier genomföras.</p> / <p>This report is a comparative study of a chosen set of consolidating agents used to stabilize wood suffering from the infestation of wood boring insects. When considering furniture, the most common wood boring insect in Sweden is the Furniture Beetle. This report discusses the Furniture Beetle, a small insect which if left alone, achieves a great amount of damage. This particular beetle can be found in all of Europe and is a sizable problem, since it can attack all species of wood. Infested wood is destabilized by the beetles boring a web of internal tunnels throughout, which results in a loss of strength. This wood is then commonly injected with a consolidation agent to compensate for its internal weakness. The study is made to compare the strength of the most commonly used consolidating agents. These lection of agents was determined by interviewing conservators in Sweden, Norway and Denmark, as well as from accessible literature and research. In the study the selected consolidating agents are injected into trial pieces of artificially compromised wood which are in turn exposed to strength testing in a laboratory setting. The trial pieces are squares of birch wood measuring 45x45x45mm which have several 2mm holes drilled into them lengthwise, to simulate the beetle's pathways. Two types of strength testing were carried out to test the consolidation agents and their effect. One testmeasures the strength by compression across the grain, while the other puts pressure on either side, forcing the piece to fail along the grain. The results of the testing do not distinctively show that the consolidating agents impose any significant strength to the trial pieces. There is however a tendency of increased strength shown in the cross grain compression tests. To draw any firm conclusions, additional research is required.</p>

Denna rapport är en jämförande studie av utvalda konsolidanter som används till att stabilisera nedbrutet insektsangripet trä. Av de trägnagande skadeinsekter vi har i Sverige är det främst den strimmiga trägnagaren som är intressant i möbelsammanhang. I rapporten beskrivs den strimmiga trägnagaren, en liten skadeinsekt som kan åstadkomma stor skada om den får verka ostörd. Insekten finns utspridd i hela Europa och är ett stort problem då den angriper alla typer av träslag. Nedbrutet insektsangripet trä förlorar sin styrka och kan behöva konsolideras genom att injicera konsolidanter in i träet. Studien är tänkt att jämföra styrkan på de vanligast förkommande och använda konsolidanterna. Urval av dessa har dels gjorts genom att intervjua konservatorer i Sverige, Norge och Danmark, dels utifrån tillgänglig litteratur och forskning. I studien injiceras de utvalda konsolidanterna in i provbitar av artificiellt konstruerat insektsangripet trä som sedan utsätts för hållfasthetsprover. Provbitarna är utformade i kuber av björk, 45x45x45 mm och är borrade med 2 mm stora hål för att efterlikna angripet trä. Två olika typer av hållfasthetsprov har använts för att mäta styrkan hos de olika konsolidanterna, tryckhållfasthet tvärsfiber och skjuvhållfasthet. Resultaten av hållfasthetsproverna visar inga tydliga tecken på att de injicerade konsolidanterna gett någon direkt styrka till provbitarna. I tryckhållfasthets tvärsfiber finns en dock en tendens tillförhöjda värden. För att kunna dra någon slutsats bör ytterligare studier genomföras. / This report is a comparative study of a chosen set of consolidating agents used to stabilize wood suffering from the infestation of wood boring insects. When considering furniture, the most common wood boring insect in Sweden is the Furniture Beetle. This report discusses the Furniture Beetle, a small insect which if left alone, achieves a great amount of damage. This particular beetle can be found in all of Europe and is a sizable problem, since it can attack all species of wood. Infested wood is destabilized by the beetles boring a web of internal tunnels throughout, which results in a loss of strength. This wood is then commonly injected with a consolidation agent to compensate for its internal weakness. The study is made to compare the strength of the most commonly used consolidating agents. These lection of agents was determined by interviewing conservators in Sweden, Norway and Denmark, as well as from accessible literature and research. In the study the selected consolidating agents are injected into trial pieces of artificially compromised wood which are in turn exposed to strength testing in a laboratory setting. The trial pieces are squares of birch wood measuring 45x45x45mm which have several 2mm holes drilled into them lengthwise, to simulate the beetle's pathways. Two types of strength testing were carried out to test the consolidation agents and their effect. One testmeasures the strength by compression across the grain, while the other puts pressure on either side, forcing the piece to fail along the grain. The results of the testing do not distinctively show that the consolidating agents impose any significant strength to the trial pieces. There is however a tendency of increased strength shown in the cross grain compression tests. To draw any firm conclusions, additional research is required.