<p>Under lång tid har hälsoarbetet bestått av insatser inom det patogena området som fokuserar på orsaker till ohälsa och sjukdom. Utifrån ett salutogent perspektiv söks istället hälsans ursprung. Perspektivet utgår från vilka faktorer som gör att människor mår bra och vidmakthåller hälsan trots omständigheter som bidrar till att de är eller har varit utsatta för potentiellt sjukdomsframkallande biologiska eller psykosociala faktorer. Syftet med studien var att studera lantbrukares upplevelse av hälsa, med avsikt att beskriva salutogena faktorer för hälsa som kan vara användbara i hälsofrämjande arbete. Datainsamlingen har skett genom en postenkät till 300 lantbrukare i Skåne. Frågeformuläret innehöll frågor om arbetsförhållanden, stress, ekonomi, sociala kontakter, samt hälsa. Studien framhäver vikten av en positiv arbetsupplevelse som en signifikant påverkansfaktor för den salutogena hälsan. Det som framförallt bidrar till en positiv arbetsupplevelse är god social kontakt och en bra ekonomi. Sådana faktorer bör uppmärksammas för framtida hälsofrämjande insatser riktade till lantbrukare.</p> / <p>The health related work has included patogenesis interventions during a long term with focus on poor health and illness. Salutogenesis is a different perspective which emanates from factors that contribute to health and well-being. Salutogenesis explains why people stay well and even are able to improve their health in stressful situations. The aim of the study was to explore farmers´ health with intentions to describe salutogenic factors for health, that can be used in health promotion work. In a cross-sectional survey 300 farmers in Scania received a questionnaire with questions on work situation, stress, economy, social support and health. The study indicates how essential it is to have a positive work experience which has a significant impact on the salutogenic health experience. Good social contacts and good economy are factors that improve the positive work experience. These factors are important in future work with health promotion among farmers.</p>

Under lång tid har hälsoarbetet bestått av insatser inom det patogena området som fokuserar på orsaker till ohälsa och sjukdom. Utifrån ett salutogent perspektiv söks istället hälsans ursprung. Perspektivet utgår från vilka faktorer som gör att människor mår bra och vidmakthåller hälsan trots omständigheter som bidrar till att de är eller har varit utsatta för potentiellt sjukdomsframkallande biologiska eller psykosociala faktorer. Syftet med studien var att studera lantbrukares upplevelse av hälsa, med avsikt att beskriva salutogena faktorer för hälsa som kan vara användbara i hälsofrämjande arbete. Datainsamlingen har skett genom en postenkät till 300 lantbrukare i Skåne. Frågeformuläret innehöll frågor om arbetsförhållanden, stress, ekonomi, sociala kontakter, samt hälsa. Studien framhäver vikten av en positiv arbetsupplevelse som en signifikant påverkansfaktor för den salutogena hälsan. Det som framförallt bidrar till en positiv arbetsupplevelse är god social kontakt och en bra ekonomi. Sådana faktorer bör uppmärksammas för framtida hälsofrämjande insatser riktade till lantbrukare. / The health related work has included patogenesis interventions during a long term with focus on poor health and illness. Salutogenesis is a different perspective which emanates from factors that contribute to health and well-being. Salutogenesis explains why people stay well and even are able to improve their health in stressful situations. The aim of the study was to explore farmers´ health with intentions to describe salutogenic factors for health, that can be used in health promotion work. In a cross-sectional survey 300 farmers in Scania received a questionnaire with questions on work situation, stress, economy, social support and health. The study indicates how essential it is to have a positive work experience which has a significant impact on the salutogenic health experience. Good social contacts and good economy are factors that improve the positive work experience. These factors are important in future work with health promotion among farmers.

Bakgrund. Vård av döende barn kan vara psykiskt påfrestande för många sjuksköterskor som arbetar på neonatala intensivvårdsavdelningar. Internationella studier visar på att de främsta faktorerna är; brist på utbildning inom neonatal palliativ vård och brist på kommunikation. Syfte. Syftet med studien var att beskriva samband mellan sjuksköterskors attityder till att vårda döende barn på en neonatal intensivvårdsavdelning och arbetslivserfarenhet samt utbildningsnivå. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en webbaserad enkät på de neonatala intensivvårdsavdelningarna vid Norrlands Universitetssjukhus i Umeå samt Akademiska sjukhuset i Uppsala. Studien inkluderade 72 sjuksköterskor med erfarenhet av att vårda minst ett döende barn. Studien är en empirisk kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie med deskriptiv design. Resultat. Alla sjuksköterskor med kort arbetslivserfarenhet ansåg att det var psykiskt påfrestande att vårda döende barn jämfört med 61% av de med lång erfarenhet. Mer än hälften (59%) av de utan vidareutbildning jämfört med de med vidareutbildning (16%) ville  undvika situationer där de behövde vårda döende barn. Av alla deltagarna önskade 85% mer utbildning än vad de fick i nuläget om vård av döende barn. Konklusion. Brist på vidareutbildning, kort arbetslivserfarenhet och hög tjänstgöringsgrad i konkret omvårdnadsarbete ökar risken för negativa attityder och uppfattningar bland sjuksköterskor i vården av döende barn. / Background. It can be a challenge for nurses to care for dying children in a neonatal intensive care unit. International studies show that the main factors are; lack of training in neonatal palliative care and lack of communication within the health care team. Objectives. The aim of this study was to describe the correlation between nurses' attitudes of caring for dying children in a neonatal intensive care unit and work experience and level of education. Method. The study was conducted using a web-based survey in the neonatal intensive care units at Norrland University Hospital in Umeå and Uppsala University Hospital. The study included 72 nurses with experience of caring for at least one dying child. The study is an empirical quantitative cross-sectional study with descriptive design. Results. All nurses with short work experience felt that it was psychologically stressful to care for dying children , compared with 61 % of those with long work experience. More than half (59%) of those without further education compared to those with further education ( 16%) wanted to avoid situations where they have to care for dying children. Of all the participants 85% wanted more education about caring for dying children. Conclusion. Lack of education, brief work experience and a high degree of service in the real nursing work increases the risk of negative attitudes and perception in the care of dying children among nurses.

Denna studie ämnar att gå igenom lärande på arbetsplatsen och hur det situerade lärandet från en tjänst kan användas i andra tjänster. Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta reda på hur individer som arbetar inom HR, som jobbar med personalrelaterade frågor, upplever att tidigare arbetslivserfarenheter har betydelse för det arbete de har idag. Det teoretiska ramverket utgår från det sociokulturella perspektivet på lärande, där tänkandet och handlandet hos oss människor betraktas som situerat till sociala sammanhang. För att kunna belysa det lärandet ytterligare används begreppen redskap, mediering och praktikgemenskap för att förstå hur lärandet kan främjas. Studien baseras på kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer som genomfördes med åtta kvinnor som innehar en HR-tjänst idag. Dessa intervjuer transkriberades och analyserades, ur det kom fyra teman som var centrala för alla utsagor; Utvecklandet av intressen genom tidigare arbetslivserfarenheter, Strävan efter nya utmaningar, Att använda sig av sin kunskap i olika kontexter samt Att tillägna sig ett förhållningssätt. Resultatet visar att intervjupersonerna påverkats av sina tidigare arbetslivserfarenheter till att de blivit uppmärksamma på vilket område de vill jobba inom, och genom alla arbetsplatser de vart på fortsatt sin approprieringsprocess. I sitt nuvarande arbete använder de sen av sina tidigare kunskaper till att kunna bidra till inlärningsprocesser i sin praktikgemenskap. Studiens slutsatser är att en praktikgemenskap är viktig för att upplevelsen av tillhörighet till yrket och för att ens redskap ska kunna utvecklas inom arbetsplatslärandet / This thesis intends to go through workplace learning and how the situated learning from one service can be used in other services. The aim is to find out how individuals working in HR, who deals with questions concerning employees, experience that previous work experience is relevant to the work they have today. The theoretical framework is based on the sociocultural perspective on learning, which states that thinking and acting of human beings is considered situated to social context. In order to illustrate the learning further, the terms gear, mediation and community of practice is used to understand how learning can be promoted. The study is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews that were conducted with eight women who hold an HR service today. These interviews were transcribed and analysed, out from it we found four themes that were central to all statements; Development of interests through previous work experience, The quest for new challenges, To use knowledge from one context in a new one and To acquire an attitude. The results show that the respondents are influenced by their previous work experience which helps them become aware of what area they want to work within, and through all workplaces where they continued their approprieringsprocess. In their current work they use their previous knowledge to be able to contribute to the learning processes in their community of practice. The study's conclusions is that a community of practice is essential to the experience of belonging to the profession and to even utensils shall be developed in workplace learning.

This thesis consists of an introductory chapter and four self-contained papers on temporary work agenciesand the economic analysis of law. Paper [I] adds to the theoretical literature on the incentives of Temporary Work Agencies (TWAs). Using aprincipal-agent model with hidden action to model two main types of contracts between a TWA and a ClientFirm (CF), the TWA is shown to potentially act against the best interest of the CF when helping to fill avacant position. The results also suggest that the adverse effect of the incentive misalignment is larger whenthe worker is going to be leased instead of hired by the CF. However, this effect could potentially be offsetby introducing a sufficient level of competition among the TWAs. Paper [II] uses individual-level data on young adults to estimate how the probability of being employed inthe Swedish temporary agency sector is affected by whether a partner or other family member has experienceof temporary agency work. The results show a significant effect from all peer groups of a magnitude thatcorrespond to the other most influential control variables. We also find that this cohort of the agency sectorhas a relatively high education level compared to the regular sector, and that there are predominately menworking in thissector. Paper [III] analyses possible effects on total employment, and the distribution between agency work andregular contracts as a consequence of the implementation of the EU Temporary and Agency Workers Directive in Sweden. The analysis is based on changes in the compensation to agency workers in a calibratedextension of a Mortensen-Pissarides search model. Even though the results suggest a negative net effect ontotal employment, the implementation is shown to increase (utilitarian) welfare, and an increased transitionprobability from the agency sector into regular employment will increase welfare even further. Paper [IV] focuses on settlement probabilities for different types of representation within the Swedish LabourCourt. Empirical estimates on a set of unjust dismissal cases show that private representatives are generallyless likely to reach a settlement than their union counterparts. The settlement probabilities converge following court-mandated information disclosure, which suggests that information asymmetry is an importantfactor in explaining differences in settlement behaviour. Privately instigated negotiations are therefore ingeneral insufficient for making cases with non-union representation reach the same settlement rate as caseswith union representation.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka om de demografiska faktorerna kön, ålder och arbetslivserfarenhet påverkar de etiska värderingarna. Studien kommer även undersöka om de etiska koderna inom företagen påverkar de etiska värderingarna i givna situationer bland försäljare i tjänsteföretag. Förtydligande: Med givna situationer menas de situationer som anges i enkäten (bilaga 2). Metod: I studien användes en kvantitativ metod där en enkät med stängda svarsalternativ skickades ut till 863 respondenter. I enkäten användes både nominal- och ordinalskalor för att göra det möjligt att använda korrelation, faktor och klusteranalys samt t-test med hjälp av den statistiska mjukvaran IBM SPSS. Analyserna användes sedan för att besvara de forskningsfrågor som utformats genom teorin. Resultat: Resultatet visade att åldern har ett svagt samband med en fastighetsmäklares etiska värderingar och är därmed inte en avgörande faktor i det här fallet. Den andra demografiska faktorn kön visade sig inte ha något samband alls med en fastighetsmäklares etiska värderingar. Vid en ytterligare analys med hjälp av t-test där en analys av de båda könen gjordes, konstaterades det att det inte fanns någon skillnad mellan män och kvinnor och de etiska värderingarna. Resultatet visade också att arbetslivserfarenheten inte har något signifikant samband med en fastighetsmäklares etiska värderingar. De etiska koderna var enligt vårt resultat inte någon påverkande faktor på fastighetsmäklares etiska värderingar. Studiens bidrag: Syftet med studien är att undersöka om kön, ålder, arbetslivserfarenhet och etiska koder påverkar de etiska värderingarna i givna situationer bland försäljare i tjänsteföretag. Vår förhoppning är att studien ska kunna bidra med ytterligare information kring vad det är som kan påverka en fastighetsmäklares etiska värderingar. Förslag till vidare forskning: Vår förhoppning är att vidare forskning ska kunna utveckla det resultat som studien bidragit med. Förslag till fortsatta studier är att undersöka andra demografiska faktorer som kan påverka de etiska värderingarna och om ledaren inom företaget är en möjlig påverkande faktor, men också om en undersökning för Sveriges alla fastighetsmäklare skulle göra resultatet annorlunda.   Nyckelord: Fastighetsmäklare, etiskt klimat, etiska koder, marknadsföring, kön, ålder, arbetslivserfarenhet. / Aim: The purpose of the study is to investigate whether the demographic factors of gender, age and work experience affect the ethical values. The study will also examine the ethical codes within companies influence the ethical values of given situations among vendors in service. Clarification: With the given situations meant the situations described in the survey (Annex 2). Method: In the study a quantitative method was used in which a survey with closed response options was sent out to 863 respondents. In the survey both nominal- and ordinal scales was used to allow correlation, factor, cluster analysis and t-tests with the IBM SPSS computer software. The analyzes were then used to answer the research questions that deduced through the theory. Result: The results showed that age only has a weak connection with a real estate broker's ethical values and is thus not a decisive factor in this case. The second demographic factor sex was found to have no connection at all with a real estate broker's ethical values. In a further analysis using the t-test where an analysis of both sexes was made, it was found that there was no difference between men and women and ethical values. The results also showed that work experience has no significant relationship with a real estate broker's ethical values. Contribution: The purpose of the study is to investigate whether gender, age, work experience and ethical codes affect the ethical values of given situations among vendors in service. Our hope is that the study should be able to contribute with additional information about what it is that can affect a real estate broker's ethical values. Proposal for further studies: Our hope is that further research to develop the results that the study contributed. Proposal for further studies is to investigate other demographic factors that may affect the ethical values and if the leader of the company is a possible influencing factor, but also if a survey for Sweden’s all real estate broker´s would make the outcome different. Keywords: Real estate broker´s, ethical climate, ethical codes, marketing, gender, age, work experience.

Depuis les années 2000, la France a mis en place d'importantes politiques de réformes de l'Etat. Ayant pour ambition affichée de moderniser la gestion de l'Etat en le recentrant sur ses missions prioritaires comme améliorer le service rendu à l'usager et réduire les dépenses publiques, ces réformes ont des répercussions sur l'ensemble des acteurs, et notamment sur les cadres de proximité. Pris en tenaille entre leur hiérarchie qui fixe des objectifs de performance et leur équipe qui « fait » le travail, ces cadres traduisent au quotidien les objectifs en missions concrètes.Dans le but de mieux comprendre cette posture d'équilibriste et ses conséquences sur l'activité et la santé des cadres, cette thèse s'intéresse à l'activité des cadres de proximité de la Direction Générale des Finances Publiques (DGFiP), créée en 2008 et qui s'inscrit dans la ligne du New Public Management. Ces cadres A encadrants sont issus des deux anciennes filières distinguées avant la fusion, et dont les cultures respectives diffèrent au niveau de l'approche du pilotage par la performance et de la relation aux agents. Dans une administration en changement permanent, ils sont tiraillés par des injonctions contradictoires, qui remettent continuellement en question leur positionnement vis-à-vis de la hiérarchie versus équipe encadrée, des objectifs de performance versus conditions de vie au travail, des logiques managériales versus logiques de technicité du métier. Un détour par la littérature pluridisciplinaire (sciences de gestion, sociologie, psychologie), abondante notamment sur le rôle et le positionnement des cadres de proximité, pointe pourtant un creux sur le contenu-même de ce travail. En ergonomie, les quelques recherches sur le travail des cadres de proximité s'intéressent plutôt à l'analyse des situations de travail. Nous proposons pour notre part d'analyser cette activité sous le prisme des parcours professionnels au sens de Gaudart & Ledoux (2013), c'est-à-dire comme une succession d'emplois ou de fonctions d'une part, et d'autre part un parcours de travail entendu comme un accroissement du temps vécu (Molinié, Gaudart & Pueyo, 2012) pointant les rôles de l'expérience. Notre objectif est de comprendre à la fois comment les transformations du travail impactent l'activité des cadres de proximité et en quoi l'expérience peut être une ressource dans la réalisation de cette activité, notamment vis-à-vis de la régulation du couple distances/proximités par ces cadres.Notre stratégie de recherche combine cinq méthodes : l'analyse d'un dispositif existant dénommé « espace de dialogue » et de ses contenus ; des entretiens notamment de reconstitution des parcours professionnels et sur le dialogue de gestion ; des observations de l'activité de 14 cadres de proximité ; des auto-confrontations à partir des traces de l'activité ; et l'organisation d'ateliers réflexifs. / Since the 2000s, France set up important policies of State reforms. The aim of these reforms is to modernize the French State management by refocusing this one on its missions' priority as to improve the service provided to the user and to reduce the public spending. These reforms have repercussions on all the actors, in particular on the first-line managers. Between their hierarchy which sets goals of performance and their teams which “do” the work, these first-line managers translate day-to-day the objectives into concrete missions.In order to understand this balanced posture and its consequences on the activity and on the health of managers, this thesis is interested in the activity of the Head office of the Public finances' first-line managers. This administration was created in 2008 and joins in the line of New Public Management. This kind of managers is from the two former sectors which existed before the merger: the respective cultures differ in the approach of performance-based management and the relation to the agents. In an administration in permanent change, the first-line managers are pulled by contradictory orders. This kind of orders questions constantly the positioning towards the hierarchy and supervised team, towards objectives of performance and living conditions at work, towards logics of technical skill and managerial logics. Although the multidisciplinary literature – sciences of management, sociology, psychology – is extensive in particular on the role and the positioning of the first-line managers, the contents of their work are few approached. In ergonomics, some researches on the work of the first-line managers are rather interested in the analysis of working situations. For our part, we suggest analyzing this activity under the prism of the careers (Gaudart & Ledoux, 2013). These careers represent a succession of jobs or functions and a working course with an increase of real-life time (Molinié, Gaudart & Pueyo, 2012) which points at the experience's roles. Our two objectives are to understand how the work transformations impact on the first-line managers' activity and how the experience can be a resource to realize this activity, in particular to regulate the couple closeness / distances by these managers.Our strategy of research combines five methods: the analysis of an existing “space of dialogue” plan and its contents, interviews of the careers' reconstruction, observations of the 14 managers' activity, auto-confrontations from the tracks of the activity, and the organization of reflexive workshops.

This thesis aims to increase knowledge about the usage and relevance of Project Management (PM) methods and tools within start-up companies, with regard to the previous work experience of the entrepreneur. The underdeveloped connection of PM and entrepreneurship will be further explored by following the research question proposed below that guides the study. What PM methods and tools do entrepreneurs apply in the process of launching the business versus the operation of the start-up, especially considering their previous work experience and contact with PM? In order to answer the proposed research question and pursue the set objectives, the thesis is structured as follows. First, the methodology within this study is represented in theoretical and practical form in chapter 2 and 4. Furthermore, the theoretical context in the field is summarized in chapter 3. The topics of traditional PM and agile PM (APM) with their characteristics and tools are portrayed; especially the latter is extensively presented in chapter 3.2 due to the need of flexibility and adaptability in the highly dynamic business environment nowadays, as well as the strong connection between APM and the IT development sector. Existing theories about the topics of entrepreneurship and start-ups are described in the subsequent chapter, whereby a focus is set on the entrepreneur itself and his or her previous work experience. To summarize the existing theory in the fields of PM and entrepreneurship a conceptual framework was created by the researchers of this study in chapter 3.4, which also serves to represent the findings of the study in the concluding chapter. The empirical findings, which are presented in chapter 5, were organized in chronological order of the conducted semi-structured, qualitative interviews with software development start-ups in Sweden. Valuable results for the research areas of entrepreneurship and PM, as well as for the practical usage in those fields could be generated. The summarized results of this qualitative study are summarized and presented in chapter 6, titled empirical analysis. The authors found out that the majority of the contacted start-ups did not plan a lot in the launching phase of the business, in fact, they did not apply specific PM tools. While the business was growing, so did its complexity, which is why the need for applying PM tools became more present. Even though no clear connection between the previous work experience of the entrepreneur and the applied PM tools could be established, it was noticeable that prior exposure to PM made the entrepreneurs more aware of the methods and tools. They specifically looked for some and used them more knowingly. Further drivers for choosing a PM method and tools were recommendations and personal research. Next to the stage and scale of the business, especially the team size, the location of the team members and their familiarity with each other appeared to influence the decision on using specific tools tremendously. In general, it could be detected in this study, that the APM framework was commonly recognized as highly valuable for start-ups and many of the respondents already follow it or want to do so in the future. Moreover, primarily only one or very few tools were applied within the start-ups to not lose track of the business development and keep everything concise.