Esta dissertação analisa a relação entre os princípios da isonomia e da proteção ao trabalhador, examinando como ambos atuam para efetivar ou não a igualdade material entre empregador e empregado. Parte-se de uma contextualização histórica e científica do debate. A seguir será estudado o conceito de princípio do direito, analisando-se três deles: a igualdade, a proporcionalidade e a proteção ao trabalhador. Então, será averiguado se a isonomia e a norma protetora são complementares ou contraditórias, bem como a possível existência de um quantum justo de tutela a se conferir ao ―hipossuficiente‖ em cada caso concreto, procedimento esse que teria como fim igualar os polos da relação laboral – acaso não seja assim, a proteção a ser concedida será invariável. A metodologia usada será a pesquisa bibliográfica e, eventualmente, jurisprudencial, com um enfoque primordialmente dogmático, mas também zetético e interdisciplinar. Para o exame dessas questões – bem como para respondê-las -, seguir-se-á principalmente os chamados ―neoconstitucionalismo‖ e o ―pós-positivismo‖ naquela vertente liderada por Robert Alexy. Ao final, serão apresentadas conclusões no sentido de ser ou não possíveis a adoção do princípio da proporcionalidade para ponderar igualdade e proteção ao trabalhador, equiparando-se assim as partes em justa medida na busca pela Justiça. / This study analyses the relationship between the principles of legal equality and worker protection, examining how both operate to effect or otherwise the material equality between employer and employee. It starts from an historical and scientific contextualization of the debate and then moves on to study the concept of the principles of law, analyzing three of them: equality, proportionality and worker protection. Then it will examine whether equality under the law and protection regulations are complementary or contradictory, together with the possible existence of fair portion of protection which would provide the ―disadvantaged ― in each case with a procedure aimed at equalizing the opposing positions in the labour relationship - otherwise, it would be an unvarying protection. The method will employ bibliographical and juridical research, which is primarily focused on the strictly legal, but is also zetetic and interdisciplinary. Examination of these questions, together with responses to them, will principally follow the ―neo-constitutionalism‖ and ―post-positivism‖ of the approach propounded by Robert Alexy. Finally, it will present conclusions about whether or not it is possible to adopt the principle of proportionality in consideration of worker protection and equality, thus equalizing the parties in the fair pursuit of justice.

Building up one´s professional career belongs to an array of developing trends that can be seen in society nowadays. In its theoretical part, the thesis sums up the branch of public health protection with the help of available literature, it focuses on the problem of human sources management, employees´needs and various aspects that can play a decisive role in the career progress. The aim of this thesis was to trace the career building in professional staff in the public health protection branch and thus to create a compact view of this profession, starting with the type of education, satisfaction, confirmed or disproved expectations in this profession, up to the career promotion possibilities. To reach this aim, four hypotheses were set and the method of quantitative research was chosen, whereas the data were collected through the research technique of a questionnaire survey. 252 respondents were evaluated, namely from regional health stations, health institutes and the State Health Institute. This thesis can serve for a better orientation of students in this field or as a means for improving conditions of employees working in the branch of public health protection.

Esta dissertação analisa a relação entre os princípios da isonomia e da proteção ao trabalhador, examinando como ambos atuam para efetivar ou não a igualdade material entre empregador e empregado. Parte-se de uma contextualização histórica e científica do debate. A seguir será estudado o conceito de princípio do direito, analisando-se três deles: a igualdade, a proporcionalidade e a proteção ao trabalhador. Então, será averiguado se a isonomia e a norma protetora são complementares ou contraditórias, bem como a possível existência de um quantum justo de tutela a se conferir ao ―hipossuficiente‖ em cada caso concreto, procedimento esse que teria como fim igualar os polos da relação laboral – acaso não seja assim, a proteção a ser concedida será invariável. A metodologia usada será a pesquisa bibliográfica e, eventualmente, jurisprudencial, com um enfoque primordialmente dogmático, mas também zetético e interdisciplinar. Para o exame dessas questões – bem como para respondê-las -, seguir-se-á principalmente os chamados ―neoconstitucionalismo‖ e o ―pós-positivismo‖ naquela vertente liderada por Robert Alexy. Ao final, serão apresentadas conclusões no sentido de ser ou não possíveis a adoção do princípio da proporcionalidade para ponderar igualdade e proteção ao trabalhador, equiparando-se assim as partes em justa medida na busca pela Justiça. / This study analyses the relationship between the principles of legal equality and worker protection, examining how both operate to effect or otherwise the material equality between employer and employee. It starts from an historical and scientific contextualization of the debate and then moves on to study the concept of the principles of law, analyzing three of them: equality, proportionality and worker protection. Then it will examine whether equality under the law and protection regulations are complementary or contradictory, together with the possible existence of fair portion of protection which would provide the ―disadvantaged ― in each case with a procedure aimed at equalizing the opposing positions in the labour relationship - otherwise, it would be an unvarying protection. The method will employ bibliographical and juridical research, which is primarily focused on the strictly legal, but is also zetetic and interdisciplinary. Examination of these questions, together with responses to them, will principally follow the ―neo-constitutionalism‖ and ―post-positivism‖ of the approach propounded by Robert Alexy. Finally, it will present conclusions about whether or not it is possible to adopt the principle of proportionality in consideration of worker protection and equality, thus equalizing the parties in the fair pursuit of justice.

Esta dissertação analisa a relação entre os princípios da isonomia e da proteção ao trabalhador, examinando como ambos atuam para efetivar ou não a igualdade material entre empregador e empregado. Parte-se de uma contextualização histórica e científica do debate. A seguir será estudado o conceito de princípio do direito, analisando-se três deles: a igualdade, a proporcionalidade e a proteção ao trabalhador. Então, será averiguado se a isonomia e a norma protetora são complementares ou contraditórias, bem como a possível existência de um quantum justo de tutela a se conferir ao ―hipossuficiente‖ em cada caso concreto, procedimento esse que teria como fim igualar os polos da relação laboral – acaso não seja assim, a proteção a ser concedida será invariável. A metodologia usada será a pesquisa bibliográfica e, eventualmente, jurisprudencial, com um enfoque primordialmente dogmático, mas também zetético e interdisciplinar. Para o exame dessas questões – bem como para respondê-las -, seguir-se-á principalmente os chamados ―neoconstitucionalismo‖ e o ―pós-positivismo‖ naquela vertente liderada por Robert Alexy. Ao final, serão apresentadas conclusões no sentido de ser ou não possíveis a adoção do princípio da proporcionalidade para ponderar igualdade e proteção ao trabalhador, equiparando-se assim as partes em justa medida na busca pela Justiça. / This study analyses the relationship between the principles of legal equality and worker protection, examining how both operate to effect or otherwise the material equality between employer and employee. It starts from an historical and scientific contextualization of the debate and then moves on to study the concept of the principles of law, analyzing three of them: equality, proportionality and worker protection. Then it will examine whether equality under the law and protection regulations are complementary or contradictory, together with the possible existence of fair portion of protection which would provide the ―disadvantaged ― in each case with a procedure aimed at equalizing the opposing positions in the labour relationship - otherwise, it would be an unvarying protection. The method will employ bibliographical and juridical research, which is primarily focused on the strictly legal, but is also zetetic and interdisciplinary. Examination of these questions, together with responses to them, will principally follow the ―neo-constitutionalism‖ and ―post-positivism‖ of the approach propounded by Robert Alexy. Finally, it will present conclusions about whether or not it is possible to adopt the principle of proportionality in consideration of worker protection and equality, thus equalizing the parties in the fair pursuit of justice.

El despido arbitrario es un tema de suma importancia en el ámbito laboral, y su regulación y fiscalización son fundamentales para garantizar los derechos de los trabajadores. La Superintendencia Nacional de Fiscalización Laboral (Sunafil) desempeña un papel crucial en este proceso al supervisar el cumplimiento de las obligaciones laborales por parte de los empleadores. En el marco de la presente tesis, se presenta una propuesta de modificación integral en las competencias del inspector de la Superintendencia Nacional de Fiscalización Laboral (Sunafil) con el objetivo de mejorar la eficiencia y eficacia en la fiscalización del pago de indemnización por despido arbitrario en el contexto laboral peruano. A través de un enfoque cualitativo, se diseñaron objetivos específicos que buscan fortalecer las habilidades y conocimientos de los inspectores, así como la implementación de una metodología de trabajo más efectiva. Los resultados de esta investigación reflejan un impacto positivo en la calidad de las inspecciones y la detección de casos de despido arbitrario, así como una mayor capacidad de conciliación entre las partes involucradas. / Arbitrary dismissal is an extremely important issue in the labor field, and its regulation and oversight are fundamental to guarantee workers' rights. The National Superintendence of Labor Inspection (Sunafil) plays a crucial role in this process by supervising employers' compliance with their labor obligations. Within the framework of this thesis, a proposal for a comprehensive modification of the competencies of the inspector of the National Superintendence of Labor Inspection (Sunafil) is presented with the objective of improving the efficiency and effectiveness in the inspection of the payment of compensation for arbitrary dismissal in the Peruvian labor context. Through a qualitative approach, specific objectives were designed to strengthen the skills and knowledge of the inspectors, as well as the implementation of a more effective work methodology. The results of this research reflect a positive impact on the quality of inspections and the detection of cases of arbitrary dismissal, as well as a greater capacity for conciliation between the parties involved.

Dans le cadre d'un projet de recherche proposé par l'Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), cette thèse aborde les nanomatériaux manufacturés (NMM) sous l'angle philosophique à la recherche des conditions de possibilité d'une protection juridique efficace et évolutive, des travailleurs en industrie de production et d'utilisation de ces objets. Les NMM sont des objets fondamentalement nouveaux, polémiques et polymorphes avec des propriétés souvent inédites.La première partie de la thèse rend compte des problèmes spécifiques à la production de normes dans l'expérience humaine, plus précisément des normes juridiques sur le travail, puisque ces problèmes impactent les possibilités d'une qualification juridique des NMM et par voie de conséquence la protection des travailleurs. La deuxième partie fait un état des connaissances sur les NMM afin d'identifier les difficultés propres à l'objet, dans la mesure où une connaissance stabilisée est nécessaire à une qualification juridique. La troisième partie propose d'analyser l'activité de travail comme enchâssement de débats de normes qui construisent en amont un monde qualifié par rapport à des choix de vie qui se manifestent sous forme de normes antécédentes, et a fortiori sous la forme de normes juridiques dans l'activité. La thèse considère les NMM à la fois comme des objets d'études pour les sciences de la matière, dont ils sont issus, et comme des objets des sciences humaines et sociales, entendues comme sciences de l'Homme en activité. Ainsi notre apport se retrouve dans l'analyse de l'activité comme outil de maïeutique, source d'une communication entre les différents acteurs de ce domaine. / In the frame of a research project proposed by the French National Institute of Research and Security (INRS), this thesis approaches manufactured nanomaterials (MNM) from the point of view of a philosophical inquiry into the conditions of possiblity of an efficacious and progressive juridical protection of workers in the industry of manufacturing and of the usage of these materials. The MNM are fundamentally new, controversial and often polymorphic objects, with unique properties.The first part of the thesis reports on specific problems in the production of standards in human experience, specifically legal labor standards, since these issues impact the possibilities of a legal characterization of MNM and consequently the protection of workers. The second part proposes an assessment of the state of knowledge concerning the MNM in order to identify the difficulties proper to the material, considering consolidated knowledge is necessary for any qualification in terms of Law.The third part attempts to analyze the activity of work as a grounding of the debate on standards which, from the outset, constructs a world qualified in relation to life choices that become manifest in the shape of already existing standards and a fortiori in the shape of legal standards within the activity of work.This thesis considers MNM as both the object of study for the science of Matter, from which they have sprung, and the object of the social and human sciences, understood as the science of Man in activity. Thus our contribution is to be found within the analysis of the activity as a maieutic implement, and therefore a source of communication between the different actors in this domain.

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