Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:46:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fulvia Leticia Perego Silva.pdf: 790751 bytes, checksum: 47f606ab3afcfc830c67cc0c81d1fda9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / This research study aims to discuss the fight for the rule of environmental law, bringing with it a reflection of the scope and limits of environmental legal standard. We live in the twenty-first century in increasing changes and accelerated by economic and technological development, by engendering the environmental crisis and risk society facility. In this scenario, the state and the law must manifest in order to try to solve or at least develop possible solutions to combat the effects of risk society, fighting for the survival of mankind and ensure for future generations. The Brazilian environmental law is considered one of the most advanced in the world regarding environmental legal protection. However, the struggle for a state of effective environmental law, ie, the actual implementation of rules that change the existing social and environmental facts, are several limits. Then comes the central issue of this research project: what is the scope and what are the limits of environmental legal norm by a State Environmental Law? In trying to find answers to such a complex question, it was used in this work, as methodology, eminently literature, with the compass the fact that the struggle for a State Environmental Law comes necessarily from the existing dilemma between the depletion tax threshold the known economic models and the desired scope for environmental protection. Such a dilemma goes beyond the rule of law, since it necessarily involves great environmental importance of awareness of not only the State as a legal entity, but for all its members, ie the community which seamlessly must participate responsibly and ethics, realizing the desired range by environmental legal standard, that is, the effective protection of the environment. / O presente trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo discorrer sobre a luta pelo Estado de Direito Ambiental, trazendo consigo uma reflexão do alcance e do limite da norma jurídica ambiental. Vivemos no século XXI em transformações crescentes e aceleradas pelo desenvolvimento econômico e tecnológico, pelo engendramento da crise ambiental e instalação da sociedade de risco. Neste cenário, o Estado e o Direito precisam se manifestar com a finalidade de tentar resolver ou pelo menos elaborar possíveis soluções para combater os efeitos da sociedade de risco, lutar pela sobrevivência da humanidade e garantir a das futuras gerações. O ordenamento jurídico ambiental brasileiro é considerado um dos mais avançados do mundo quanto à tutela jurídica ambiental. No entanto, a luta por um Estado de Direito Ambiental efetivo, isto é, a aplicação real de normas que mudem os fatos sociais e ambientais vigentes, encontra vários limites. Surge, então, a problemática central do presente projeto de pesquisa: qual o alcance e quais os limites da norma jurídica ambiental por um Estado de Direito Ambiental? Na tentativa de encontrar respostas a tão complexa indagação, utilizou-se neste trabalho, como metodologia, a pesquisa eminentemente bibliográfica, tendo como bússola o fato de que a luta por um Estado de Direito Ambiental nasce necessariamente do dilema existente entre o limite imposto pelo esgotamento dos modelos econômicos conhecidos e o alcance pretendido pela proteção ambiental. Tal dilema vai além da norma jurídica, posto que passa obrigatoriamente pela tomada de consciência da grande importância ambiental não só pelo Estado como ente jurídico, mas por todos os seus integrantes, ou seja, a coletividade, que de forma integrada deve participar com responsabilidade e ética, concretizando o alcance pretendido pela norma jurídica ambiental, ou seja, a efetiva proteção do meio ambiente.

The present study has as object of study the duty to justify the judicial decisions established in art. 489 of the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure, which, in accordance with the Federal Constitution, established the grounds as an essential element of the judicial pronouncement, but innovated in the conception of §1º which deals with the inherent contours of the obligation to state reasons, and §2º which provides for the justification of a consolidated judicial decision in the weighting of legal rules. Seen in this way is that once consolidated in the judicial decision the preponderance of the implementation of legal norms, the legitimation of the exercise of the judicial activity and thus the guarantee of correction of the legal discourse by means of its consistency is in the duty of justification of the judicial decision an important tool to control the interpretation and application of legal norms. Thus, in view of the dimension of the thematic, several theories were developed in order to better clarify the phenomenon described and with that to trace parameters of its verification, among these the present work took as object of investigation the doctrine undertaken by the German Robert Alexy, which widely received in Brazil has as theoretical framework the development of an argumentative legal theory, besides being responsible for the introduction of the weighting technique as a form of resolution of the normative conflict between principles. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to analyze the duty to state reasons for the judicial decision, set forth in art. 489, §1º and §2º in the light of the discursive theory developed by Alexy, in order to draw the parallel between the theoretical framework chosen and the regulation of the thematic. Such an approach presupposes the necessary verification of the compatibility of that with the current procedural system, so that its scope and limitations are established. / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho tem como objeto de estudo o dever de fundamentação das decisões judiciais disposto no art. 489 do Código de Processo Civil brasileiro, o qual em consonância com a Constituição Federal erigiu a fundamentação como elemento essencial do pronunciamento judicial, mas inovou na concepção do §1º o qual trata dos contornos inerentes a materialização do dever de fundamentação, e do §2º que dispõe sobre a justificação de decisão judicial consolidada na ponderação entre normas jurídicas. Visto desta maneira é que uma vez consolidada na decisão judicial a preponderância da concretização das normas jurídicas, a legitimação do exercício da atividade jurisdicional e assim a garantia da correção do discurso jurídico por meio de sua coerência tem-se no dever de fundamentação da decisão judicial uma importante ferramenta de controle da interpretação e aplicação das normas jurídicas. Deste modo, diante da dimensão da temática várias teorias foram desenvolvidas no sentido de melhor esclarecer o fenômeno descrito e com isso traçar parâmetros de sua verificação, dentre essas o presente trabalho tomou como objeto de investigação a doutrina empreendida pelo alemão Robert Alexy, a qual amplamente recepcionada no Brasil tem como marco teórico o desenvolvimento de uma teoria jurídica argumentativa, além de ser responsável pela introdução da técnica da ponderação como forma de resolução do conflito normativo entre princípios. Por essa razão é que se propõe nesse estudo a análise do dever de fundamentação da decisão judicial, exposto no art. 489, §1º e §2º à luz da teoria discursiva desenvolvida por Alexy, no sentido de traçar o paralelo entre o marco teórico elegido e a regulamentação da temática. Tal abordagem se faz pressuposto necessário à verificação da compatibilidade daquela com a sistemática processual vigente, de modo que assim sejam estabelecidos seu alcance e limitações.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-08-17T13:19:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo Soares Matos Cascudo.pdf: 788622 bytes, checksum: cc5a2a5ef7892825951c864e090c44de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T13:19:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo Soares Matos Cascudo.pdf: 788622 bytes, checksum: cc5a2a5ef7892825951c864e090c44de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-12 / Time, not only in law, but also in any and all areas of knowledge, is a linguistic tool for measurement. The importance of the study of time lies on delimiting the beginning and the end of something planned in the empirical world. For Law, time demarcates the norms' dies a quo and ad quem, establishing the beginning of its validity, as well as the term. Therefore, the prescription's norm is viewed by much of the doctrine as the "end" of the right of action, insofar as it precludes the state judge's action in the case. But, unlike what is proposed by the doctrine, the limitation rule is not the loss of the right of action, inasmuch, in the semantic plane, it is the state judge's impossibility to satisfy the request by the inertia holder's right over a period of time. However, if we analyze in the syntactic plane, it is a rule that obliges the judge to extinguish the demand, due to the inertia time lapse provided in the antecedent of the primary prescription rule. To assert that it is a question of right action loss, is also to say that the prescription rule would act in the secondary rule, preventing its constitution, nevertheless, the premise does not proceed as long as, with the filing of the demand, the secondary rule is constituted, destroying the thesis which says the prescription is a norm of right of action extinction. It is, therefore, to affirm that the prescription rule would act in the obligatory modal, directed to the state judge's action, after the constitution of the secondary norm and of the right of action exercise, so that a third norm extinguishing the action is constituted. In these terms, the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic plan of the prescription definition would be consonant / O tempo, não só para o direito, como para toda e qualquer área do conhecimento, é ferramenta linguística de medição. A importância do estudo sobre o tempo reside em delimitarmos o início e o fim de algo que se planeja verificar no mundo empírico. Para o Direito, o tempo demarca o dies a quo e ad quem das normas, estabelecendo o início da sua vigência, bem como o término. Frente a isto, a norma de prescrição é visualizada por grande parte da doutrina como o “fim” do direito de ação, uma vez que impossibilita a atuação do estado juiz na ação. Mas, diferentemente do é proposto por parte da doutrina, a norma de prescrição não é a perda do direito de ação, na medida em que, no plano semântico, trata-se da impossibilidade do estado juiz satisfazer o pedido pela inércia do titular do direito durante certo lapso de tempo. Contudo, se analisarmos no plano sintático, trata-se de uma norma que obriga o juiz a extinguir a demanda, em virtude da inercia do lapso temporal prevista no antecedente da norma primária de prescrição. Firmar se tratar da perda do direito de ação, é dizer que a norma de prescrição atuaria na norma secundária, impedindo sua constituição, não obstante, a premissa não procede posto que, com o ajuizamento da demanda, a norma secundária restaria constituída, pondo por terra a tese segundo a qual a prescrição é norma de extinção do direito de ação. Trata-se, portanto, em afirmar que a norma de prescrição atuaria no modal obrigatório, direcionada à atuação do estado juiz, após a constituição da norma secundária e do próprio exercício do direito de ação, para que seja constituída terceira norma extinguindo a ação. Nestes termos, o plano sintático, semântico e pragmático da definição de prescrição restaria consonante

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gyordano Kelton Alves Luz.pdf: 2770635 bytes, checksum: 364399c2c03224e55881b94a1609c488 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this study is to analyze the tax rule immunizing with the scope to reach the MIRIM - Irreducible Minimum Immunity. It is also studying RMIT - Rule-tax Impact Matrix creating Paulo de Barros Carvalho from two perspectives: static and dynamic. The work is innovative, because they are applied the lessons of Quantum Physics and the Theory of Relativity to reach MIRIM. Static perspective (application of Quantum Physics): We started a study stating that there are two types of rules: the legal and not legal. Specifically legal norms have a complex process of interpretation and application which is summarized in two "pathways generators": the meaning and normative. After hours of discussions we realized that the atom and the rule of law have a tax structure. Atoms are composed of quarks (Up, Down, Strange, Charmed, Bottom and Top) and legal tax provision consists of the criteria of RMIT (material, spatial, temporal, quantitative and staff). Deepening the comparison comes on the atomic elements (electrons, protons and neutrons) and the modal deontic normative (prohibited, obligatory and permitted). The combination of all atomic elements give rise to a final positive or negative charge. In the case of deontic modals which will be positive or negative is the approach to treatment of the subjects of tax relationship. Dynamic approach (application of the Theory of Relativity): In that instant is studied the influence of space and time. The space / time is described in the protasis normative, more specifically in the criterion space and time criterion. Applying the precepts of the theory of relativity, it was concluded the necessity of joining these two criteria, because a tenet of relativity is that time and space do not separate, thus creating a feature called quantum / relative. Therefore, we propose a "new" as well as RMIT complies with the precepts of the theory of relativity is thus more balanced, with two criteria in history (material and quantum / relative) and the consequent two criteria (quantitative and personal ). Leaving the following legal premise: if every legal tax rule, being a man of building (object of the cultural world) has a structure, so the tax rule immunizing also have to have a structure. That is the premise that underpins the work. The tax rule is divided into: a standard of conduct and standard structure. In the first applies to RMIT and in the second applies the MIRIM. The MIRIM is in line with the teachings of quantum physics, because there are two criteria in the protasis normative (legal and quantum well / relative) and two criteria in apodosei normative (subjective rights and legal duty). The MIRIM complies with the precepts of the Theory of Relativity, as space and time form a single normative criterion contained in the protasis. Finally, not only staying in theory will apply the standards in some MIRIM tax immunity / A proposta do presente trabalho é analisar a norma tributária imunizante com o escopo de chegar ao MIRIM Mínimo Irredutível da Imunidade. Também é estudado a RMIT Regra-Matriz de Incidência tributária criação de Paulo de Barros Carvalho sob duas perspectivas: estática e dinâmica. A obra é inovadora, pois são aplicados os ensinamentos da Física Quântica e da Teoria da Relatividade para chegar ao MIRIM. Perspectiva estática (aplicação da Física Quântica): Iniciamos o estudo afirmando que existem dois tipos de normas: as não jurídicas e as jurídicas. Especificamente as normas jurídicas têm um complexo processo de interpretação e aplicação que se resume em dois percursos geradores : do sentido e o normativo. Depois de horas de reflexões percebemos que o átomo e a norma jurídica tributária possuem uma estrutura. Os átomos são compostos pelos quarks (Up, Down, Strange, Charmed, Bottom e Top) e a norma jurídica tributária é composta pelos critérios da RMIT (material, espacial, temporal, quantitativo e pessoal). Aprofundando a comparação chega-se nos elementos atômicos (elétrons, prótons e nêutros) e nos modais deônticos normativos (proibido, obrigatório e permitido). A associação de todos os elementos atômicos ocasionará uma carga final positiva ou negativa. No caso dos modais deônticos o que será positiva ou negativa é a conduta final dos sujeitos da relação jurídica tributária. Perspectiva dinâmica (aplicação da Teoria da Relatividade): Nesse átimo é estudada a influência do espaço/tempo. O espaço/tempo está descrito na prótase normativa, mais especificamente no critério espacial e o critério temporal. Aplicando os preceitos da Teoria da Relatividade, concluiu-se a necessidade da junção desses dois critérios, pois um dos princípios da relatividade é que o tempo e o espaço não se separam, criando assim o critério chamado quântico/relativo. Sendo assim, propomos uma nova RMIT que além de está de acordo com os preceitos da teoria da relatividade fica, assim, mais harmoniosa, com dois critérios no antecedente (material e quântico/relativo) e dois critérios no conseqüente (quantitativo e pessoal). Saindo da seguinte premissa jurídica: se toda norma jurídica tributária, por ser uma construção do homem (objeto do mundo cultural), tem uma estrutura, logo, a norma tributária imunizante também tem que possuir uma estrutura. Essa é a premissa que sustenta o trabalho. A norma tributária é dividida em: norma de conduta e norma de estrutura. Nas primeiras aplica-se a RMIT e nas segundas aplica-se o MIRIM. O MIRIM está em sintonia com os ensinamentos da Física Quântica, pois nele encontram-se dois critérios na prótase normativa (bem jurídico e quântico/relativo) e mais dois critérios na apódose normativa (direito subjetivo e dever jurídico). O MIRIM está de acordo com os preceitos da Teoria da Relatividade, pois o espaço e o tempo formam um único critério contido na prótase normativa. Por fim, para não ficar apenas no plano teórico aplicaremos o MIRIM em algumas normas de imunidade tributária

Dans le cadre d'un projet de recherche proposé par l'Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), cette thèse aborde les nanomatériaux manufacturés (NMM) sous l'angle philosophique à la recherche des conditions de possibilité d'une protection juridique efficace et évolutive, des travailleurs en industrie de production et d'utilisation de ces objets. Les NMM sont des objets fondamentalement nouveaux, polémiques et polymorphes avec des propriétés souvent inédites.La première partie de la thèse rend compte des problèmes spécifiques à la production de normes dans l'expérience humaine, plus précisément des normes juridiques sur le travail, puisque ces problèmes impactent les possibilités d'une qualification juridique des NMM et par voie de conséquence la protection des travailleurs. La deuxième partie fait un état des connaissances sur les NMM afin d'identifier les difficultés propres à l'objet, dans la mesure où une connaissance stabilisée est nécessaire à une qualification juridique. La troisième partie propose d'analyser l'activité de travail comme enchâssement de débats de normes qui construisent en amont un monde qualifié par rapport à des choix de vie qui se manifestent sous forme de normes antécédentes, et a fortiori sous la forme de normes juridiques dans l'activité. La thèse considère les NMM à la fois comme des objets d'études pour les sciences de la matière, dont ils sont issus, et comme des objets des sciences humaines et sociales, entendues comme sciences de l'Homme en activité. Ainsi notre apport se retrouve dans l'analyse de l'activité comme outil de maïeutique, source d'une communication entre les différents acteurs de ce domaine. / In the frame of a research project proposed by the French National Institute of Research and Security (INRS), this thesis approaches manufactured nanomaterials (MNM) from the point of view of a philosophical inquiry into the conditions of possiblity of an efficacious and progressive juridical protection of workers in the industry of manufacturing and of the usage of these materials. The MNM are fundamentally new, controversial and often polymorphic objects, with unique properties.The first part of the thesis reports on specific problems in the production of standards in human experience, specifically legal labor standards, since these issues impact the possibilities of a legal characterization of MNM and consequently the protection of workers. The second part proposes an assessment of the state of knowledge concerning the MNM in order to identify the difficulties proper to the material, considering consolidated knowledge is necessary for any qualification in terms of Law.The third part attempts to analyze the activity of work as a grounding of the debate on standards which, from the outset, constructs a world qualified in relation to life choices that become manifest in the shape of already existing standards and a fortiori in the shape of legal standards within the activity of work.This thesis considers MNM as both the object of study for the science of Matter, from which they have sprung, and the object of the social and human sciences, understood as the science of Man in activity. Thus our contribution is to be found within the analysis of the activity as a maieutic implement, and therefore a source of communication between the different actors in this domain.

Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'Université de Montréal et l'Université Panthéon-Assas Paris II / La question de la protection des renseignements personnels présente des enjeux majeurs dans le contexte des réseaux. Les premières lois en la matière au Canada et en Europe avaient pour base une série de principes qui sont encore aujourd’hui d’actualité. Toutefois, l’arrivée d’Internet et des structures en réseau permettant l’échange d’un nombre infini d’informations entre organismes et personnes ont changé la donne et induisent de nouveaux risques informationnels. Le principe de finalité, pierre angulaire des systèmes de protection des renseignements personnels, postule le caractère adéquat, pertinent et non excessif des informations collectées par rapport à l’objet du traitement et exige qu’elles soient uniquement utilisées à des fins compatibles avec la finalité initiale. Nous retracerons l’historique de ce principe et analyserons la manière dont la doctrine, la jurisprudence et les décisions du CPVPC comme de la CNIL ont contribué à délimiter ses contours. Nous étudierons comment ce principe se manifeste dans la structure en réseau de l’administration électronique ou du gouvernement électronique et nous relèverons les nouveautés majeures que présente l’État en réseau par rapport au modèle d’État en silo, ainsi que la nécessité d’une gouvernance adaptée à cette structure. Nous examinerons également la présence de standards juridiques et de notions à contenus variable dans le domaine de la protection des renseignements personnels et nous tenterons de montrer comment la finalité, en tant que principe ou standard, a les capacités de s’adapter aux exigences de proportionnalité, d’ajustement et de mutation continuelle qui sont aujourd’hui au cœur des défis de la gouvernance des réseaux. Finalement, il sera question de présenter quelques pistes pour l’adoption de mécanismes d’adaptation « réseautique » pour la protection des renseignements personnels et de montrer dans quelle mesure ce droit, capable de créer un cadre de protection adéquat, est également un « droit en réseau » qui possède tous les attributs du « droit post-moderne », attributs qui vont rendre possible une adaptation propre à protéger effectivement les renseignements personnels dans les structures, toujours changeantes, où circulent aujourd’hui les informations. / Personal data protection poses significant challenges in the context of networks. The first laws on this matter both in Canada and in Europe were based on a series of principles that remain valid today. Nevertheless, Internet and the development of network-based structures that enable infinite exchange of information between institutions and individuals are changing the priorities and, at the same time, present new risks related to data protection. The purpose principle, which is the personal data protection systems cornerstone, stresses the relevance and adequate yet not excessive nature of the collected information vis à vis the objective of data collection. The purpose principle also requires that the information shall not further be processed in a way incompatible with the initial purpose. We will describe the origins and evolution of this principle, as well as its present relevance and scope analysing the doctrine, jurisprudence and decisions of the Office of the Privacy Commissioner in Canada and of the Commission nationale de l’informatique et des libertés (CNIL) in France. We will also examine how this principle is reflected in the network structure of the digital administration and of the electronic government. We will also underline the differences between a network-based State and a « silo-based » State, each needing its structure of governance. Within the context of personal data protection, we will explore the presence of legal standards and of concepts with a changing nature. An effort will be made to highlight how purpose, be it as a principle or as a standard, has the capacity to adapt to the requirements of the core principles of the current network governance, such as proportionality, adjustment and continuous mutation. Finally, the objective is to reflect on some personal data protection network adaptation mechanisms, and to demonstrate how personal data protection can work in a network that includes all « post-modern law » elements that allow for true adaptation for effective personal data protection within the ever changing structures where data is being exchanged.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcela Conde Acquaro.pdf: 1148872 bytes, checksum: 73b757f3e3349b5c9ccc291e0de58fed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-29 / This paper intends to undertake a study of legal standards in our legal system take care of the rural land tax, your institution, regulation, tax collection, among other aspects. For that, at baseline, we established assumptions and concepts, for, after, we dedicate to the topic itself. We decided to make the study of the ITR through rule-array of tax incidence. Thus, we analyzed all the elements contained in the rule-array, the antecedent of its standard criteria material, temporal and spatial, while the consequent, we saw the staff and quantitative criteria. How we treat the test material, we intend to define the scope to be taken to property taxation. At the time criterion, we study the moments of occurrence of the legal fact, and, finally, on the criteria of the antecedent of the rule, we verify the criterion space and its various conflicts, what is meant by urban and rural areas, where the parameters for imposition of property tax or ITR, among other issues. Already in relation to consequent of the norm in the criteria staff, established the subject of the relationship by checking who may appear as a taxpayer's tax liability and asset. No quantitative criterion, we did extensive research to go into current discussions about the exclusions from the calculation basis permitted by law, discussions covering the delivery of the ADA - Declaratory Act Environmental wetlands by hydroelectric plants, among others. Finally, we make our conclusions as to the doctrinal or jurisprudential discussions / O presente trabalho pretende realizar um estudo das normas jurídicas vigentes em nosso sistema jurídico que cuidam do imposto territorial rural, sua instituição, regulamentação, arrecadação, dentre outros aspectos. Para tanto, no início da pesquisa, estabelecemos premissas e conceitos fundamentais, para, após, nos dedicarmos ao tema em si. Decidimos fazer o estudo do ITR por meio da regra-matriz de incidência tributária. Assim, analisamos todos os elementos contidos na regra-matriz, no antecedente da norma seus critérios material, temporal e espacial, enquanto, no consequente, vimos o critério pessoal e quantitativo. Quanto tratamos do critério material, pretendemos delimitar o âmbito que se deve ter para tributação da propriedade. No critério temporal, estudamos os momentos da ocorrência do fato jurídico, e, por fim, quanto aos critérios do antecedente da norma, verificamos o critério espacial e seus diversos conflitos, o que deve ser entendido por zona urbana e zona rural, quais os parâmetros para a tributação do IPTU ou ITR, dentre outras questões. Já no que tange ao consequente da norma no critério pessoal, estabelecemos os sujeitos da relação, verificando quem poderá figurar como sujeito passivo e ativo da obrigação tributária. No critério quantitativo, fizemos um vasto estudo para adentrarmos em discussões atuais quanto às exclusões da base de cálculo permitidas pela legislação, discussões que abrangem a entrega do ADA Ato Declaratório Ambiental, as áreas alagadas pelas usinas hidrelétricas, dentre outros. Por fim, realizamos nossas conclusões quanto às discussões doutrinarias ou jurisprudenciais

La question de la protection des renseignements personnels présente des enjeux majeurs dans le contexte des réseaux. Les premières lois en la matière au Canada et en Europe avaient pour base une série de principes qui sont encore aujourd’hui d’actualité. Toutefois, l’arrivée d’Internet et des structures en réseau permettant l’échange d’un nombre infini d’informations entre organismes et personnes ont changé la donne et induisent de nouveaux risques informationnels. Le principe de finalité, pierre angulaire des systèmes de protection des renseignements personnels, postule le caractère adéquat, pertinent et non excessif des informations collectées par rapport à l’objet du traitement et exige qu’elles soient uniquement utilisées à des fins compatibles avec la finalité initiale. Nous retracerons l’historique de ce principe et analyserons la manière dont la doctrine, la jurisprudence et les décisions du CPVPC comme de la CNIL ont contribué à délimiter ses contours. Nous étudierons comment ce principe se manifeste dans la structure en réseau de l’administration électronique ou du gouvernement électronique et nous relèverons les nouveautés majeures que présente l’État en réseau par rapport au modèle d’État en silo, ainsi que la nécessité d’une gouvernance adaptée à cette structure. Nous examinerons également la présence de standards juridiques et de notions à contenus variable dans le domaine de la protection des renseignements personnels et nous tenterons de montrer comment la finalité, en tant que principe ou standard, a les capacités de s’adapter aux exigences de proportionnalité, d’ajustement et de mutation continuelle qui sont aujourd’hui au coeur des défis de la gouvernance des réseaux. Finalement, il sera question de présenter quelques pistes pour l’adoption de mécanismes d’adaptation « réseautique » pour la protection des renseignements personnels et de montrer dans quelle mesure ce droit, capable de créer un cadre de protection adéquat, est également un « droit en réseau » qui possède tous les attributs du « droit post-moderne », attributs qui vont rendre possible une adaptation propre à protéger effectivement les renseignements personnels dans les structures, toujours changeantes, où circulent aujourd’hui les informations. / Personal data protection poses significant challenges in the context of networks. The first laws on this matter both in Canada and in Europe were based on a series of principles that remain valid today. Nevertheless, Internet and the development of network-based structures that enable infinite exchange of information between institutions and individuals are changing the priorities and, at the same time, present new risks related to data protection. The purpose principle,which is the personal data protection systems cornerstone, stresses the relevance and adequate yet not excessive nature of the collected information vis à vis the objective of data collection. The purpose principle also requires that the information shall not further be processed in a way incompatible with the initial purpose. We will describe the origins and evolution of this principle, as well as its present relevance and scope analysing the doctrine, jurisprudence and decisions of theOffice of the Privacy Commissioner in Canada and of the Commission nationale de l’informatique et des libertés (CNIL) in France. We will also examine how this principle is reflected in the network structure of the digital administration and of the electronic government. We will also underline the differences between a network based State and a « silo-based » State, each needing its structure of governance. Within the context of personal data protection, we will explore the presence of legal standards and of concepts with a changing nature. An effort will be made to highlight how purpose, be it as a principle or as a standard, has the capacity to adapt to the requirements of the core principles of the current network governance, such as proportionality, adjustment and continuous mutation. Finally, the objective is to reflect on some personal data protection network adaptation mechanisms, and to demonstrate how personal data protection can work in a network that includes all« post-modern law » elements that allow for true adaptation for effective personal data protection within the ever changing structures where data is being exchanged.

Parce qu’elle est une clé de compréhension du déclenchement de la responsabilité civile, l’anormalité est une notion centrale de l’institution. Elle s’identifie d’abord à travers le dommage, qui est une anomalie, une déviation par rapport au cours normal des choses. L’anormalité est ici intrinsèque au dommage et se définit comme le déséquilibre patrimonial et extrapatrimonial subi par la victime. La notion se découvre ensuite à l’extérieur du dommage, elle caractérise ce qu’il faut en plus du dommage pour engager une responsabilité. Cette anormalité, dite extrinsèque au dommage, tient son origine dans la faute civile : est en faute l’individu ayant adopté un comportement anormal.Classiquement cantonnée à l’élément objectif de la faute, avant qu’elle n’en épuise entièrement la définition, l’évolution montre que l’anormalité s’est diversifiée pour devenir un critère aux multiples visages. La notion se rencontre ainsi, par exemple, dans la responsabilité du fait des choses (anormalité de la chose), dans la responsabilité du fait d’autrui (anormalité du fait d’autrui) ou encore en matière de trouble du voisinage. De manière plus latente, l’anormalité peut également être mobilisée pour expliquer le risque sélectionné par le législateur pour faire l’objet d’un régime spécial (ex : accidents de la circulation, fait des produits défectueux). En définitive, l’anormalité est un critère juridique de discrimination qui peut, pour faire naître une obligation de réparation, être associé au fait générateur, au dommage ou au risque. Cette vision est forte de potentialités ; elle permet une présentation renouvelée de la matière autour des trois fondements que sont l’anormalité du fait générateur, l’anormalité du dommage et l’anormalité du risque. En délimitant le périmètre de la responsabilité civile, cette tripartition permet finalement une relecture de la matière à la lumière des trois fondements proposés. / Because it is key in understanding how it is triggered, the concept of abnormality is a notion of great importance in relation to civil liability. This concept is first of all found in relation to the notion of injury, which is an anomaly, a deviation from the normal course of things. The abnormality is an intrinsic part of an injury and is defined as a patrimonial and non-patrimonial disturbance suffered by a victim. The concept is then applied outside of the notion of injury, as it then characterises the elements additional to the injury that are needed in order for liability to arise. This aspect of the abnormality, the extrinsic side, originates from the tort principle: that one is liable for one’s own abnormal behaviour.Although classically confined to the objective element of fault, the notion of abnormality has outgrown its original definition and developed into a criterion with many applications. The concept is used, for instance, in relation to product liability (abnormality of an object/product), vicarious liability, or even in relation to nuisance neighbours. There is perhaps also a latent possibility for the concept of abnormality to be used by the legislator for derivative special liability regimes (e.g. defective products, traffic accidents). Ultimately, the concept of abnormality is a form of legal criterion that, in order to give rise to compensation, can be associated to a triggering event, an injury, or a risk. This vision opens up many possibilities: it enables a new way of presenting this subject matter around the three principles that are the abnormality of the triggering event, the abnormality of the injury and the abnormality of the risk. By defining the perimeter of civil liability, this tripartition actually enables a new understanding of the subject matter through these three proposed principles.

C’est le droit des entreprises en difficulté qui a permis de mettre en évidence la complexité que pouvait revêtir la détermination de la date de naissance des créances. Or, celle-ci apparaît fondamentale en droit privé. Constituant le critère d’application de certains mécanismes juridiques, elle incarne l’existence de la créance et représente dès lors un enjeu pour toute règle de droit ayant celle-ci pour objet ou pour condition. Deux courants doctrinaux s’opposent, la thèse classique fixe la date de naissance au stade de la formation du contrat, tandis que des thèses modernes la fixent au stade de l’exécution du contrat. La thèse matérialiste, fondée sur le droit des entreprises en difficultés, fait naître la créance de prix au fur et à mesure de l’exécution de la contre-prestation. La thèse périodique, reposant sur une réflexion doctrinale quant aux contrats à exécution successive, fait renaître toutes les créances du contrat à chaque période contractuelle. L’examen des thèses moderne à l’aune des mécanismes juridique qui ne peuvent qu’incarner la véritable date de naissance de l’authentique créance aboutit à leur invalidité. La thèse classique se trouve donc à nouveau consacrée. Mais la résistance que lui oppose le droit des entreprises en difficulté ne peut reposer sur la technique d’une fiction juridique, car d’autres manifestations du même phénomène peuvent être mises en évidence en dehors de ce domaine. Un changement de paradigme s’impose donc pour résoudre le hiatus. Derrière ce phénomène persistant se cache en réalité une autre vision, une autre conception de la créance, la créance économique qui vient s’articuler avec la créance juridique dans le système de droit privé pour le compléter. La dualité des dates de naissance recèle donc en son sein une dualité du concept de créance lui-même, la créance juridique classique et la créance économique. La créance économique n’est pas un droit subjectif personnel. Elle n’est pas la créance juridique. Elle n’est pas autonome de la créance juridique et ne doit pas être confondue avec une créance née d’un cas d’enrichissement sans cause. La créance économique représente la valeur produite par le contrat au fur et à mesure de l’exécution de sa prestation caractéristique. Elle permet de corriger l’application ordinaire du concept de créance juridique par en assurant la fonction de corrélation des produits et des charges d’un bien ou d’une activité. Ses domaines d’application sont divers. Outre son utilisation dans les droits comptable et fiscal, la créance économique permet la détermination de la quotité cédée dans le cadre d’une cession de contrat, la détermination du gage constitué par un patrimoine d’affectation dans le cadre de la communauté légale, de l’EIRL ou encore de la fiducie, ainsi que la détermination du passif exempté de la discipline d’une procédure collective. Dans ces domaines, ce n’est donc pas la date de naissance de la créance juridique qui s’applique, mais la date de naissance de la créance économique. La cohérence du système de droit privé se trouve donc ainsi restaurée quant à la date de naissance de la créance. / It is the laws governing companies experiencing difficulties which have revealed the complexity of determining the dates of the origination of the claims. And yet this appears to be fundamental in private law. As it constitutes the criterion for implementing certain legal mechanisms, it epitomizes the existence of the claim and hence represents a challenge for any rule of law in which the existence of this claim is a goal or condition. There are two conflicting doctrinal currents: the traditional approach sets the date of origination at the stage of the formation of the contract, while modern approaches situate it at the stage of the execution of the contract. The materialistic approach, based on the law governing companies experiencing difficulties, staggers the origination of the price debt over the period of the execution of the service. The periodical approach, which relies on a doctrinal reflection on successive execution contracts, is that of the re-origination of all the claims under the contract at each contractual period. An examination of the modern approaches, under the auspices of the legal mechanisms which can only epitomize the true date of origination of the authentic claim leads to the invalidity thereof. The traditional approach is therefore once again consecrated. But the resistance constituted by the laws governing companies in difficulty cannot rely on the technique of legal fiction, because other manifestations of the same phenomenon can be identified outside this domain. Therefore, a change of paradigm is in order if the hiatus is to be resolved. Behind this persistent phenomenon lies in fact another vision, another concept of the claim: the economic claim which, interwoven with the legal claim in the private law system, supplements it. The duality of the dates of origination therefore conceals in its bosom the duality of the very concept of a claim, the traditional legal claim and the economic claim. The economic claim is not a subjective personal right. It is not a legal claim. It is not autonomous of the legal claim and must not be confused with a claim originating in a case of unwarranted enrichment. The economic claim represents the value produced by the contract as the service which characterizes it is provided. It permits the rectification of the ordinary application of the concept of legal claim by ensuring the function of correlating the proceeds with the costs of a commodity or an activity. Its domains of application are varied. In addition to its use in accounting and fiscal law, the economic claim permits the determination of the portion transferred in the context of the transfer of a contract, the determination of the collateral consisting in a special-purpose fund in the context of a legal joint estate, a limited liability individual contractor or a trust, as well as the determination of the liabilities which escape the discipline of collective proceedings. In these domains, it is therefore not the date of origination of the legal claim which applies, but the date of origination of the economic claim. The coherence of the private law system is therefore restored as concerns the date of the origination of the claim.