My thesis deals with the study of the age of the high performance of the socker teams at the World Cup and the European Championship from 1970 to 2007. I have garhered the dates of birth of the footballers who won the first, second and third place at these competitions. I have processed and evaluated these data by the computer programme Microsoft Excel. The results are transfered into the graphs and charts that show how the average age of the women´s and men´s footballers is growing up over the years from 1970 to 2007. The knowledge of the age of the high performance are needed for the planning of the sports training.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-06-14T11:52:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Versão final SERGIO - modelo PROPAD1.pdf: 2274469 bytes, checksum: 2c3b81fadb1d5d7502e7574132baf1bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-14T11:52:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Versão final SERGIO - modelo PROPAD1.pdf: 2274469 bytes, checksum: 2c3b81fadb1d5d7502e7574132baf1bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-25 / Tendo como pano de fundo a realização da Copa do Mundo FIFA no Brasil em 2014, esta tese busca refletir sobre as relações sociais pós-modernas a partir da postura imperial na economia contemporânea, buscando compreender a dinâmica das forças antagônicas e concomitantemente complementares que exercem os representantes do capital internacional, associado aos governos, numa situação de constante conflito com os organismos da sociedade civil que compõem a multidão. Estas observações se darão sob a lente da teoria do Império de Michael Hardt e Antonio Negri. Contudo, visto a teoria ser bastante ampla, os dados não nos permitiram abordar todas as categorias teóricas desenvolvidas pelos autores. Assim, nós discorreremos apenas sobre as noções de soberania, produção imaterial, guerra e democracia. Para a análise dos dados, optamos pelo método arqueológico foucaultiano de análise do discurso, que é realizado em quatro etapas, quais sejam: definição dos enunciados, inferência das funções enunciativas, determinação das regras e construção das formações discursivas. / Against the backdrop of the implementation of the FIFA World Cup in Brazil in 2014, this thesis seeks to reflect on the post-modern social relations from the imperial posture in the contemporary economy, seeking to understand the dynamics of the opposing forces and at the same time complementary representatives of international capital, associated with governments, in a situation of constant conflict with the civil society organizations that make up the multitude. These observations will be under the lens of the theory of Empire by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. However, since the theory to be quite large, the data do not allow us to address all theoretical categories developed by the authors. So, we will discuss only on the notions of sovereignty, immaterial production, war and democracy. For data analysis, we chose the Foucauldian archaeological method of discourse analysis, which is conducted in four stages, namely: definition of statements, inference enunciative functions, determining the rules and construction of discursive formations.

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo principal investigar a cobertura da revista Placar a respeito da Seleção Brasileira, do São Paulo Futebol Clube e do Sport Club Corinthians Paulista no período de 1979 a 1984. Embasados por uma perspectiva gramsciniana, situamos a publicação esportiva como um aparelho privado de hegemonia responsável por estimular uma crise de hegemonia e instaurar um novo consenso no campo político e avaliamos as leituras do semanário sobre a participação brasileira na Copa da Espanha, a implantação de um modelo empresarial no tricolor paulista denominada de Revolução São-Paulina, assim como a trajetória percorrida pelo alvinegro paulista durante a Democracia Corintiana. Considerando as capas, as fotografias e os textos, procuramos resgatar a construção simbólica que o semanário fez a respeito do futebol, assim como a sua busca simultânea por resgatar o futebol-arte e modernizar a estrutura administrativa do esporte por meio da implantação da gestão empresarial. Portanto, a equipe verde amarela de 1982, apontada como representante-mor da união entre tradição e modernidade, deveria servir de referência para os clubes nacionais mesmo diante da derrota. Como portadores temporários do ethos nacional até a próxima Copa, caberia aos clubes garantirem o retorno da manifestação artística em campo que havia se perdido durante o regime militar (1964-1985) ao mesmo tempo em que tivessem que se adequar à lógica empresarial. O primeiro clube a ser escolhido como referência do futebol moderno pelo semanário foi o São Paulo, mas se ele possuía todos os elementos que permitissem reconhecê-lo enquanto exemplo de racionalização do esporte, faltava-lhe a emoção necessária para consolidar definitivamente esse projeto. Logo em seguida, o Corinthians é eleito como o novo representante capaz de unir o passado e o presente, pois era possuidor da alma que faltava ao clube do Morumbi. Com o início da Democracia Corintiana, Placar projetava sobre a equipe alvinegra as qualidades tradicionais do futebol-arte que deveriam ser resgatadas e as características modernas que seriam responsáveis por implantar em definitivo o conceito de futebol-empresa. Como representante da vanguarda que consolidaria essa proposta de reforma modernizadora, o periódico elegia Sócrates ídolo corintiano pois o atleta seria capaz de reunir os aspectos do passado e futuro e assim devolver a completude perdida do esporte nacional. Diante da saída do jogador para o futebol europeu, Placar veria o seu projeto político naufragar / This dissertation had, as the main objective, investigate the coverage of Placar Magazine on the Brazilian football team, São Paulo Futebol Clube and Sport Club Corinthians on the period from 1979 to 1984. According to the Gramsci perspective, we consider the sports publishing as a private apparatus of hegemony, responsible for stimulating an hegemony crisis and establish a new consensus in the political field, and we evaluate the point of view of the periodical about Brazilian participation in the Cup of Spain, the implementation of a business model in São Paulo Futebol Clube called Revolução São Paulina and the development of Democracia Corintiana. Considering the magazine covers, photographs and texts, we try to recover the symbolic construction made by the weekly publication about football, as well as its simultaneous pursuit of rescuing the concept of futebol-arte and modernize the administrative structure of the sport through the implementation of business management. Therefore, the Brazilian team of 1982, appointed as the most representative example of the union between tradition and modernity, was used as a reference for national clubs even after the defeat. As representatives of the national ethos until the next World Cup, those sport clubs were responsible to ensure the return of our national artistic expression that was lost during the military years (1964-1985) and at the same time they had to adjust their structure to the business logic. The first club to be chosen as an example of modern football by the magazine was São Paulo, but if it had all the elements that would allow to recognize it as a model of rationalization of sport, it lacked the excitement necessary to definitively consolidate the weekly project. After that, Corinthians was elected as the new representative, able to unite the past and present because it had the soul that was missing in São Paulo. With the beginning of Democracia Corintiana, Placar recognized in Corinthians, the traditional qualities of futebol-arte that should be rescued and the modern features that would be responsible for building the concept of futebol-empresa. As a representative of this kind of plan named reforma modernizadora, the newsletter selected Socrates a Corinthians idol - because the athlete would be able to bring together aspects of the past and future and thus restore the national identity. When the soccer player decided to go to European football, the magazine political project failed

Esse estudo tem como objetivo central compreender a atuação do Estado em relação à moradia e o processo de luta e resistência frente às remoções e ameaças de remoção da população pobre de Fortaleza, em dois diferentes períodos: décadas de 1970 e 1980, momento da industrialização e da consolidação dos movimentos sociais urbanos e sua atuação para conquistar moradia e bens de consumo coletivo; e na segunda década dos anos 2000, com o anúncio da Copa do Mundo FIFA 2014. O megaevento expôs as ações do Estado, a realidade das comunidades ameaçadas de remoção e o surgimento de um novo movimento social que questiona as violações do direito à cidade em decorrência da Copa. Compreende-se que é em períodos de crescimento que se acirram as contradições, como será visto no decorrer do trabalho, ao analisar o período de desenvolvimento industrial, que atrelou política industrial à política habitacional, bem como o momento em que a cidade se prepara para sediar um megaevento com forte repercussão no mundo inteiro, o que gera grande visibilidade e, para isso, é necessário passar uma imagem de cidade em pleno desenvolvimento. A dissertação aborda ainda os processo de espoliação urbana e espoliação via acumulação que atinge a população pobre de Fortaleza e, a partir disso, questiona-se, frente à constante atuação do Estado em beneficiar certos setores da sociedade e repetidamente remover para áreas periféricas da cidade a população pobre, a quem de fato serve esse modelo de cidade. / From the conquest to resistance: World Cup, dwelling, removals and social movements in Fortaleza-CE. 206 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Arquitetura e Urbanismo) - Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, 2015. This study aimed understand the role of the State in relation to housing and the process of struggle and resistance against the removal and threats of removal of the poor population in Fortaleza, in two different periods: the 1970s and 1980s, moment of the industrialization and of the consolidation of urban social movements and its operations to achieve housing and goods of collective consumption; and in the second decade of the 2000s, with the announcement of the FIFA World Cup 2014. The mega event exposed the State\'s actions, the reality of threatened removal communities and the emergence of a new social movement that questions the violations of the right to the city due to the Cup. It must be understood that is in periods of growth that the contradictions are intensified, as will be seen in the course of work, by analyzing the industrial development period, which binded industrial policy to the housing policy, and the time when the city prepares itself to host a mega event with strong repercussions worldwide, which creates great visibility and, therefore, it is necessary to present a city image in full development. The dissertation also discusses the process of urban despoliation and despoliation by the buildup that reaches the poor people in Fortaleza and, from this, inquire, facing the constant action of the State to benefit certain sectors of the society and repeatedly evict the poor people to outlying areas of the city, who actually serves this city model.

This research study investigated intangible assets generated by sport event hosting, specifically in relation to those industries that could influence the planning and leveraging of this alternate value source at Rugby World Cup (RWC) 2015 host destinations. The industries under scrutiny were sport, public sector and tourism, and the sampled host destinations were Cardiff, Exeter, Brighton and Gloucester. The objectives of this thesis were threefold: (1) to respond to the lack of knowledge around the collaborative roles of sport, public sector and tourism organisations in sport event planning, (2) to pioneer representational capital, a concept that looks to examine the input of those pinpointed planners in the identification and valuation of intangible opportunities generated by hosting RWC 2015 fixtures, (3) to probe planning discourse for examples of leveraging representational capital. Expert opinions were captured from executive-level RWC 2015 planners, and supported by secondary data analysis. The findings showed that public sector and sport organisation planning representatives were key RWC 2015 planners and that tourism planners, at a destination level, were not key collaborators in central planning forums, but collaborated extensively with national and international tourism organisations on RWC 2015 planning matters. Additionally, the analysis uncovered that representational capital was predominantly made-up of three key intangible asset areas: destination image, exposure and reputation. Indeed, these intangible areas were recognised and valued by all three industries, but the data analysis indicated that the levels of collaboration between the sampled planning industries did not translate into collectively leveraging representational capital. Moreover, one of the main breakthroughs from this investigation was identifying the interconnected nature of a range of intangible assets in generating greater value, i.e. increasing representational capital available to planners. Representational capital was found to have a strong connection throughout the leveraging process, in terms of the maximisation strategy and planned outputs in RWC 2015 planning, further supporting the study project objective of investigating the intangible in relation to sport events.

This research interrogates South Korean women’s gender, ethnic and national identity construction revealed through sport spectacle. Two phases of the interviews were conducted for the research: focus group interviews during the 2004 Athens Olympics and individual interviews between March and April 2005, the period of the final qualifying stage for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Newspaper extracts on the Olympics and the football matches were presented in the interviews. The analysis of the women’s identity construction was contextualized in relation to South Korea’s socio-cultural, historical and political networks. Globalisation provides the overall framework for the research. Globalisation has dramatically transformed the way people construct their relations to themselves, others and their nation. The research explored how the interviewed women produced and reproduced the meanings and values of the sport events and sport games in search for a sense of security and certainty in the ever-shifting global context. Their struggles to ‘live’ in the new social milieu, a process of reterritorialisation, were also analysed. Moreover, the women’s relationships with North Korea were examined based on the concepts of the ethnic identity and also of the nation as a historical community with shared culture, tradition and history. Although infamously labeled internationally as part of the ‘axis of evil’, North Korea provided a source of ambiguous identity to the interviewees. The women’s perceptions of Japan, South Korea’s old enemy, were also investigated around the themes of postcolonial identities. In addition, the research demonstrated the women’s gendered perceptions of sportswomen and sportsmen and an idea of nationhood represented by them.

This study aims to relate two peculiar events that marked the history of Brazil in relation to football: The 1950 and 2014 World Cup. The only two events held in Brazil were characterized by great preparation of the event infrastructure and enormous expectations of the crowd by winning the title, but it was not what happened. The two Brazilian Cups have been characterized by two very significant losses, the Maracanaço and Mineiraço, these were compared by fans and media and regarded as the worst defeats of the Brazilian team. To understand this problematic we carried out a Virtual Ethnography in Twitter platform in order to verify what users were commenting on the particular subject, as well as research in newspaper archives available online to also observe how the media have related these two Brazilian losses Thus, it was possible to understand with Maracanaço (1950) was gaining new meanings and updated with the new Brazilian defeat in 2014, the Mineiraço. / O presente trabalho tem por finalidade relacionar dois eventos peculiares que marcaram a história do Brasil em relação ao futebol: A Copa de 1950 e a de 2014. Os dois únicos eventos sediados no Brasil foram marcados pela grande preparação da infraestrutura do evento e enorme expectativa da torcida pela conquista do título, porém não foi o que aconteceu. As duas Copas do Brasil foram caracterizadas por duas derrotas muito significativas, o Maracanaço e o Mineiraço, essas que foram comparadas pelos torcedores e mídias e tidas como as piores derrotas da seleção brasileira. Para compreender essa problemática realizou-se uma Etnografia Virtual na plataforma Twitter com o objetivo de verificar o que os usuários estavam comentando sobre o determinado assunto, assim como, uma pesquisa nos acervos de jornais disponibilizados da forma online para também observar como as mídias relacionaram essas duas derrotas brasileiras. Assim, foi possível compreender com o Maracanaço (1950) foi ganhando novos significados e reatualizado com a nova derrota brasileira em 2014, o Mineiraço.

Are incipient the studies on fields sports using tools to precision agriculture (PA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the spatial variability of soil properties in a pitch football, using PA techniques, in order to provide enhancements to the lawn. The study was conducted on a pitch football with dimensions of 100m x 70m belonging to Itapagé Esporte Clube in the city of Frederico Westphalen (RS). The area was divided into a sampling grid of 10 x 7m, totaling 100 sampling points, where samplings were carried out in depth from 0.00 to 0.10 m. The attributes analyzed were : clay content, phosphorus ( P ), potassium ( K ), pH in water and organic matter (OM ). The attributes were analyzed using descriptive statistics, obtaining the position measurements (minimum, average and maximum) of dispersion (standard deviation, coefficient of variation, coefficient of skewness and kurtosis coefficient) and checking the existence of central tendency data (normality). The values of coefficient of variation (CV) were classified as low (CV < 15 %), medium (15 < CV < 35 %) and high (CV > 35 %) variability. To spatial characterization of the soil properties (clay, phosphorus, potassium, pH and organic matter in water) were generated thematic maps and maps correction for P and K. The models have been structured using kriging interpolation method by means of Surfer 11® software. The use of PA tools was useful for characterization of soil properties on the lawn of previously established football. Clay contents ranged between 36 and 61 %. P and K showed high and medium spatial variability respectively, requiring correction variable rate whereas soil pH and organic matter showed low and medium spatial variability, respectively. The actions resulting from this research can contribute to the management of pitch football in Brazil. / Ainda são incipientes os estudos em gramados esportivos usando ferramentas de agricultura de precisão (AP). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a variabilidade espacial de atributos do solo em um gramado de futebol utilizando técnicas de AP, com o intuito de proporcionar melhorias ao gramado. O estudo foi conduzido em um gramado de futebol com dimensões de 100m x 70m pertencente ao Esporte Clube Itapagé no município de Frederico Westphalen (RS). A área foi dividida em um grid amostral de 10 x 7m, totalizando 100 pontos amostrais, onde foram realizadas as coletas de solo, na profundidade de 0,00 - 0,10 m. Os atributos do solo analisados foram: teor de argila, fósforo (P), potássio (K), pH em água e matéria orgânica (MO). Os atributos foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva obtendo-se as medidas de posição (mínimo, média e máximo) de dispersão (desvio padrão, coeficiente de variação, coeficiente de assimetria e coeficiente de curtose) e verificando-se existência de tendência central (normalidade) dos dados. Os valores de coeficiente de variação (CV) foram classificados como de variabilidade baixa (CV<15%), média (15<CV<35%) e alta (CV>35%). Para à caracterização espacial, foram gerados mapas temáticos dos atributos do solo (Argila, fósforo, potássio, pH em água e matéria orgânica) sendo, gerados mapas de correção para P e K. Os modelos foram estruturados utilizando-se método de interpolação krigagem, por meio do software Surfer 11®. A utilização de ferramentas de AP foram uteis para a caracterização dos atributos do solo no gramado de futebol previamente estabelecido. Os teores de argila variaram entre 36 e 61%. P e K apresentaram alta e media variabilidade espacial respectivamente, necessitando de correção em taxa variável enquanto que, o pH do solo e a matéria orgânica apresentaram baixa e media variabilidade espacial, respectivamente. As ações resultantes desta pesquisa podem contribuir para o manejo dos gramados de futebol do Brasil.

Mega-events are associated with significant positive implications such as enhanced international exposure of the host, improved infrastructure, increased tourist numbers, higher employment levels and tax revenues, greater feelings of patriotism among host region residents and integration of the host into the international community. Supporters of events have claimed that the occasions stimulate prominent economic gains for the host region. The economic and tourism growth that occurred in Barcelona following the 1992 Olympic Games is erroneously cited by proponents of hosting as an example of the potential benefits that an event can derive on the host. Those Games were not the sole driver of growth in the region. An analysis of previous mega-events, demonstrated that net benefits were not a necessary consequence of hosting. Comparison of pre-event estimates of the economic impact and their actual effects are universally divergent. The observation was validated by the consensus academic opinion that economic impact studies systematically overstate the benefits of hosting, and underestimate the costs. Further, different forward-looking studies of the same event, calculate vastly different predictions. The tools for calculating the economic impact, specifically Input-Output Analysis and Computable General Equilibrium, do not provide useful predictions given their dependence on the inaccurate data. With 2010 cost data having continually increased since 2003, determining the appropriate inputs to an I-O or CGE is problematic. It was identified that the weight given to the multiplier effect was also a factor in the amplification of the expected benefits. Given the poor data sets available as inputs to I-O and CGE models, the study concentrated on conducting a comprehensive Cost-Benefit Analysis of the determinants of the economic impact of the 2010 World Cup based on the premise that the identification of the relative costs and benefits of staging the event was regarded as a greater contribution to the body of knowledge on the topic. It can be expected that there will not be significant short-term economic gains; this study predicted a net cost of R8.4bn, which is marginally offset by short-term net intangible benefits. The short-term economic consequences of the 2010 World Cup are expected to be overshadowed by the long-term effects on revenues within the tourism industry. The image implication of hosting 2010 is the most salient factor in considering the economic impact of 2010, as an alteration in the national image can have long-term effects on FDI and tourism. It is however not a certainty that the international exposure that South Africa receives will be beneficial, in the instance that the World Cup is characterised by poor organisational measures or crime. The net impact of hosting is expected to be a function of the long-term benefits, which can be expected to exceed the short-terms costs, and derive a cumulative net benefit from staging 2010. The World Cup is however unlikely to stimulate the economic growth rate above levels that would have occurred had the event not been held in South Africa.

From an analysis of the literature it is apparent that there has been no concerted effort to date to undertake a coherent and integrated assessment of the application of e-marketing in sport mega-events. A strategic evaluation of the e-marketing initiatives implemented since 2000 during national and international mega events, indicates that e-marketing, in most instances, took place in a limited and fragmented manner. However a further analysis of these case studies provides valuable perspectives and lessons that could inform the research process related to e-marketing during the 2010 FIFA Soccer World CupTM. Against this background each of the selected sport mega-events since 2000 was investigated in terms of how e-marketing technology was used in the particular event, the e-marketing challenges experienced, the key e-marketing lessons learnt and the apparent e-marketing critical success factors related to these events. The theoretical context and the lessons learnt from previous mega-event case studies provided the background and frame of reference for the empirical research into the use of e-marketing during the 2010 Soccer World CupTM. The key envisaged outcome was to theoretically develop an e-marketing framework that can serve as a guideline to fully optimise e-marketing in future sports mega-events. The research findings were presented and the 16 critical e-marketing success factors (CSFs) that may contribute to the success of sport mega-events were identified. Specific conclusions were made based on the results obtained and specific actions were recommended for future additional research in the sport mega-events field. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2013 / Tourism Management / PhD / Unrestricted