En aquest treball s'ha desenvolupat una metodologia per implementar l'eliminació biològica de fòsfor (EPBR) en les plantes de tractament d'aigües residuals urbanes (EDAR) amb configuració anòxica / òxica (A/O) dissenyades per eliminar únicament matèria orgànica (DQO) i nitrogen (N). L'objectiu és eliminar biològicament i simultàniament DQO, N i fòsfor (P) tenint en compte aspectes de control de processos i amb el millor rendiment d'operació. La metodologia proposada cerca exhaustivament un model del procés, utilitzant les dades existents de la planta per determinar els paràmetres cinètics. El model de la planta s'ha calibrat utilitzant una metodologia basada en la matriu d'informació de Fisher (FIM). Usant l'estructura del model de la planta i les noves configuracions de plantes que es proposen, s'utilitza un conjunt de criteris per identificar quina és la millor alternativa. Entre els criteris utilitzats es troben: qualitat de l'efluent, solidesa de l'estructura de control del procés, costos d'operació i costos d'inversió per a compra d'equips i per dur a terme canvis en la distribució de la planta. També s'estudia la viabilitat dels organismes acumuladors de fòsfor (PAO) i l'efecte del creixement d'aquestes espècies amb diferents estructures de control del procés. / En este trabajo se ha desarrollado una metodología para implementar la eliminación biológica de fósforo (EPBR) en las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas (EDAR) con configuración anóxica / óxica (A/O) diseñadas para eliminar únicamente materia orgánica (DQO) y nitrógeno (N). El objetivo es eliminar biológica y simultáneamente DQO, N y fósforo (P) teniendo en cuenta aspectos de control de procesos y con el mejor rendimiento de operación. La metodología propuesta busca exhaustivamente un modelo del proceso, utilizando los datos existentes de la planta para determinar los parámetros cinéticos. El modelo de la planta se ha calibrado utilizando una metodología basada en la matriz de información de Fisher (FIM). Usando la estructura del modelo de la planta y las nuevas configuraciones de plantas que se proponen, se utiliza un conjunto de criterios para identificar cuál es la mejor alternativa. Entre los criterios utilizados se encuentran: calidad del efluente, solidez de la estructura de control del proceso, costos de operación y costos de inversión para compra de equipos y para llevar a cabo cambios en la distribución de la planta. También se estudia la viabilidad de los organismos acumuladores de fósforo (PAO) y el efecto del crecimiento de estas especies con diferentes estructuras de control del proceso. / A methodology for retrofitting existent Anoxic/Oxic (A/O) wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) to perform the Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EPBR) in order to biologically remove organic matter (COD), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) at the same time, considering process control aspects, was developed. The proposed methodology exhaustively searches a process model, using existent plant data to determine the current kinetic parameters. The plant model is calibrated using a methodology based on the Fisher Information Matrix. Using the plant model structure, new plant configurations are proposed and a set of criteria are used to identify what is the best alternative. Amongst the criteria are: the robustness of the process control structure, operating costs, investment costs to perform changes in the plant layout and equipments and the effluent quality. The feasibility of phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAO) growth and the effect of these species in the existent process control structure are also studied.

The introduction of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) to aquatic systems has impacted development and reproductive health of fish in many regions of the world. This study investigated western mosquitofish in the bayou systems of Harris County, Texas for evidence of morphological and reproductive abnormalities. Mosquitofish were sampled above and below WWTPs on five streams during May and August 2010, and specimens were dissected and analyzed for reproductive (egg/embryo weight, embryo/egg number and embryos staging), morphological (liver and gonad weight, body length, gonadosomatic index and hepatosomatic index) and histological indicator variables. In addition, water samples were analyzed for concentrations of PPCPs. Spatial and temporal variation was observed among all indicator variables, however no consistent differences were found above versus below WWTP discharges. Histopathology showed no evidence of lesions or presence of intersex individuals. Chemical analysis revealed a variety of pharmaceuticals and anthropogenic chemicals present in the Houston area waterways, however all were at concentrations lower than those known to cause impacts to fishes. These results suggest that the current concentrations of chemicals being discharged from WWTPs into headwater reaches of streams in the suburban area of west Houston are below levels that impact the physiology of male and female mosquitofish.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-10-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:38:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 peixoto_gj_me_ilha.pdf: 3639925 bytes, checksum: e19f2ebbc3c46fda991b86aa7db634e8 (MD5) / No Brasil, existe um problema comum à maioria das comunidades onde o abastecimento público de água é realizado com água superficial e há a necessidade de tratamento. No processo de tratamento ocorre a formação de resíduos na forma de lodo, o qual periodicamente necessita ser descartado do processo. Exceção feita a algumas Estações de Tratamento de Água (ETA), em nível nacional, todas despejam esses resíduos, de forma bruta, sem nenhum tratamento, em corpos de água. O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de encontrar solução adequada para destinar, de forma correta, o lodo produzido pela ETA da cidade de Presidente Prudente, operada pela Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo (SABESP). O estudo baseou-se na premissa em aplicar o lodo da ETA na Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETE), no adensador por gravidade existente. E, para tanto, foi montada uma ETE Piloto, com a qual foram realizadas as simulações de aplicação de cargas de 2000 mg/L e 4000 mg/L de lodo de ETA A avaliação do desempenho da unidade piloto foi conseguida por meio de monitoramento analítico de parâmetros como: pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, alcalinidade, DBO, DQO, Fósforo, Nitrogênio, sólidos dissolvidos, totais, fixos e voláteis, turbidez, Índice Volumétrico de Lodo (IVL) e Teor de Lodo (TL). Os resultados mostraram que a carga de 2000 mg/L de lodo de ETA no adensador por gravidade, pode ser realizada sem causar problemas. No entanto, com carga de 4000 mg/L, constatou que as aplicações progressivas de lodo devem ser melhor pesquisadas / In Brazil, very common problem to the biggest part of the communities, where the public water supply is realized using the surface water, and needs to pass by the water treatment plant (WTP). In the treatment process, a residue formation in the form of sludge occurs, which periodically needs to be discarded out the process. Except some WTP, on a nation level all they discarded these residues, in brutal way and without treatment, in watercourses. In this work was realized with the objective to finding an adequate solution to properly allocate the sludge produced in the Water Treatment Plant (WTP) from Presidente Prudente, which is operated by SABESP. This study was based in premise to apply the WTP sludge in the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), in the thickener by an existing gravity. And however, it was built a WWTP Pilot plant where were realized the simulations of applying dosages of 2000 mg/L and 4000 mg/L of WTP sludge. The evaluation of the performance of the pilot unit was gotten by analytical monitoring of many parameters as: pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, BOD, COD, phosphorus, nitrogen, dissolved solids, fixed and volatile ones, turbidity, Sludge Volumetric Index (IVL) and sludge concentration (TL). The results showed that the application of 2000 mg/l of WTP sludge in the WWTP gravity thickener can be realized without problems. On the other hand the application of 4000 mg/l showed that progressive applications of sludge have to be better researched

Dala Vatten AB has been operating two municipal wastewater treatment plant namely Gagnef wastewater treatment plant and Tällberg wastewater treatment plant since 1970’s and 1950’s respectively in Dalarna, middle of Sweden. These both traditional treatment plants have been updated with continuous and intermittent aerated biological treatment facilities: Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) in 2012 and 2007 respectively. Recently, more detailed process performance and evaluation of both plants is required focusing on energy consumption. The objective of this master thesis is thus to investigate the opportunities in reducing energy consumption from both plants to save operation cost, identify the opportunities for chemical saving, if possible reduce the excess sludge so produced from the plant and potential optimization of the process for its plant’s sustainability. The laboratory study was made in May and August, 2015 with grab sampling and flow proportional sampling method. The analysation was carried out with several wastewater parameters: BOD7, COD, TOC, TP, NH4-N and TN with Hach Lange analysing method. Results showed that both continue and intermittent aerated plants have higher process performance with lower effluent organic (BOD7, COD) and TP loading to the recipient. Gagnef WWTP with continuous aeration has demonstrated an excessive use of chemical, sludge production and high-energy consumption by the blower serving MBBR during the studied period. By contrast, Tällberg WWTP with intermittent aeration has proved to be successful in terms of lower energy consumption by the blower serving the MBBR but failed to show improved specific energy efficiency for each pollutant load during the studied period. The recommendation in improvising energy saving and saving operation cost at both treatment plants was put forward.

The concentration of triclosan in antiseptics, disinfectants and preservatives in products exceeds the minimal lethal levels. Extensive use of triclosan and antibiotics results in bacterial resistance to their active ingredients. The precise relationship between use and resistance, however, has been challenging to define. The aim of the study was to identify and determine antibiotic resistance profiles of triclosan tolerant heterotrophic plate count bacteria isolates from sewage influent and effluent. R2 agar supplemented with triclosan was utilised to isolate the triclosan resistant bacteria. To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), organisms were incubated for 24 hours at selected concentrations of triclosan. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16S rRNA region was done to identify isolates. An assay for cross resistance to various antibiotics was performed. Determination of enhanced resistance to antibiotics by adding antimicrobials to the medium will be performed by using three antibiotics. High performance liquid chromatography was conducted to quantified levels of triclosan persistent in sewage water. Forty-four isolates were resistant to levels of triclosan ranging from 0.25 mg/l to 0.5 mg/l. Minimum inhibitory concentration values of these isolates ranged from 0.125 mg/l to >1 mg/l of triclosan. 16S rDNA methods were used and five main genera namely, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Brevibacillus and Paenibacillus were identified. Cell wall targeting antibiotics showed more pronounced relation with the triclosan concentration. Relation to triclosan concentration is not as apparent with the antibiotic targeting protein synthesis. Combination of antimicrobials indicated that at certain triclosan concentrations synergism or antagonism is observed. The importance of applying the correct concentration and combination of antimicrobials is observed. Levels of triclosan were found throughout the sewage water. HPLC values indicated the presence of triclosan at post-grid removal and effluent of the WWTP. The triclosan concentrations decrease through the WWTP but small concentrations enter our water bodies. The presence of bacterial species that are resistant to high concentrations of triclosan and multiple antibiotics enter our natural water bodies and is cause for concern. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The concentration of triclosan in antiseptics, disinfectants and preservatives in products exceeds the minimal lethal levels. Extensive use of triclosan and antibiotics results in bacterial resistance to their active ingredients. The precise relationship between use and resistance, however, has been challenging to define. The aim of the study was to identify and determine antibiotic resistance profiles of triclosan tolerant heterotrophic plate count bacteria isolates from sewage influent and effluent. R2 agar supplemented with triclosan was utilised to isolate the triclosan resistant bacteria. To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), organisms were incubated for 24 hours at selected concentrations of triclosan. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16S rRNA region was done to identify isolates. An assay for cross resistance to various antibiotics was performed. Determination of enhanced resistance to antibiotics by adding antimicrobials to the medium will be performed by using three antibiotics. High performance liquid chromatography was conducted to quantified levels of triclosan persistent in sewage water. Forty-four isolates were resistant to levels of triclosan ranging from 0.25 mg/l to 0.5 mg/l. Minimum inhibitory concentration values of these isolates ranged from 0.125 mg/l to >1 mg/l of triclosan. 16S rDNA methods were used and five main genera namely, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Brevibacillus and Paenibacillus were identified. Cell wall targeting antibiotics showed more pronounced relation with the triclosan concentration. Relation to triclosan concentration is not as apparent with the antibiotic targeting protein synthesis. Combination of antimicrobials indicated that at certain triclosan concentrations synergism or antagonism is observed. The importance of applying the correct concentration and combination of antimicrobials is observed. Levels of triclosan were found throughout the sewage water. HPLC values indicated the presence of triclosan at post-grid removal and effluent of the WWTP. The triclosan concentrations decrease through the WWTP but small concentrations enter our water bodies. The presence of bacterial species that are resistant to high concentrations of triclosan and multiple antibiotics enter our natural water bodies and is cause for concern. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are known spreaders of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) into the environment. Luleå University of Technology is conducting a yearlong study in which PFAS concentrations in the different treatment steps are measured at Uddebo treatment plant. This report covers the first four months of the year-long study. The aims of this study are to see what happens with the PFAS concentrations in the treatment processes, if they are above regulated limits, and to see if concentrations at Uddebo are comparable toreference concentrations in Sweden. Sampled PFAS concentrations were taken once per fortnight in incoming wastewater, after primary sedimentation, after Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR), after secondary sedimentation and after the pilot treatment plant containing granulated active carbon (GAC) filter when it was in use. Precursors in incoming wastewater and PFAS in sludge were measured in samples taken once per month. Comparing the 33 analysed PFAS in wastewater at each sampling point, 30 analysed precursors for PFAS in incoming wastewater and 30 analysed PFAS in sludge, only PFOS and PFOA wereregularly found in both wastewater and in outgoing sludge. This indicates a separation of PFAS in the different medium, with sludge having PFAS where the perfluorinated carbon chain length is grater than 6. Out of the analysed 33 PFAS in wastewater PFOA had the highest median concentration of about 7 ng/l with no significant variation between the wastewater sample points. Similarly, the median concentration of total detected 33 PFAS was around 35 ng/l with no significant variation between the wastewater sample points, indicating no significant treatment of measured PFAS during WWTP. This was also comparable to other WWTP in Sweden. PFBA, PFHxA and PFPeA precursors had the highest concentration of the measured 30 PFAS precursors, however, except for one sampling occasion, no significant deviation in precursor PFAS could be detected during the sampling period. Out of the 30 analysed PFAS in outgoing sludge, PFOS had the highest concentration of 6.8 μg/kg dry weight (dw), but no discernible pattern could be identified between sampling dates due to too few samples. PFOS was foundabove the recommended concentration for sensitive land use (3.0 μg/kg dw), but still within recommendations for less sensitive land use (20.0 μg/kg dw) in Sweden. The median concentration of 13.6 μg/kg dw measured PFAS in sludge makes it well below median Swedish concentration. However, all comparisons to other Swedish WWTPs and background concentrations in Sweden were based on a few studies with few samples, potentially increasing or decreasing the median concentration as more research is conducted.

PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are a large group of substances that are used in a large variety of products because of their unique water and dirt repellent properties. The substances are extremely persistent and can spread over large distances in groundwater, surface water, and in the air, which makes them an environmental and a health concern. A significant pathway of PFAS into the environment is through wastewater, where the usage of consumer products containing PFAS contribute to the emissions. The project was performed by analysing data of PFAS concentrations in wastewater and sludge sampled continuously during 2022 at Uddebo wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Luleå municipality. The aim was to evaluate the composition of PFAS compounds and their concentrations in wastewater and sludge and compare with other municipalities, to analyse how PFAS concentrations change during the existing wastewater treatment process, and to suggest strategies for future treatment of PFAS in wastewater.  No significant change of the PFAS content in wastewater could be observed throughout the treatment process in Uddebo WWTP. Evaluation of the PFAS composition showed that PFOS was the most abundant substance in both water and sludge. Over the year some variations in the total PFAS concentration could be seen, which coincided with increased water flow during the snowmelt period and an operational disturbance at the treatment plant. The variations of the total PFAS concentrations in wastewater over the year were mainly caused by PFBA, PFOS and 6:2 FTS. Analysis of total oxidizable precursors in the wastewater showed that substances that can transform into more persistent PFAS are present in the incoming water to the plant to a large extent. The pilot plant designed for treatment of pharmaceuticals, including ozonation and a granular activated carbon filter, did not result in any separation of PFAS from the water. An assessment of the contribution of PFAS from landfill leachate showed that it constitutes a significant share of the total PFAS content in wastewater. Compared with the content of PFAS in other Swedish WWTPs the total concentrations in wastewater at Uddebo WWTP was among the highest of five compared municipalities, while Luleå had the lowest PFAS concentrations in sludge among two compared municipalities.  The comparison between municipalities was limited by large differences in sampling frequency and performed analyses between the municipalities. Standardised analyses, additional background information, and more detailed statistical analyses are necessary to be able to make this type of comparison more informative. The occurrence of PFOS, which have been globally banned since 2009, shows that restrictions of the usage of PFAS must be combined with treatment of contaminated media to reduce the concentrations of PFAS in the environment. Development of PFAS degradation techniques is vital to remove PFAS from circulation. The difficulties of treating large amounts of water with low concentrations motivates investigations concerning if treatment of smaller water flows with higher PFAS concentrations is a better alternative than implementing treatment of the total amount of water that reaches the WWTP.

Orientador: Tsunao Matsumoto / Banca: Dib Gebara / Banca: Rodrigo Braga Moruzzi / Resumo: No Brasil, existe um problema comum à maioria das comunidades onde o abastecimento público de água é realizado com água superficial e há a necessidade de tratamento. No processo de tratamento ocorre a formação de resíduos na forma de lodo, o qual periodicamente necessita ser descartado do processo. Exceção feita a algumas Estações de Tratamento de Água (ETA), em nível nacional, todas despejam esses resíduos, de forma bruta, sem nenhum tratamento, em corpos de água. O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de encontrar solução adequada para destinar, de forma correta, o lodo produzido pela ETA da cidade de Presidente Prudente, operada pela Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo (SABESP). O estudo baseou-se na premissa em aplicar o lodo da ETA na Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETE), no adensador por gravidade existente. E, para tanto, foi montada uma ETE Piloto, com a qual foram realizadas as simulações de aplicação de cargas de 2000 mg/L e 4000 mg/L de lodo de ETA A avaliação do desempenho da unidade piloto foi conseguida por meio de monitoramento analítico de parâmetros como: pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, alcalinidade, DBO, DQO, Fósforo, Nitrogênio, sólidos dissolvidos, totais, fixos e voláteis, turbidez, Índice Volumétrico de Lodo (IVL) e Teor de Lodo (TL). Os resultados mostraram que a carga de 2000 mg/L de lodo de ETA no adensador por gravidade, pode ser realizada sem causar problemas. No entanto, com carga de 4000 mg/L, constatou que as aplicações progressivas de lodo devem ser melhor pesquisadas / Abstract: In Brazil, very common problem to the biggest part of the communities, where the public water supply is realized using the surface water, and needs to pass by the water treatment plant (WTP). In the treatment process, a residue formation in the form of sludge occurs, which periodically needs to be discarded out the process. Except some WTP, on a nation level all they discarded these residues, in brutal way and without treatment, in watercourses. In this work was realized with the objective to finding an adequate solution to properly allocate the sludge produced in the Water Treatment Plant (WTP) from Presidente Prudente, which is operated by SABESP. This study was based in premise to apply the WTP sludge in the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), in the thickener by an existing gravity. And however, it was built a WWTP Pilot plant where were realized the simulations of applying dosages of 2000 mg/L and 4000 mg/L of WTP sludge. The evaluation of the performance of the pilot unit was gotten by analytical monitoring of many parameters as: pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, BOD, COD, phosphorus, nitrogen, dissolved solids, fixed and volatile ones, turbidity, Sludge Volumetric Index (IVL) and sludge concentration (TL). The results showed that the application of 2000 mg/l of WTP sludge in the WWTP gravity thickener can be realized without problems. On the other hand the application of 4000 mg/l showed that progressive applications of sludge have to be better researched / Mestre

Scum is an integral component of solids management in MWWTP and is composed of fats, oils, grease and other entrained floatable materials that are collected during primary clarification. Lab scale BMP tests showed the addition of 14.5 g VS/L of scum exhibited the greatest increase in biogas production of 1.6 times per g VS added compared to the control, while a higher additional scum loading of 33.7 g VS/L reduced the biogas yield to 32% of the control reactor. Lab scale semi-continuous digestion measured the effects of scum loading and temperature of pretreatment in the scum concentrator. At 15 d and 20 d HRTs the greatest observed improvement in biogas was achieved by adding 3% scum by volume and pretreating the scum at 70°C in a scum concentrator with respective improvements of 24% and 16%.