The distribution and abundance of many coral reef organisms are affected by their predator’s distribution and abundance. Loss of predators may cause a shift in species compositions that will cascade down to other ecological processes on the reef. One example of a shift like this is the growing sea urchin populations inhabiting the coral reefs of East Africa. Areas with high fishing pressure often have large populations of sea urchins. The large populations of sea urchins have a negative impact on the reef ecology both by their grazing and bio-erosion as well as on fish growth and the recovery of fish populations. Previous population genetic studies conducted on Diadema setsosum, using mtDNA and allozymes, found genetic structuring between populations on a large geographical and evolutionary scale. The aim of this study was to examine the genetic population structure of the sea urchin Diadema setosum, at four sites around Zanzibar. We used the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique, a fast and effective method with high resolution. The long term objective is to understand the migration pattern and colonization of D. setosum to facilitate possible management actions. We found a significant genetic structuring of D. setosum hence the populations can not be considered panmictic. The reason behind this structure does not seem to be based on the geography nor size. One possible explanation might be that the structure lies on a larger geographical scale than we have studied, further studies around the Western Indian Ocean may reveal this. Another explanation may be that the structuring is due to differences in spawning time between the different phenotypes and an analysis of gonad maturations may give information about this. To find the reasons behind the observed genetic structure is of great importance for management of the sea urchins and therefore the management of whole reef ecosystems.

Tropical coastal resources including coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds are some of the most productive ecosystems in the World. They support a variety of goods and services that may often form the backbone of the local community. In many cases they provide the main source of food, as well as providing employment and recreation opportunities. However, coastal ecosystems are increasingly under threat from high population growth rates, rapid coastal development, over exploitation of the resources, loss of critical habitats and vulnerability to natural hazards. These tropical ecosystems are sensitive and vulnerable to damage and environmental change. Their worldwide loss has led to cause for concern and widespread calls for improved management. Integrated coastal management (ICM) is seen as the way forward in dealing with this complex mix of interests, activities and demands being placed on today's coastal zones. The definition of the coastal zone will vary between locations, ideally capturing and enabling the resolution of all major coastal issues, reaching as far inland or seaward as is required to reach the goals and objectives of the management programme. ICM encompasses the management of all aspects of the coastal zone taking a multi-disciplinary approach. It includes the management of existing economic activities, planned developments, natural resource conservation and utilisation as well as being able to deal with the different user conflicts. ICM involves the integration of different institutions and stakeholder groups at and across the local to international management levels. Even though ICM efforts are increasing, there are few examples where it is really being implemented and working effectively. In this study, three ICM case studies identified similar patterns of impediments although their scope was recognised as too narrow to make generalisations. As a result, a survey was developed to build up a broader picture of the issues blocking the development of successful ICM at several locations. The survey identified the current status of ICM in the tropics and identified the main impediments to implementing effective ICM. The survey found that few locations were actually implementing, monitoring and evaluating ICM, however a number were in the process of it. It was the step between analysis and implementation that was halting many of these efforts. Tropical coastal zones can be seen to share a number of common challenges exacerbated by poverty and conflicts between coastal users. Conflict management needs to be incorporated into the management process in a way that pays particular attention to the over-extraction of resources and destructive resource use. Although the concept of integrated coastal management (ICM) has been identified as the way to deal with the multiple objectives, interests and uses of the coastal zone, in practice it is a complex process and many countries are having difficulty in implementing ICM. The most common impediments to ICM in the tropics were identified through the survey as were their impact on implementing ICM. The extent to which ICM is achieved can be linked to the impediments, described by a series of criteria, which could be used in assessing the ability of an area to implement ICM as well as identifying priority areas for concern. The results show that although public participation is commonly accepted as a major part of ICM and is one of the main impediments, it is rarely fully realised. Gaining political support and empowering agencies with sufficient authority to enforce ICM were also identified as major impediments, without which ICM efforts may well be blocked. Decision making for integrated coastal managementin volves multiple decision makers and multiple stakeholders, often with conflicting needs and interests. Decision support systems (DSS) can be developed to improve our understanding of the inter-relationships between the natural and socioeconomic variables and hence result in improved decision making. The question is whether this decision making environment is actually too complex for the development of useful and useable decision support systems. An ICM-DSS needs to be able to involve multiple decision makers and take into consideration multiple issues. This requires different disciplines to be drawn together into an integrated modelling framework. There are many techniques available to deal with different modelling needs, the constraints of inadequate data and the multi-objective decision making environment. There are also different ways of developing decision support systems and each can play a different, but nonthe- less important role within ICM. Three coastal DSSs were evaluated in terms of their design and roles in integrated coastal management and are used to evaluate the potential to develop ICM-DSSs. One of these DSSs, CORAL, is examined in detail as a case study. The model is an example of an integrated ICM model where the final result is a score-card of criteria that measure economic, environmental, social and institutional objectives. CORAL was developed for the island of Curacao in the Caribbean and the Republic of the Maldives. The development process involved stakeholder meetings and interviews to ensure that all their interests and concerns in the coastal zone were accounted for and included in the DSS. The model development was carried out in the Netherlands and on return was presented to the stakeholder groups. A second phase of the project in Curacao allowed the model to be installed on a wide number of computers. An ICM course was established as well as individual training given to the stakeholder groups involved. However, the final use of the DSS was still limited. Lessons are drawn from the CORAL experience that may assist in the development of future DSSs such as the need to involve a key organisation in the development and enable them to continue its development and maintenance after the end of the project. In addition, flexibility, adaptability and update-ability are paramount if the system is to be used beyond educational goals. The impact of ICM on a coastal system is not always readily measured and quantified, least of all in monetary terms. Economic valuation is being increasingly applied to tropical coastal ecosystems to assess their benefits in monetary terms. From the point of view of ICM, economic valuation could give monetary values to, for example, changes in production resulting from management and hence highlights the importance of management. Likewise, it can highlight the costs of inaction by quantifying the benefits of a situation with ICM and one without ICM. This not only requires the ability to link monetary values to certain environmental situations but also to model the potential changes in goods and services provided by the ecosystem as a result of management. Past analyses in ICM have often focused on the costs of management versus economic gains while change to the environment has been measured in physical terms. Economic valuation provides a potential to compare like with like and hence bring the importance of ecosystems, such as coral reefs, to the fore. Some goods provided by these coastal ecosystems are marketed and consequently have a marketdefined value associated with them. However, these ecosystems also provide a number of non-use benefits, which are not directly marketed and as a result, certain economic techniques have been developed to deal with these issues. The contingent valuation methodology (CVM) was developed as a tool to measure non-marketed goods and services of ecosystems so they can be included into costbenefit analyses. However, it is a complex technique surrounded by much controversy.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Department of Anthropology, December 1999. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

In 2007, incentives for farmers to grow nonfood bio fuel crops, increasing transportation costs, climate change, growing consumer demand and population growth caused major food shortages in the world, especially within the high famine-risk sub-Saharan Africa. The inconsistent food cultivated products in Zanzibar combined with high consumer prices suppresses the economic growth of the agricultural sector on the island. The large decrease in what once was the primary economical driver (Agriculture) left the Island only to rely on the tourism sector to enhance the economics of Zanzibar. If a successful strategy is implemented within the agricultural sector of Zanzibar, the country could revert toward becoming, once again, a place of agricultural richness. This dissertation proposes an Agricultural research and educational facility to act as a catalyst for agricultural reintegration. The agricultural history of Zanzibar and its future potential became the underlining subject of the research and development framework proposed for the Chumbuni area. The site location and the programme will function as an incubator for local small industries, local farming and micro industries that will directly assist with increasing food security on the island. The Agricultural research and educational facility is therefore to become a structure that houses a number of beneficial programmes (focused on an educational and symbiotic relationship between industry and public). Public-funding driven cycles of basic education, agricultural education, physical practice and research thus have a platform to influence and be influenced by industry. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2015. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

Zanzibar has become a well-known tourist destination with its spices, friendly people, beaches and year-round warm climate. The tourism industry has become one of the main economic sectors of the island and provides income to people from all economic backgrounds. Zanzibar’s World Heritage Site, Stone Town, is known for its small alleyways and plazas. Tourists often get lost in this maze of alleys. This public open space acts as a place to exchange ideas, as well as cultural and religious practices. It contributed to the amalgamation of a cosmopolitan people into the Swahili culture. Economic growth over the past 30 years has brought about rapid urban sprawl with a lack of well-designed public open spaces. The lack of public open space, as well as the negative impact of tourism on the local culture, is busy eroding the Zanzibari culture. This research investigates how landscape architecture can nurture identity and aims to showcase the ability of landscape architecture to act as a catalyst towards nurturing identity through a well designed public open space. Mtoni Palace is a national monument of Zanzibar and a site of high heritage significance. Today, the Palace lies in ruins and the aim of this study is to provide a new vision for Mtoni Palace. / Dissertation (ML(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Architecture / ML(Prof) / Unrestricted

In a paper which appeared two years ago, I outlined some of the main features of the contemporary taarab world in Zanzibar, which is undergoing great changes due to economic, social and cultural factors (Aiello Traoré 2004a). A recent development that I highlighted is the vanishing of women\'s taarab clubs. The greater participation of women within the groups of taarab asilia has strated, in my view, an interesting confrontation between the tendency of conversation of the codes which are identified as \"traditional\" and the innovations proposed by female members in music and performance, as well as in the production of lyrics, an area where many women are now regularly involved. I will concentrate my analysis on the taarab lyrics being composed by Zanzibari women, which are of great interest because of the variety of cultural and social backgrounds, themes, techniques and poetical sensitivities.

In Zanzibar, in 1995, opportunities for professional development in environmental education were minimal. Yet the demand for professional development was high, especially because of an emphasis on formal qualifications in the country. Credibility was afforded to forms of professional development, aimed at creating more ‘experts’. Ongoing environmental education practice was not achieving its objectives. Into this setting, which was culturally and socio-politically different from the South African context where it was developed, I introduced the Rhodes University Certificate and Gold Fields Participatory Course in Environmental Education (RU/GF); a non-formal, counter-hegemonic course which encouraged critical reflection on the dominant orientations to environmental education practice – including professional development. I used critical ethnographic and action research methods to explore my praxiological interest, the adaptation of the RU/GF curriculum to the Zanzibar context. During the research process, a decision was made to formally accredit the RU/GF course. This decision did not alter the course orientation or the learning process but opened up possibilities for future curriculum development processes. It allowed the students both a formal qualification necessary for status and promotion, and participation in a learning process that challenged the dominant paradigm on professional development and status from within the socio-political context. The research took on a reflexive orientation to research and environmental education. Through a dialectical development of theory, method and results, several important issues emerged. These deal with the ‘distances’ encountered in attempting to address some of the perceived dichotomies in professional development in environmental education through semi-distance learning: the distances between status and learning; the need for career upgrading and the type of learning considered appropriate for professional development in environmental education; the non-quantifiable aims associated with a reflexive orientation to professional development and formal assessment demands for measurable criteria; the democratisation of open-entry courses and the elitism of restricted access; the focus on individual growth and the attainment of a normative grade; theory and practice; and finally distances between learner, text and language. The research supports similar findings emerging from evaluation of the RU/GF course in South Africa and resonates with, and contributes to, issues concerning professional development in environmental education being considered internationally.

This thesis examines the emergence and development of national consciousness and identity in the East African nation Tanzania. A work in the science of humanity, it connects traditional social sciences through the approach of mentalism. To date, research on African nationalism centers on the nation-state and national party, and on the teleological assumption that nation building implies cultural unification within the boundaries of the state's territory. National sovereignty is seen as a natural desire; nationalism in Africa is conflated with anti-colonialism and treated as the inevitable transition from the colonial to post-colonial order. Yet this approach to the study of African nationalism cannot account for many important processes, such as why many African states have failed, why corruption is rampant, and why authoritarian regimes predominate. I argue many aspects of modern African history are impossible to understand without recognizing that nationalism ushers in modernity and transforms and affects the major cultural institutions. I show how the process of national identity formation within Tanzania was the same process that occurs elsewhere. Nationalism did not exist in Tanzania among the native inhabitants prior to independence. Moreover, the creation of a shared sense of national identity began only after independence: the independent state was not a nation. In examining the national image created by several integral Tanzanian intellectuals, I reflect both on the significance they placed on their narratives and how it shaped the wider social world and the identities of those they influenced. My argument regarding Tanzania may apply to Africa more generally. The processes I described appear true of social and political developments across the continent. Many in Africa do now see themselves as equal members of sovereign societies and believe that the people are the ultimate source of political legitimacy. This work provides a methodology and argument that can be applied to address additional questions of how specifically nationalism has transformed African societies.

Vi har utfört en Minor Field Study på Zanzibar, som finansierats av Sida. Vårt syfte med denna studie var att granska hur hotell jobbar för en hållbar turismutveckling på Zanzibar. Vi hade åtta kvalitativa intervjuer med hotell managers på åtta olika hotell. Utöver dessa intervjuer hade vi även frågor till studenter vid Jambiani Tourism Training Institute (JTTI) och till Tim Woolven på Zanrec. Som svar på vårt syfte är det väldigt svårt att arbeta för en hållbar turismutveckling på Zanzibar då det finns många motsättningar. De största motgångarna, enligt vår undersökning, är korruption inom regeringen och brist på kunskap och engagemang inom ämnet. För att Zanzibar ska kunna bli en hållbar turismdestination krävs det att de negativa påverkningarna från turismen minimeras. Utifrån hotell managernas åsikter har vi kommit fram till att  framförallt den lokala kulturen måste bevaras och sophanteringen måste förbättras. Turismen bidrar till en viktig ekonomisk inkomst för ön men Zanzibar är fortfarande beroende av hjälp utifrån. Idag är Zanzibar i utvecklingsstadiet och turismen som industri kan fortfarande utvecklas antingen positivt eller negativt för ön. Även om det är svårt att arbeta för en hållbar utveckling så har vi sett många positiva handlingar och initiativ.

The aim of this thesis is to acquire a deeper understanding of the relationship betweenheritage management, the tourism industry and perceptions of authenticity in the worldheritage site of Stone Town in Zanzibar, Tanzania. This is a case study within the field ofheritage studies with a focus on planning and the production of authenticity. In this study Iintend to shed light on the ideas and perceptions on authenticity that shapes the conservationand promotion of the world heritage of Stone Town. Furthermore I wish to examine how thetourists in Stone Town interact and relates to this imagery. This study contains number ofqualitative interviews with planners, heritage officials, policy-makers and tourists in StoneTown who gives their perspective on culture, history and perceptions on authenticity. Theconcept of authenticity will be discussed using a constructivistic approach in order to revealinherent power relations within Zanzibari interpretations on authenticity. One of the keyfindings in this study is that the focus on historic cosmopolitanism, which is seen as a majorpart of the Zanzibari heritage, is believed to be threatened by new influences from heritagetourism and immigration from East Africa. This results in a exclusionary policy-making andnarrow perspectives on Zanzibari culture.