In the present work is presented a brief data collection about the history of prime numbers and how this subject is shown in the new scenario brought by BNCC (Common Curricular National Base) . It was proved the Fundamental Arithmetic Theorem and it was presented two important ways to calculate that are the Congruence and the Fermet Theorem. It is given a teaching method and a differentiated material to be used in class. / Neste trabalho é apresentado um breve levantamento da história dos números primos e de que maneira o assunto acerca desses números aparecem no novo cenário trazido pela BNCC. Provamos o Teorema Fundamental da Aritmética e apresentamos duas ferramentas importantes de cálculo, que são as Congruências e o Pequeno Teorema de Fermat. Apresentamos ainda uma proposta didática e um material diferenciado para ser utilizado em sala de aula.

This thesis presents results in two apparently disparate mathematical fields which can both be examined -- and even united -- by means of pure analysis. Fractional calculus is the study of differentiation and integration to non-integer orders. Dating back to Leibniz, this idea was considered by many great mathematical figures, and in recent decades it has been used to model many real-world systems and processes, but a full development of the mathematical theory remains incomplete. Many techniques for partial differential equations (PDEs) can be extended to fractional PDEs too. Three chapters below cover my results in this area: establishing the elliptic regularity theorem, Malgrange-Ehrenpreis theorem, and unified transform method for fractional PDEs. Each one is analogous to a known result for classical PDEs, but the proof in the general fractional scenario requires new ideas and modifications. Fractional derivatives and integrals are not uniquely defined: there are many different formulae, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. The most commonly used is the classical Riemann-Liouville model, but others may be preferred in different situations, and now new fractional models are being proposed and developed each year. This creates many opportunities for new research, since each time a model is proposed, its mathematical fundamentals need to be examined and developed. Two chapters below investigate some of these new models. My results on the Atangana-Baleanu model proposed in 2016 have already had a noticeable impact on research in this area. Furthermore, this model and the results concerning it can be extended to more general fractional models which also have certain desirable properties of their own. Fractional calculus and zeta functions have rarely been united in research, but one chapter below covers a new formula expressing the Lerch zeta function as a fractional derivative of an elementary function. This result could have many ramifications in both fields, which are yet to be explored fully. Zeta functions are very important in analytic number theory: the Riemann zeta function relates to the distribution of the primes, and this field contains some of the most persistent open problems in mathematics. Since 2012, novel asymptotic techniques have been applied to derive new results on the growth of the Riemann zeta function. One chapter below modifies some of these techniques to prove asymptotics to all orders for the Hurwitz zeta function. Many new ideas are required, but the end result is more elegant than the original one for Riemann zeta, because some of the new methodologies enable different parts of the argument to be presented in a more unified way. Several related problems involve asymptotics arbitrarily near a stationary point. Ideally it should be possible to find uniform asymptotics which provide a smooth transition between the integration by parts and stationary phase methods. One chapter below solves this problem for a particular integral which arises in the analysis of zeta functions.

Multifractals have during the past 20 − 25 years been the focus of enormous attention in the mathematical literature. Loosely speaking there are two main ingredients in multifractal analysis: the multifractal spectra and the Renyi dimensions. One of the main goals in multifractal analysis is to understand these two ingredients and their relationship with each other. Motivated by the powerful techniques provided by the use of the Artin-Mazur zeta-functions in number theory and the use of the Ruelle zeta-functions in dynamical systems, Lapidus and collaborators (see books by Lapidus & van Frankenhuysen [32, 33] and the references therein) have introduced and pioneered use of zeta-functions in fractal geometry. Inspired by this development, within the past 7−8 years several authors have paralleled this development by introducing zeta-functions into multifractal geometry. Our result inspired by this work will be given in section 2.2.2. There we introduce geometric multifractal zeta-functions providing precise information of very general classes of multifractal spectra, including, for example, the multifractal spectra of self-conformal measures and the multifractal spectra of ergodic Birkhoff averages of continuous functions. Results in that section are based on paper [37]. Dynamical zeta-functions have been introduced and developed by Ruelle [63, 64] and others, (see, for example, the surveys and books [3, 54, 55] and the references therein). It has been a major challenge to introduce and develop a natural and meaningful theory of dynamical multifractal zeta-functions paralleling existing theory of dynamical zeta functions. In particular, in the setting of self-conformal constructions, Olsen [49] introduced a family of dynamical multifractal zeta-functions designed to provide precise information of very general classes of multifractal spectra, including, for example, the multifractal spectra of self-conformal measures and the multifractal spectra of ergodic Birkhoff averages of continuous functions. However, recently it has been recognised that while self-conformal constructions provide a useful and important framework for studying fractal and multifractal geometry, the more general notion of graph-directed self-conformal constructions provide a substantially more flexible and useful framework, see, for example, [36] for an elaboration of this. In recognition of this viewpoint, in section 2.3.11 we provide main definitions of the multifractal pressure and the multifractal dynamical zeta-functions and we state our main results. This section is based on paper [38]. Setting we are working unifies various different multifractal spectra including fine multifractal spectra of self-conformal measures or Birkhoff averages of continuous function. It was introduced by Olsen in [43]. In section 2.1 we propose answer to problem of defining Renyi spectra in more general settings and provide slight improvement of result regrading multifractal spectra in the case of Subshift of finite type.

The Riemann Zeta Function has a deep connection with the distribution of primes. This expository thesis will explain the techniques used in proving the properties of the Rieman Zeta Function, its analytic continuation to the complex plane, and the functional equation that the the Riemann Zeta Function satisfies.

En mathématiques, une hauteur est une fonction utilisée pour mesurer la complexité d’un objet. Lorsqu’uniquement un nombre fini d’éléments possèdent une hauteur bornée, on dit alors que cette hauteur possède la propriété de Northcott. Un des intérêts de cette propriété est que les hauteurs la possédant peuvent être utilisées pour distinguer des sous-ensembles finis d’une famille infinie d’objets. Récemment, Pazuki et Pengo [47] ont étudié la propriété de Northcott où la hauteur considérée était l’évaluation de fonctions zêta de Dedekind en un entier n. Ce mémoire contient, en premier lieu, une étude similaire sur l’évaluation de fonctions zêta de corps de fonctions. Ce premier article pousse cette réflexion sur un plus grand domaine en considérant l’évaluation sur n’importe quel point s du plan complexe au lieu de valeurs entières n. On y montre que pour les points appartenant à une certaine région {s ∈ C ∶ Re(s) < σ0} où 0 < σ0 < 1/2, la hauteur considérée possède la propritété de Northcott et que ceux qui appartiennent à la région {s ∈ C ∶ Re(s) > 1/2} ne la possèdent pas. En prenant comme contexte les résultats du premier article, nous retournerons ensuite, dans un deuxième article, à la première situation des fonctions zêta de Dedekind pour étudier la question sur ce domaine étendu. Les résultats sur la propriété de Northcott sont différents et on trouve que le scénario sur les corps de fonctions est taché de disques non Northcott autour des entiers négatifs. Ces deux articles seront précédés d’une introduction à la théorie des corps de nombres et des corps de fonctions jusqu’à la définition de leur fonction zêta respective. Enfin, nous incluerons également une discussion des différences entre ces deux théories qui culminera à des définitions alternatives de leur fonction zêta. Ultimement, cette introduction pourvoira tous les outils nécessaires pour attaquer la question de la propriété de Northcott abordée dans les articles. / In mathematics, heights are functions used to measure the complexity of an object. When only a finite number of elements have a bounded height, we say that this height has the Northcott property. One of the advantages of this property is that the heights possessing it can be used to distinguish finite subsets of an infinite family of objects. Recently, Pazuki and Pengo [47] studied the Northcott property where the height considered was the evaluation of Dedekind zeta functions at an integer n. This thesis contains, first of all, an article describing a similar study on the evaluation of zeta functions of function fields. This first article pushes this reflection on a larger domain by considering the evaluation on any point s of the complex plane instead of integer values n. We show that for points belonging to a certain region {s ∈ C ∶ Re(s) < σ0} where 0 < σ0 < 1/2, the considered height has the Northcott property, while for those belonging to the region {s ∈ C ∶ Re(s) > 1/2}, the height does not have the Northcott property. Taking as context the results of the first article, we will then return, in a second article, to the initial situation of Dedekind zeta functions to study the question on this extended domain. The results on the Northcott property are different and the scenario on function fields is found to be stained with non-Northcott disks around the negative integers. These two articles will be preceded by an introduction to the theory of number fields and function fields up to the definition of their respective zeta functions. Finally, we will also include a discussion of the differences between these two theories culminating in alternative definitions of their zeta function. Ultimately, this introduction will provide all the tools necessary to attack the questions on the Northcott property discussed in the articles.

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<p>This thesis consists of two papers on the spectral geometry of locally symmetric spaces of Riemannian and Lorentzian signature. Both works are concerned with the idea of relating analysis on such spaces to structures on their boundaries.</p><p>The first paper is motivated by a conjecture of Patterson on the Selberg zeta function of Kleinian groups. We consider geometrically finite hyperbolic cylinders with non-compact Riemann surfaces of finite area as cross sections. For these cylinders, we present a detailed investigation of the Bunke-Olbrich extension operator under the assumption that the cross section of the cylinder has one cusp. We establish the meromorphic continuation of the extension of Eisenstein series and incomplete theta series through the limit set. Furthermore, we derive explicit formulas for the residues of the extension operator in terms of boundary values of automorphic eigenfunctions.</p><p>The motivation for the second paper comes from conformal geometry in Lorentzian signature. We prove the existence and uniqueness of a sequence of differential intertwining operators for spherical principal series representations, which are realized on boundaries of anti de Sitter spaces. Algebraically, these operators correspond to homomorphisms of generalized Verma modules. We relate these families to the asymptotics of eigenfunctions on anti de Sitter spaces.</p>

Eine wichtige Invariante von Modulkurven ist die arithmetische Selbstschnittzahl der relativ dualisierenden Garbe. Auf dem minimalen regulären Modell von X(N) ist diese Selbstschnittzahl durch den gewöhnlichen Schnitt einiger ausgezeichneter vertikaler Divisoren (dem geometrischen Beitrag) und durch die Auswertung der kanonischen Greenschen Funktion an einigen Spitzen (dem analytischen Beitrag) vollständig festgelegt. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, jeden dieser Beiträge in Abhängigkeit von der Stufe N zu bestimmen und das asymptotische Verhalten der Selbstschnittzahl zu studieren, wenn die Stufe N gegen unendlich geht. / An important invariant of modular curves is the arithmetic self-intersection of the relative dualizing sheaf. On the minimal regular model of X(N) this self-intersection is completely described by the usual intersection of some distinguished vertical divisors (geometric contribution) and the evaluation of the canonical Green’s function at certain cusps (analytic contribution). The aim of this thesis is to determine each of these contributions in terms of the level N and study the asymptotic behaviour of the self-intersection as N tends to infinity.

This thesis consists of two papers on the spectral geometry of locally symmetric spaces of Riemannian and Lorentzian signature. Both works are concerned with the idea of relating analysis on such spaces to structures on their boundaries. The first paper is motivated by a conjecture of Patterson on the Selberg zeta function of Kleinian groups. We consider geometrically finite hyperbolic cylinders with non-compact Riemann surfaces of finite area as cross sections. For these cylinders, we present a detailed investigation of the Bunke-Olbrich extension operator under the assumption that the cross section of the cylinder has one cusp. We establish the meromorphic continuation of the extension of Eisenstein series and incomplete theta series through the limit set. Furthermore, we derive explicit formulas for the residues of the extension operator in terms of boundary values of automorphic eigenfunctions. The motivation for the second paper comes from conformal geometry in Lorentzian signature. We prove the existence and uniqueness of a sequence of differential intertwining operators for spherical principal series representations, which are realized on boundaries of anti de Sitter spaces. Algebraically, these operators correspond to homomorphisms of generalized Verma modules. We relate these families to the asymptotics of eigenfunctions on anti de Sitter spaces.

Nous nous intéressons à l'étude des singularités réelles à l'aide d'arguments provenant de l'intégration motivique. Une telle démarche a été initiée par S. Koike et A. Parusiński puis poursuivie par G. Fichou. Afin de donner une classification des singularités réelles, T.-C. Kuo a défini la notion d'équivalence blow-analytique. Il s'agit d'une relation d'équivalence pour les germes analytiques réels n'admettant pas de module continu pour les singularités isolées. Cette notion est étroitement liée à la notion d'applications analytiques par arcs définie par K. Kurdyka. Il est donc naturel d'adapter des arguments provenant de l'intégration motivique pour l'étude de l'équivalence blow-analytique. La difficulté réside désormais dans le fait de trouver des méthodes permettant de montrer que deux germes sont équivalents et de construire des invariants permettant de distinguer deux germes qui ne sont pas dans la même classe. Nous travaillons avec une variante plus algébrique de cette notion, l'équivalence blow-Nash introduite par G. Fichou. La première partie de la thèse consiste en un théorème d'inversion donnant des conditions pour que l'inverse d'un homéomorphisme blow-Nash soit encore blow-Nash. L'intérêt d'un tel énoncé est que de telles applications apparaissent dans la définition de l'équivalence blow-Nash. La seconde partie est consacrée à l'étude d'une nouvelle fonction zêta motivique. Il s'agit d'associer à un germe analytique une série formelle. Cette fonction zêta motivique généralise les fonctions zêta de Koike-Parusiński et de Fichou et admet une formule de convolution. Il s'agit d'un invariant pour l'équivalence blow-Nash. / The main purpose of this thesis is to study real singularities using arguments from motivic integration as initiated by S. Koike and A. Parusiński and then continued by G. Fichou. In order to classify real singularities, T.-C. Kuo introduced the blow-analytic equivalence which is an equivalence relation on real analytic germs without moduli for isolated singularities. This notion is closely related to the notion of arc-analytic maps introduced by K. Kurdyka, thus it is natural to adapt arguments from motivic integration to the study of the relation. The difficulty lies in finding efficient ways to prove that two germs are equivalent and in constructing invariants that distinguish germs which are not in the same class. We focus on the blow-Nash equivalence, a more algebraic notion which was introduced by G. Fichou. The first part of this thesis consists in an inverse theorem for blow-Nash maps. Under certain assumptions, this ensures that the inverse of a homeomorphism which is blow-Nash is also blow-Nash. Such maps are involved in the definition of the blow-Nash equivalence. In the second part, we associate a power series to an analytic germ, called the zeta function of the germ. This construction generalizes the zeta functions of Koike-Parusiński and Fichou. Furthermore, it admits a convolution formula while being an invariant for the blow-Nash equivalence.