• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 34
  • 28
  • 4
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 87
  • 75
  • 30
  • 23
  • 22
  • 20
  • 15
  • 14
  • 13
  • 11
  • 11
  • 10
  • 10
  • 10
  • 10
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Desenvolvimento de catalisadores a base de HZSM-5 modificada por metais para o processo de pirólise rápida

Espindola, Juliana da Silveira January 2014 (has links)
A pirólise rápida é uma tecnologia promissora para a conversão de biomassa. O principal produto desse processo é o bio-óleo, um líquido com elevada densidade energética, com potencialidades para a aplicação na produção de combustíveis e compostos renováveis. No entanto, existem ainda algumas barreiras para a sua utilização direta e um pós-processamento pode ser necessário. O uso de catalisadores no pós-processamento de bio-óleo, ou durante o processo de pirólise rápida, configura-se como alternativa para a produção direta de combustíveis e de produtos químicos com valor agregado, pois o processamento catalítico, além de elevar o rendimento, melhora a qualidade do bio-óleo produzido. O presente trabalho apresenta uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento do processo de pirólise rápida como uma rota viável de processamento de biomassas residuais, visando a obtenção de bio-óleo com propriedades adequadas a sua aplicação direta como combustível ou ainda para o fracionamento em produtos de interesse na indústria química. Este estudo compreende a síntese e avaliação do desempenho de diferentes catalisadores para o processo de pirólise rápida, bem como o projeto de uma unidade flexível para o processamento de biomassas através do processo de pirólise rápida catalítica. Catalisadores foram sintetizados através de diferentes metodologias e a sua atividade para a pirólise rápida foi avaliada através de ensaios utilizando moléculas representativas dos produtos da pirólise. O emprego de catalisadores a base de HZSM-5 modificada por metais permitiu, em alguns casos, o aumento na eficiência da reação de pirólise. A incorporação de zinco, gálio e nióbio resultou em aumento da atividade, elevando a produção de compostos aromáticos a partir da conversão catalítica de furanos. Os catalisadores de zinco apresentaram melhores resultados, possivelmente devido à maior incorporação do zinco nos sítios ácidos da zeólita, produzindo novos sítios capazes de elevar a taxa da reação de aromatização. Uma avaliação das alterações superficiais dos catalisadores permitiu correlacionar algumas propriedades do catalisador com sua atividade para a pirólise rápida e distribuição de produtos, permitindo também, em alguns casos, a identificação de possíveis rotas reacionais. As variáveis de processo, tais como temperatura de reação, velocidade espacial e presença de diferentes teores de água, simulando teores de água presentes em biomassas típicas, foram avaliadas. Verificou-se a importância da co-alimentação de água nos ensaios padrão para verificação da atividade de catalisadores para aplicação em pirólise rápida de biomassa. A água produz uma nova rota reacional na presença de HZSM-5 (reação de hidrólise), o que altera significativamente a distribuição de produtos da pirólise. / Fast pyrolysis is a promising technology for converting biomass into liquid fuels and chemicals. The main product of this process is bio-oil, a liquid with high energy density, which enables its use as a renewable source for the production of energy, fuels and chemicals. However, there are some barriers to its direct use as a fuel, and a post-processing may be needed. The use of catalysts for bio-oil upgrading or combined with the fast pyrolysis process is an alternative to the direct production of fuels, since the catalyst improves the quality and stability of bio-oil, as well as improving the pyrolysis yield. This work presents a contribution to the development of the fast pyrolysis process as a viable processing route for biomass conversion into fuels and chemicals. This study involves the synthesis and evaluation of different catalysts for the fast pyrolysis process, as well as the design of a flexible unit for the processing of biomass by catalytic fast pyrolysis. Catalysts were synthesized using different methods and their activity was evaluated by using furans as representative compounds of pyrolysis-derived products. Studies were conducted to identify catalysts with desirable properties for biofuel production. The incorporation of metals on HZSM-5 resulted in a promoting effect on catalytic conversion of furans. Zinc, niobium and gallium showed better activity than unmodified HZSM-5, increasing the aromatics production. Zinc catalysts presented the best result among samples, possibly due to a greater incorporation of zinc in the zeolite acid sites, producing new sites that are capable of increasing the rate of the aromatization reaction. An evaluation of the catalyst surface changes allowed the determination of the correlation between certain catalyst properties and their activity. It also allowed the identification of possible reaction pathways. Process variables such as reaction temperature, space velocity and water vapour pressure were also evaluated. The importance of water co-feeding in standard tests for catalysts activity evaluation was studied. Water produces a new reaction pathway in the presence of HZSM-5 (hydrolysis reaction), which significantly changes the distribution of pyrolysis products.
72

Desenvolvimento de catalisadores a base de HZSM-5 modificada por metais para o processo de pirólise rápida

Espindola, Juliana da Silveira January 2014 (has links)
A pirólise rápida é uma tecnologia promissora para a conversão de biomassa. O principal produto desse processo é o bio-óleo, um líquido com elevada densidade energética, com potencialidades para a aplicação na produção de combustíveis e compostos renováveis. No entanto, existem ainda algumas barreiras para a sua utilização direta e um pós-processamento pode ser necessário. O uso de catalisadores no pós-processamento de bio-óleo, ou durante o processo de pirólise rápida, configura-se como alternativa para a produção direta de combustíveis e de produtos químicos com valor agregado, pois o processamento catalítico, além de elevar o rendimento, melhora a qualidade do bio-óleo produzido. O presente trabalho apresenta uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento do processo de pirólise rápida como uma rota viável de processamento de biomassas residuais, visando a obtenção de bio-óleo com propriedades adequadas a sua aplicação direta como combustível ou ainda para o fracionamento em produtos de interesse na indústria química. Este estudo compreende a síntese e avaliação do desempenho de diferentes catalisadores para o processo de pirólise rápida, bem como o projeto de uma unidade flexível para o processamento de biomassas através do processo de pirólise rápida catalítica. Catalisadores foram sintetizados através de diferentes metodologias e a sua atividade para a pirólise rápida foi avaliada através de ensaios utilizando moléculas representativas dos produtos da pirólise. O emprego de catalisadores a base de HZSM-5 modificada por metais permitiu, em alguns casos, o aumento na eficiência da reação de pirólise. A incorporação de zinco, gálio e nióbio resultou em aumento da atividade, elevando a produção de compostos aromáticos a partir da conversão catalítica de furanos. Os catalisadores de zinco apresentaram melhores resultados, possivelmente devido à maior incorporação do zinco nos sítios ácidos da zeólita, produzindo novos sítios capazes de elevar a taxa da reação de aromatização. Uma avaliação das alterações superficiais dos catalisadores permitiu correlacionar algumas propriedades do catalisador com sua atividade para a pirólise rápida e distribuição de produtos, permitindo também, em alguns casos, a identificação de possíveis rotas reacionais. As variáveis de processo, tais como temperatura de reação, velocidade espacial e presença de diferentes teores de água, simulando teores de água presentes em biomassas típicas, foram avaliadas. Verificou-se a importância da co-alimentação de água nos ensaios padrão para verificação da atividade de catalisadores para aplicação em pirólise rápida de biomassa. A água produz uma nova rota reacional na presença de HZSM-5 (reação de hidrólise), o que altera significativamente a distribuição de produtos da pirólise. / Fast pyrolysis is a promising technology for converting biomass into liquid fuels and chemicals. The main product of this process is bio-oil, a liquid with high energy density, which enables its use as a renewable source for the production of energy, fuels and chemicals. However, there are some barriers to its direct use as a fuel, and a post-processing may be needed. The use of catalysts for bio-oil upgrading or combined with the fast pyrolysis process is an alternative to the direct production of fuels, since the catalyst improves the quality and stability of bio-oil, as well as improving the pyrolysis yield. This work presents a contribution to the development of the fast pyrolysis process as a viable processing route for biomass conversion into fuels and chemicals. This study involves the synthesis and evaluation of different catalysts for the fast pyrolysis process, as well as the design of a flexible unit for the processing of biomass by catalytic fast pyrolysis. Catalysts were synthesized using different methods and their activity was evaluated by using furans as representative compounds of pyrolysis-derived products. Studies were conducted to identify catalysts with desirable properties for biofuel production. The incorporation of metals on HZSM-5 resulted in a promoting effect on catalytic conversion of furans. Zinc, niobium and gallium showed better activity than unmodified HZSM-5, increasing the aromatics production. Zinc catalysts presented the best result among samples, possibly due to a greater incorporation of zinc in the zeolite acid sites, producing new sites that are capable of increasing the rate of the aromatization reaction. An evaluation of the catalyst surface changes allowed the determination of the correlation between certain catalyst properties and their activity. It also allowed the identification of possible reaction pathways. Process variables such as reaction temperature, space velocity and water vapour pressure were also evaluated. The importance of water co-feeding in standard tests for catalysts activity evaluation was studied. Water produces a new reaction pathway in the presence of HZSM-5 (hydrolysis reaction), which significantly changes the distribution of pyrolysis products.
73

Desenvolvimento de catalisadores a base de HZSM-5 modificada por metais para o processo de pirólise rápida

Espindola, Juliana da Silveira January 2014 (has links)
A pirólise rápida é uma tecnologia promissora para a conversão de biomassa. O principal produto desse processo é o bio-óleo, um líquido com elevada densidade energética, com potencialidades para a aplicação na produção de combustíveis e compostos renováveis. No entanto, existem ainda algumas barreiras para a sua utilização direta e um pós-processamento pode ser necessário. O uso de catalisadores no pós-processamento de bio-óleo, ou durante o processo de pirólise rápida, configura-se como alternativa para a produção direta de combustíveis e de produtos químicos com valor agregado, pois o processamento catalítico, além de elevar o rendimento, melhora a qualidade do bio-óleo produzido. O presente trabalho apresenta uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento do processo de pirólise rápida como uma rota viável de processamento de biomassas residuais, visando a obtenção de bio-óleo com propriedades adequadas a sua aplicação direta como combustível ou ainda para o fracionamento em produtos de interesse na indústria química. Este estudo compreende a síntese e avaliação do desempenho de diferentes catalisadores para o processo de pirólise rápida, bem como o projeto de uma unidade flexível para o processamento de biomassas através do processo de pirólise rápida catalítica. Catalisadores foram sintetizados através de diferentes metodologias e a sua atividade para a pirólise rápida foi avaliada através de ensaios utilizando moléculas representativas dos produtos da pirólise. O emprego de catalisadores a base de HZSM-5 modificada por metais permitiu, em alguns casos, o aumento na eficiência da reação de pirólise. A incorporação de zinco, gálio e nióbio resultou em aumento da atividade, elevando a produção de compostos aromáticos a partir da conversão catalítica de furanos. Os catalisadores de zinco apresentaram melhores resultados, possivelmente devido à maior incorporação do zinco nos sítios ácidos da zeólita, produzindo novos sítios capazes de elevar a taxa da reação de aromatização. Uma avaliação das alterações superficiais dos catalisadores permitiu correlacionar algumas propriedades do catalisador com sua atividade para a pirólise rápida e distribuição de produtos, permitindo também, em alguns casos, a identificação de possíveis rotas reacionais. As variáveis de processo, tais como temperatura de reação, velocidade espacial e presença de diferentes teores de água, simulando teores de água presentes em biomassas típicas, foram avaliadas. Verificou-se a importância da co-alimentação de água nos ensaios padrão para verificação da atividade de catalisadores para aplicação em pirólise rápida de biomassa. A água produz uma nova rota reacional na presença de HZSM-5 (reação de hidrólise), o que altera significativamente a distribuição de produtos da pirólise. / Fast pyrolysis is a promising technology for converting biomass into liquid fuels and chemicals. The main product of this process is bio-oil, a liquid with high energy density, which enables its use as a renewable source for the production of energy, fuels and chemicals. However, there are some barriers to its direct use as a fuel, and a post-processing may be needed. The use of catalysts for bio-oil upgrading or combined with the fast pyrolysis process is an alternative to the direct production of fuels, since the catalyst improves the quality and stability of bio-oil, as well as improving the pyrolysis yield. This work presents a contribution to the development of the fast pyrolysis process as a viable processing route for biomass conversion into fuels and chemicals. This study involves the synthesis and evaluation of different catalysts for the fast pyrolysis process, as well as the design of a flexible unit for the processing of biomass by catalytic fast pyrolysis. Catalysts were synthesized using different methods and their activity was evaluated by using furans as representative compounds of pyrolysis-derived products. Studies were conducted to identify catalysts with desirable properties for biofuel production. The incorporation of metals on HZSM-5 resulted in a promoting effect on catalytic conversion of furans. Zinc, niobium and gallium showed better activity than unmodified HZSM-5, increasing the aromatics production. Zinc catalysts presented the best result among samples, possibly due to a greater incorporation of zinc in the zeolite acid sites, producing new sites that are capable of increasing the rate of the aromatization reaction. An evaluation of the catalyst surface changes allowed the determination of the correlation between certain catalyst properties and their activity. It also allowed the identification of possible reaction pathways. Process variables such as reaction temperature, space velocity and water vapour pressure were also evaluated. The importance of water co-feeding in standard tests for catalysts activity evaluation was studied. Water produces a new reaction pathway in the presence of HZSM-5 (hydrolysis reaction), which significantly changes the distribution of pyrolysis products.
74

Effect of Textural Properties and Presence of Co-Cation on NH3-SCR Activity of Cu-Exchanged ZSM-5

Jabło´nska, Magdalena, Góra-Marek, Kinga, Grilc, Miha, Bruzzese, Paolo Cleto, Poppitz, David, Pyra, Kamila, Liebau, Michael, Pöppl, Andreas, Likozar, Blaž, Gläser, Roger 03 May 2023 (has links)
Comparative studies over micro-/mesoporous Cu-containing zeolites ZSM-5 prepared by top-down treatment involving NaOH, TPAOH or mixture of NaOH/TPAOH (tetrapropylammonium hydroxide) were conducted. The results of the catalytic data revealed the highest activity of the Cu-ZSM-5 catalyst both in the absence and presence of water vapor. The physico-chemical characterization (diffuse reflectance UV-Vis (DR UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption of NOx (TPD-NOx), and microkinetic modeling) results indicated that the microporous structure of ZSM-5 effectively stabilized isolated Cu ion monomers. Besides the attempts targeted to the modification of the textural properties of the parent ZSM-5, in the next approach, we studied the effect of the co-presence of sodium and copper cations in the microporous H-ZSM-5. The presence of co-cation promoted the evolution of [Cu–O–Cu]2+ dimers that bind NOx strongly with the desorption energy barrier of least 80 kJ mol−1. Water presence in the gas phase significantly decreases the rate of ammonia oxidation, while the reaction rates and activation energies of NH3-SCR remain unaffected.
75

Studies on Ion Transport in Mesoporous and Microporous Inorganic Membranes as Ion Separators for Redox Flow Batteries

Michos, Ioannis 30 May 2017 (has links)
No description available.
76

Fractional Catalytic Pyrolysis Technology for the Production of Upgraded Bio-oil using FCC Catalyst

Mante, Nii Ofei Daku 06 January 2012 (has links)
Catalytic pyrolysis technology is one of the thermochemical platforms used to produce high quality bio-oil and chemicals from biomass feedstocks. In the catalytic pyrolysis process, the biomass is rapidly heated under inert atmosphere in the presence of an acid catalyst or zeolite to promote deoxygenation and cracking of the primary vapors into hydrocarbons and small oxygenates. This dissertation examines the utilization of conventional fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst in the fractional catalytic pyrolysis of hybrid poplar wood. The influence of Y-zeolite content, steam treatment, addition of ZSM-5 additive, process conditions (temperature, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) and vapor residence time) and recycling of the non-condensable gases (NCG) on the product distribution and the quality of the bio-oil were investigated. The first part of the study demonstrates the influence of catalytic property of FCC catalyst on the product distribution and quality of the bio-oil. It was found that FCC catalyst with higher Y-zeolite content produces higher coke yield and lower organic liquid fraction (OLF). Conversely, FCC catalyst with lower Y-zeolite content results in lower coke yield and higher OLF. The results showed that higher Y-zeolite content extensively cracks dehydrated products from cellulose decomposition and demethoxylates phenolic compounds from lignin degradation. The Y-zeolite promoted both deoxygenation and coke forming reactions due to its high catalytic activity and large pore size. Higher Y-zeolite content increased the quality of the bio-oil with respect to higher heating value (HHV), pH, density, and viscosity. The steam treatment at 732 oC and 788 oC decreased the total BET surface area of the FCC catalyst. The findings suggest that steam treatment reduces the coking tendency of the FCC catalyst and enhances the yield of the OLF. Analysis of the bio-oils showed that the steamed FCC catalyst produces bio-oil with lower viscosity and density. Gas chromatography and 13C-NMR spectrometry suggest that steam treatment affect the catalyst selectivity in the formation of CO, CO2, H2, CH4, C2-C5 hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. The addition of ZSM-5 additive to the FCC catalyst was found to alter the characteristic/functionality of the catalytic medium. The product slate showed decrease in coke yield and increase in OLF with increase in ZSM-5 additive. The FCC/ZSM-5 additive hybrid catalysts produced bio-oils with relatively lower viscosity and higher pH value. The formation of CO2, CH4, and H2 decreased whilst C5 and aromatic hydrocarbons increased with increase in ZSM-5 additive level. The second part of the work assesses the effect of operating conditions on the catalytic pyrolysis process. The response surface methodology study showed reaction temperature to be the most influential statistically significant independent variable on char/coke yield, concentration of non-condensable gases, carbon content, oxygen content, pH and viscosity of the bio-oils. The WHSV was the most important statistically significant independent variable that affects the yield of organic liquid and water. Adequate and statistically significant models were generated for the prediction of the responses with the exception of viscosity. Recycling of the NCG in the process was found to potentially increase the liquid yield and decrease char/coke yield. The experiments with the model fluidizing gases showed that CO/N2, CO2/N2, CO/CO2/N2 and H2/N2 increase the liquid yield and CO2/N2 decrease char/coke yield. The results showed that recycling of NCG increases the higher heating value and the pH of the bio-oil as well as decreases the viscosity and density. The concept of recycling the NCG in the catalytic cracking of biomass vapors with FCC catalyst improved the overall process. The evaluation of the reactivity of conventional FCC catalyst towards bio-based molecules provide essential direction for FCC catalyst formulation and design for the production of high quality bio-oils from catalytic pyrolysis of biomass. / Ph. D.
77

Séparation de charges de molécules linéaires insérées dans des zéolithes à canaux

Hureau, Matthieu 11 December 2007 (has links) (PDF)
L'adsorption de l'anthracène et de molécules de type Diphényl-polyènes (trans-Stilbene, 1,4-Diphenyl-1,3 butadiene, 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene) a été étudiée par simulations Monte Carlo, absorption UV-visible par réflexion diffuse, diffusion Raman multiexcitation et Résonance Paramagnétique Electronique (RPE) dans des zéolithes (aluminosilicates) à canaux de type Ferrierite (M-FER), ZSM-5 (MnZSM-5) et Mordenite (M-MOR).<br />Les résultats mettent en évidence l'insertion des molécules dans les canaux. Dans le cas de cations polarisants (M = H+ et Li+) une ionisation spontanée produit la formation de paires radical cation – électron de longue durée. Au cours de la recombinaison de charges, des paires électron-trou sont mises en évidence par des techniques impulsionnelles de RPE. Dans le cas des molécules insérées sans modification chimique (M = Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+), la photolyse UV induit des paires de radicaux dont la lente recombinaison implique des phénomènes de transferts d'électrons régis par la théorie de Marcus. L'exceptionnelle stabilité des paires de radicaux est attribuée au confinement des molécules dans les canaux, à la teneur en aluminium et à la nature des cations de la zéolithe. Ces paires de radicaux sont des intermédiaires réactionnels mis en jeu dans les processus catalytiques et de photodégradation d'hydrocarbures. Ils sont aussi impliqués dans le processus primordial de l'effet photovoltaïque.
78

Postoje české veřejnosti k projektu "Lidé místo zdí". / The attitude of the Czech public towards project "The people instead of walls"

VARGA, Tibor January 2010 (has links)
The Attitudes of the Czech Public towards the Project ``The People instead of Walls`` The thesis deals with the research in the area of juvenile delinquency and its redemption. The main objectives were two. The first was to find out about the attitude of the Czech public towards the project ``The people instead of walls{\crqq}. It deals with the redemption of juvenile delinquency in an alternative form, which substitutes the stay of a juvenile in the custody. The second was to find out if the Czech and professional public expect the lowering rate of juvenile delinquency on the basis of the eventual project implementation. The technique of data collection and their analysis was used. The next techniques were the questionnaires, the inquiries with data sheets and first of all the personal interview with randomly selected respondents of the Czech public and semi-standardized interviews with the representatives of professional public. For finding out the present state, the detailed study of related rules of law and the analysis of the documents that govern the area of the research were carried out. In this context the amendment of criminal law and the Act No. 218/2003 Coll., on judiciary regarding juveniles and other related laws and rules were assessed. In the course of the research the present state of juvenile custody and the way the juveniles are treated in custody seen from the aspect of their re-integration were investigated. In the final part, the positives and negatives of present prison practice were assessed and possible measures which can positively influence the lowering of juvenile delinquency were suggested. The research proved both stated hypotheses.
79

S?ntese e caracteriza??o da ze?lita HZSM-5 nanocristalina com porosidade hier?rquica aplicada no craqueamento de pol?meros

Figueiredo, Aneli?se Lunguinho 24 July 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-05-30T22:35:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnelieseLunguinhoFigueiredo_TESE.pdf: 2224810 bytes, checksum: a3cbfc32831dba5f9b8a0085f1244167 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-01T19:31:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AnelieseLunguinhoFigueiredo_TESE.pdf: 2224810 bytes, checksum: a3cbfc32831dba5f9b8a0085f1244167 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-01T19:31:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnelieseLunguinhoFigueiredo_TESE.pdf: 2224810 bytes, checksum: a3cbfc32831dba5f9b8a0085f1244167 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / As ze?litas s?o amplamente utilizadas pela ind?stria em processos de cat?lise, adsor??o, separa??o e troca i?nica. No entanto, a presen?a apenas de microporos limita a difus?o de mol?culas volumosas em seus canais, favorecendo a ocorr?ncia de rea??es indesej?veis devido ao longo tempo de resid?ncia dos reagentes e produtos ao serem transportados ao longo dos microporos das ze?litas. Com o intuito de superar este problema, foram estudados neste trabalho m?todos de s?ntese para a obten??o da ze?lita ZSM-5 nanocristalina com porosidade hier?rquica sintetizada na aus?ncia de direcionador org?nico de estrutura. Primeiramente foi realizada a s?ntese da ze?lita ZSM-5 atrav?s do m?todo assistido por sementes em um sistema ausente de direcionador org?nico, onde as amostras foram sintetizadas utilizando tr?s tipos diferentes de sementes: duas destas baseadas em solu??es aquosas claras contendo os precursores de ZSM-5 (n?o silanizada e silanizada) e a terceira semente baseada em uma ze?lita ZSM-5 comercial na forma de p?, a fim de direcionar na forma??o da estrutura MFI. O segundo m?todo empregado foi o processo de silaniza??o, utilizando como agente silanizante o fenilaminopropiltrimetoxisilano (PHAPTMS), com a finalidade de diminuir ou impedir o crescimento dos cristais ze?liticos da ZSM-5, favorecendo a obten??o de cristais com menores dimens?es. A s?ntese da ZSM-5 tamb?m foi realizada na aus?ncia de direcionador org?nico a 180?C por 27 horas ap?s a adi??o do PHAPTMS. Todas as amostras sintetizadas foram caracterizadas por diversas t?cnicas, dentre elas a Difra??o de Raios-X (DRX), Espectroscopia na regi?o do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), adsor??o-dessor??o de Arg?nio (Ar), Microscopia Eletr?nica (SEM e TEM) e dessor??o a temperatura programada TPD-NH3. Notou-se que o uso de sementes proporciona uma maior ?rea espec?fica BET e provoca um aumento na ?rea externa, devido ? diminui??o do tamanho dos cristais. Da mesma forma para amostra funcionalizada com o agente silanizante (HZSM-5 (PHAPTMS)), que apresentou a mais, um duplo sistema de poros, o primeiro associado ? microporosidade da ze?lita ZSM-5 (0,5 - 2 nm) e o outro relacionado ? mesoporos intercristalinos (2 - 6 nm), confirmando a obten??o da ze?lita HZSM-5 hier?rquica. Todas as amostras sintetizadas apresentaram aglomerados globulares formados por pequenas nanounidades (30 - 90 nm), com morfologia e tamanho dos cristais diferentes da ze?lita HZSM-5 utilizada como refer?ncia. Os testes catal?ticos utilizando o craqueamento do polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) e o processo de pir?lise do poli(etileno tereftalato) - PET provaram que a melhoria nas propriedades texturais das ze?litas sintetizadas ? vantajoso em tais processos, apresentando um desempenho superior quando comparado ? amostra de refer?ncia, fornecendo produtos que podem ser utilizados como mat?rias-primas na ind?stria petroqu?mica. / Zeolites are widely used by the industry in catalysis processes, adsorption, separation and ion exchange. However, the presence of only micropores limits the diffusion of bulky molecules in their channels, favoring the occurrence of adverse reactions due to long residence time of the reactants and products are transported through the micropores of the zeolite. In order to overcome this problem has been studied in this work synthesis methods for obtaining hierarchical nanocrystalline ZSM-5 zeolite synthesized in the absence of organic template. First it carried out a synthesis of zeolite ZSM-5 by the seed-assisted method from an organic-templatefree system, where the samples were synthesized utilizing three different types of seeds: two of these based on aqueous clear solutions containing the ZSM-5 precursors (non-silanized and silanized) and the third seed based on a commercial ZSM-5 zeolite in powder form, in order to direct the formation of the MFI structure. The second method used was the silanization process, using as silanizante agent phenylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane (PHAPTMS), in order to lessen or prevent the growth of zeolitic crystals of ZSM-5, obtaining favoring smaller crystals. The synthesis of ZSM-5 was also performed in the absence of organic template 180?C for 27 hours after addition of PHAPTMS. All synthesized samples were characterized by several techniques, among them X Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Argon adsorption-desorption, Electronic Microscopy (SEM and TEM), and Temperature Programmed Desorption of Ammonia (NH3-TPD). It was noted that the use of seeds gives a higher BET surface area and causes an increase in the external surface area outside due to the decreasing size of the crystals. Similarly for sample functionalized with silanizante agent (MFI (PHAPTMS)), which is the lowest a dual system of pores, the first associated with the microporosity of the zeolite ZSM-5 (0.5 - 2 nm) and the other related to intercrystalline mesopores (2 - 6 nm), confirming the obtaining of HZSM-5 zeolite hierarchical. All samples were synthesized globular agglomerates formed by small nanounits (30 - 90 nm) with different size and morphology of crystals of zeolite HZSM-5 used as reference. The catalytic tests using the cracking of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and pyrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) - PET proved that the improvement in the textural properties of the synthesized zeolite is advantageous in such processes, with a better performance when compared to the reference sample, generating products which can be useful feedstocks in the petrochemical industry.
80

SYNTHESIS, MODIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND CATALYTIC STUDIES OF ZEOLITE BASED BIFUNCTIONAL CATALYSTS FOR HYDROISOMERIZATION REACTION

GOPAL, SRIKANT 02 September 2003 (has links)
No description available.

Page generated in 0.058 seconds