Hydrothermal synthesis of ZSM-5 is an often applied but incompletely understood procedure. In comparison to current research efforts that aim to produce complex micro-mesoporous catalysts for the conversion of biogenic and bulky hydrocarbons, this work focuses on the dependency between Si/Al ratio and zeolite morphology of microporous ZSM-5 to understand and to control the synthesis process. In two series of time dependent crystallization, kinetics were analyzed at Si/Al ratio 20 and 100 to optimize the crystallization time. Subsequently, zeolites with different Si/Al ratio were obtained and characterized. The results show a transition from a slow dissolutionrecrystallization process to a fast solid-state-transformation with increasing Si/Al ratio. This is followed by a switching morphology from clusters of small agglomerates to bigger spherical particles. Respective acid site density and zeolite morphology determine local residence time, hydride transfer behavior and finally selectivity towards aromatics and higher hydrocarbons during methanol conversion. This background should provide control of even more complex syntheses of porous catalysts.

ZSM-5 is an aluminosilicate zeolite with high Si/Al ratio with suitable properties for catalysis, ion exchange, adsorption and membrane applications. The main goal of this thesis was to study the growth of ZSM-5 zeolite crystals from inexpensive natural sources of silica and alumina, as well as n-butylamine (NBA) as a low-cost structure directing agent. The first objective of this work was to develop pathways to synthesize ZSM-5 crystals from kaolin clay or diatomaceous earth, two inexpensive natural sources of silica and alumina (Paper I). In the case of kaolin, a heat treatment was used in order to form amorphous metakaolinite. Subsequently, dealumination of the raw materials by acid leaching made it possible to reach appropriate Si/Al ratios and to reduce the amount of impurities. Finally, leached metakaolinite or diatomaceous earth was reacted with sodium hydroxide and NBA. After synthesis optimization, both sources of aluminosilicates were found to behave differently during the course of synthesis and to lead to slightly different reaction products. The final products exhibited Si/Al ratios in the range 10-20. The use of leached diatomaceous earth allowed to reach higher yield of ZSM-5 crystals within comparable synthesis times. However, low amounts of mordenite were inevitably formed as a by-product, which was related to the high calcium content of diatomaceous earth. Therefore, the rest of the thesis focused on the kaolin system. In order to study the growth mechanism of ZSM-5 from leached metakaolinite, a proper methodology to gain local compositional data by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) on aluminosilicates was developed (Paper II). Zeolite A was used as a model system that could be ion-exchanged with various elements. In order to evaluate the reliability of the measurements, inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS) and EDS were compared. The EDS method developed in this work resulted in molar ratios very close to theoretical values and was therefore found more reliable than ICP-SFMS. Therefore, the method developed for zeolite A was applied in the rest of the thesis work to study the formation and growth of ZSM-5 crystals. The second part of this work focused on the kaolin system in order to understand the nucleation and growth processes of the ZSM-5 crystals. This system was heterogeneous, due to the formation of a gel upon heating of the synthesis mixture. First, the internal structure of the gel was investigated (Paper III). Second, a kinetic study was performed and compared with microstructural observations (Paper IV). Finally, the mechanisms leading to Al-zoning and dendritical growth of the zeolite crystals were investigated (Paper V). The characterization of the intermediate phases during the different stages of the hydrothermal synthesis were analyzed by different analytical techniques, such as inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), extreme high resolution-scanning electron microscopy (XHR-SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen gas adsorption. These investigations led to several important conclusions: 1) The walls of the gel were shown for the first time to be inhomogeneous and to possess a biphasic internal structure consisting of a mesoporous skeleton of aluminosilicate nanoparticles embedded in a silicate-rich soluble matrix of soft matter. 2) The kinetic study and microstructural evidences indicated that the early crystals were fully embedded inside the gel phase and that crystal growth was retarded, as the formation of the gel occurred simultaneously with the early growth of the crystals. Hence, nucleation and growth appeared to be solution mediated.  3) Finally, the Al zoning of the crystals was related to the biphasic internal structure of the gel, since the silicate-rich matrix was preferentially consumed first. 4) The dendrites present at the surface of the crystals during most of the growth process were shown to be caused by the presence of a web of nanoparticles, most likely originating from the mesoporous skeleton inside the gel. In the future, these findings are expected to lead to optimized synthesis pathways of catalysts with homogeneous properties and to contribute to the development of poor regions in Bolivia.

This research aimed at improving p-xylene selectivity in toluene disproportionation over ZSM-5 zeolite by exploring the effect of crystal size and various post synthetic modification methods. A comprehensive study of the effect of different modifications on the physicochemical properties of ZSM-5 was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), pyridine adsorption, Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), 29Si magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), BET surface area by N2 adsorption, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The catalytic performance of each catalyst was studied in a fixed bed reactor at a temperature 475 °C, WHSV 3-83 h-1 and two different pressures (1 and 10 bar). ZSM-5 zeolites with different crystal sizes (5, 50 and 100 ÂÂμm) were synthesized in house and compared with the commercially obtained ZSM-5 having a crystal size of 0.5 ÂÂμm. The increase in crystal size improved p-xylene selectivity which was attributed to the diffusion constraints imposed by the longer diffusion path lengths of large crystals. The highest p-xylene selectivity (58 %) was achieved over ZSM-5 with the largest crystal size 100 ÂÂμm at the highest WHSV 83 h-1. However, it was accompanied by a low conversion (2 wt. %). ZSM-5 with crystal size of 5 ÂÂμm delivered the best results in terms of the combination of para-selectivity (40 %) and toluene conversion (15 wt. %). The p-xylene produced in the channels of ZSM-5 can quickly isomerise to o-xylene and m-xylene on the external unselective acid sites. Different post modification methods were applied in this study in attempt to suppress the fast isomerization reaction by deactivating the external acid sites. This was achieved to some extent by depositing an inert silica layer using different silica agents, amounts and number of modification cycles and as a result p-xylene selectivity was significantly improved (84 %), especially over large crystals 5 ÂÂμm. The decrease in Brà̧nsted acidity (FTIR) suggested the success of the silylation method. Furthermore, impregnation of lanthanum and phosphorus on ZSM-5 improved p-xylene selectivity (40 %). FTIR measurements showed a drastic drop in the number of Brà̧nsted and Lewis acid sites after loading phosphorus which led to a large reduction in toluene conversion. Lanthanum impregnation had less effect on conversion and increased selectivity with decreased Brà̧nsted sites and pore volume reduction showed by N2 adsorption suggesting some pore narrowing. There are several approaches that can be considered in future to further improve p-xylene selectivity. Improving the synthesis of large crystals to balance acidity and crystal size can lead to the enhancement of p-xylene selectivity. Also, performing toluene disproportionation on optimised pre-coked ZSM-5 large crystals at high pressure can help to maintain the conversion while increasing p-xylene selectivity. Another approach would be to apply silylation modification to extruded large crystals ZSM-5.

In this work, the steady-state performance of zeolite-based (Cu-ZSM-5) and vanadium-based honeycomb monolith catalysts was investigated in the selective catalytic reduction process (SCR) for NO removal using NH3. The aim was to delineate the effect of various parameters including pretreatment of the catalyst sample with H2, NH3-to-NO ratio, inlet oxygen concentration, and space velocity. The concentrations of the species (e.g. NO, NH3, and others) were determined using a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The temperature was varied from ambient (25 C) to 500 C. The investigation showed that all of the above parameters (except pre-treatment with H2) significantly affected the peak NO reduction, the temperature at which peak NO reduction occurred, and residual ammonia left at higher temperatures (also known as 'NH3 slip'). Depending upon the particular values of the parameters, a peak NO reduction of around 90% was obtained for both the catalysts. However, an accompanied generation of N2O and NO2 species was observed as well, being much higher for the vanadium-based catalyst than for the Cu-ZSM-5 catalyst. For both catalysts, the peak NO reduction decreased with an increase in space velocity, and did not change significantly with an increase in oxygen concentration. The temperatures at which peak NO reduction and complete NH3 removal occurred increased with an increase in space velocity but decreased with an increase in oxygen concentration. The presence of more ammonia at the inlet (i.e. higher NH3-to-NO ratio) improved the peak NO reduction but simultaneously resulted in an increase in residual ammonia. Pretreatment of the catalyst sample with H2 (performed only for the Cu-ZSM-5 catalyst) did not produce any perceivable difference in any of the results for the conditions of these experiments.

This thesis focus on the analysis of spin-lattice NMRD relaxation profilesmeasured in various complex systems such as proteins, zeolites and ionicliquids. Proton, deuterium and fluoride T1-NMRD relaxation profiles wereobtained from a fast-field cycling (FFC) instrument. It is found that alsopossible to obtain NMRD profiles from the molecular dynamics (MD)simulation trajectories. NMRD Profiles were analyzed by using differentrelaxation models, such as the Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan (SBM) theoryand the Stochastic Liouville (SL) theory. Paper I described the hydration of protein PrxV obtained from a MDsimulation, and compared with the picture emerges from an analysis byusing a generally accepted relaxation model [appendix C]. The result showsthat the information from NMRD analysis is an averaged picture of watermolecules with similar relaxation times; and the MD simulations containsinformation of all types of interested water molecules with differentresidence times. In paper II NMRD profiles have been used to characterize the hydration ofthe oxygen-evolving complex in state S1 of photosystem II. NMRDexperiments were performed on both intact protein samples and Mndepletedsamples, and characteristic dispersion difference were foundbetween 0.03 MHz to 1 MHz; approximately. Both the SBM theory and theSL theory have been used to explain this dispersion difference, and it isfound that this is due to a paramagnetic enhancement of 1-2 water moleculesnearby ~10 Å from the spin center of the Mn4CaO5 cluster. The result showsthe reorientation of the molecular cluster is in μs time interval. Whencompare these two theories, the SL theory presented a better interpretationbecause parameters obtained from the SBM theory shows they didn’t fulfilthe presupposed perturbation criterion (the Kubo term). Paper III deals with the water dynamics in the restricted/confined spaces inthe zeolite samples (H-ZSM-5 and NH4-ZSM-5) and obtained by proton anddeuterium spin-lattice NMRD profiles. The results show that the spin-latticeNMRD can be used to characterize various zeolites. The temperature has aweak effect on the relaxation rate R1, but the change of different counter ionsmay change the hydration and the translational diffusion pores and givedifferent R1. Proton and fluoride NMRD profiles and MD simulations were both used tostudy the dynamics of BMIM[PF6] in paper IV. Results indicate the reorientation of the molecules are in the ns time regime, and the effectivecorrelation time obtained from 1H and 19F are the same. From the MDsimulation it is found the reorientation of [PF6]- ions is much faster (in ps)compare with BMIM+ ion which moves in the ns time range. With previous results, the FFC NMRD profiles are indeed very informativetools to study the molecular dynamics of complex systems. The MDsimulation can be used as a complementary method to obtain detailedinformation. By combine these two methods, it provide a more colorfulpicture in the study of protein hydration and liquid molecular dynamics.

The ZSM-22 zeolite is a microporous crystalline structure which has dimensional solid belonging to the group called molecular sieves. It is common in their synthesis the use of structure direct agents (SDA's), also called direct organic only, which are costly and render the production of the material on an industrial scale. Furthermore, the crystallization times for the formation of the material are around 20 hours. In this work we propose the development of a synthesis route for the ZSM -22 more economically, from a reaction mixture free from organic director and containing seeds of crystallization. Seeds were synthesized by the hydrothermal method at 160 °C in the presence of 1,6- diaminohexane organic template. Samples of ZSM -22 was synthesized by hydrothermal and hydrosolvothermal at a temperature of 170 °C and fixed percentage of seeds (10%) methods, employing the following reagents: methanol, sodium silicate, aluminum sulfate, potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. Through systematic variations in synthesis parameters: content of methanol (0 and 4 mol), SiO2/Al2O3 ratio (50 and 100), alkalinity or basicity of the medium (0.2 and 0.4) and ratio of cations : Na + / Na + + K + ( 0 and 0.5) found that the best conditions for the formation of ZSM -22 . The products were characterized by diffraction X-ray method (XRD). According to the results of crystallinity, the best samples are also characterized by thermal analysis (TG/DTG), nitrogen adsorption at 77 K (BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). / A ZSM-22 é uma zeólita que apresenta estrutura cristalina microporosa unidimensional pertencente ao grupo de sólidos denominados de peneiras moleculares. É comum em sua síntese à utilização de agentes direcionadores de estrutura (SDA's), também chamados apenas de direcionador orgânico, que são de custo elevado e inviabilizam a produção do material em escala industrial. Além disso, os tempos de cristalização para formação do material gira em torno de 20 horas. Neste trabalho é proposto o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de síntese para a ZSM-22 mais econômica, partindo de uma mistura reacional isenta de agente direcionador de estrutura e contendo sementes de cristalização. As sementes foram sintetizadas pelo método hidrotérmico à 160ºC na presença do direcionador orgânico 1,6-diaminohexano. As amostras de ZSM-22 foram sintetizadas pelos métodos hidrotérmico e hidrosolvotérmico à temperatura de 170ºC e percentual fixo de sementes (10% em relação ao SiO2), empregando os seguintes reagentes: metanol, silicato de sódio, sulfato de alumínio, hidróxido de potássio e ácido sulfúrico. Através de variações sistemáticas nos parâmetros de síntese: teor de metanol (0 e 4 mol), razão SiO2/Al2O3 (50 e 100), alcalinidade ou basicidade do meio (0,2 e 0,4) e razão dos cátions: Na/Na + K (0 e 0,5), onde constatou-se as melhores condições de formação da ZSM-22. Os produtos obtidos foram caracterizados pelo método de difratometria de raios-x (DRX). Partindo dos resultados de cristalinidade, as melhores amostras também foram caracterizadas por análises térmicas (TG/DTG), adsorção de nitrogênio a 77 K (BET) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV).

The ZSM-12 zeolite is high silica material, with a one-dimensional pore structure that makes it presents a high performance as a catalyst in the hydroisomerization of hydrocarbons. For the synthesis of ZSM-12 in most cases, reagents are required that results in the process, for example, the use of organic agents drivers structure and / or a reactant to some sources have different values, the most interesting use which has the lowest value to make the synthesis more feasible in industrial scale. In this work we developed a synthesis route of zeolite ZSM-12 using a silica source more viable than the silica gel, sodium metassilicate. Samples were synthesized by the hydrothermal method at a temperature of 160 ° C using the following reagents: silica gel, sodium metassilicate, sodium hydroxide, pseudobohemita, tetraethylammonium hydroxide, sulfuric acid. After synthesis the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared (FT-IR), thermal analysis (TG / DTA), determination of surface area (BET) and scanning electron microscopy (MEV) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A ZSM-12 é uma zeólita rica em sílica, com uma estrutura de poros unidimensionais que faz com que ela apresente um grande desempenho como catalisador em reações de hidroisomerização de hidrocarbonetos. Para a síntese da ZSM-12, na maioria das vezes, são necessários reagentes que encarecem o processo, como por exemplo, o uso de agentes orgânicos direcionadores de estrutura ou/e algumas fontes de um reagente possuir valores diversos, sendo o mais interessante usar o que tem o valor mais baixo para tornar a síntese mais viável em escala industrial. No presente trabalho foi desenvolvida uma rota de síntese da zeólita ZSM-12 utilizando uma fonte de sílica mais viável que a sílica gel, o metassilicato de sódio. As amostras foram sintetizadas pelo método hidrotérmico à temperatura de 160°C, utilizando os seguintes reagentes: sílica gel, metassilicato de sódio, hidróxido de sódio, pseudobohemita, hidróxido de tetraetilamônio, ácido sulfúrico. Após as sínteses as amostras obtidas foram caracterizadas por difração de raios X (DRX), espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho (FT-IR), análises térmicas (TG/DTA), determinação da área superficial (BET) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV).

The present work deals with the generation of mesoporosity in ZSM-22 zeolite (TON structure). In a first part the synthesis of ZSM-22 was studied through a methodology similar to that presented by Valyocsik (1990), followed by an addition of an amphiphilic trimethoxyphenylsilane organosilane (TMPHS) in the synthesis gel, and by another substitution of 20% of the silica required for the synthesis by silanized silica beads by TMPHS. In the second part, the formation of mesoporosity by post-synthesis treatment with NaOH solution was studied, varying the concentration of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mol.L-1 at a temperature of 70 °C per 1hour. The zeolites obtained were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), nitrogen adsorption at -196 °C, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (ATG), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared region with Fourier transform (FT-IR) and desorption of ammonia at the programmed temperature. The catalysts that presented the best textural properties were submitted to the catalytic test with the n-hexane cracking model reaction. The diffractograms of the synthesized samples showed that they presented the main peaks referring to the TON structure, and that the desilicated samples maintained in their entirety their crystalline structure. The thermogravimetric curves presented four mass loss events, reaching values close to 10% of total loss. Infrared identified absorption bands characteristic of zeolitic materials. The micrographs of the TON-P sample showed crystal agglomerates in cylindrical form 2 μm in length. The pore diameter distribution of the desilicated samples presented a distribution in the range of 2 to 100 nm, proving one of additional mesoporosity due to the desilication process, with a higher formation of mesopores for the samples submitted to the treatments with higher OH- concentration, which caused an increase in the total acidity by the reduction of the Si/Al ratio. The desilicated samples presented a lower conversion compared to the precursor, but with higher stability in the conversion rate, with selectivity to formation of propene and isobutane. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho abordou a geração de mesoporosidade na zeólita ZSM-22 (estrutura TON). Numa primeira parte estudou-se a síntese da ZSM-22 via metodologia similar à apresentada por Valyocsik (1990), seguida por uma adição de um organossilano anfifílico trimetoxifenilsilano (TMPHS) no gel de síntese, e por outra via substituição de 20% da sílica requerida para a síntese por esferas de sílica nanométricas silanizadas por TMPHS. Na segunda parte estudou-se a formação de mesoporosidade por tratamento pós-síntese com solução de NaOH, variando-se a concentração de 0,2, 0,4 e 0,6 mol.L-1 à temperatura de 70°C por 1 hora. As zeólitas obtidas foram caracterizadas por difratometria de raios X (DRX), adsorção de nitrogênio à -196°C, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), análises termogravimétricas (ATG), espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) e dessorção de amônia à temperatura programada. Os catalisadores que apresentaram melhores propriedades texturais foram submetidos ao teste catalítico com a reação modelo de craqueamento do n-hexano. Os difratogramas das amostras sintetizadas mostraram que estas apresentaram os principais picos referente à estrutura TON, e que as amostras dessilicadas mantiveram na sua integralidade sua estrutura cristalina. As curvas termogravimétricas apresentaram quatro eventos de perda de massa, obtendo-se valores próximos a 10% de perda total. Os infravermelhos identificaram bandas de absorção características dos materiais zeolíticos. As micrografias da amostra TON-P mostraram aglomerados de cristais em forma cilíndrica com 2 µm de comprimento. A distribuição de diâmetro de poros das amostras dessilicadas apresentaram uma distribuição na faixa de 2 a 100 nm, comprovando-se uma de mesoporosidade adicional devido ao processo de dessilicação, havendo maior formação de mesoporos para as amostras submetidas aos tratamentos com maior concentração de OH-, o que provocou um aumento na acidez total pela diminuição da razão Si/Al. As amostras dessilicadas apresentaram uma menor conversão perante a precursora, mas tendo maior estabilidade na taxa de conversão, havendo uma seletividade para formação de propeno e isobutano.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:36:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3358.pdf: 2280113 bytes, checksum: 836e1809b57b84adf512d641f8aa3180 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-27 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The current market demands make with what Brazilian agribusiness search improvements in processes and new materials to reduce waste, pollution and biological contamination. Mainly materials that more are easily degraded by the action of microorganisms or abiotic factors.It is known that the synthetic plastics are difficult of degrade and one alternative to decrease their use and hence the contamination of the environment is the introduction of biodegradable plastics such as thermoplastic starch (TPS). Thus, this study aimed to develop nanocomposites of TPS, seeking conditions for the incorporation of nanozeólitas (ZSM-5) that could confer properties related to control hydrophilicity. The work started in the construction of hydrothermal reactors for the standardization of zeolite. The synthesis gel was based on a molar ratio has been already studied (Al2O3: 60SiO2: 11TPAOH: 900H2O). The hydrothermal treatment was done in five different ways, varying temperatures (100, 150 and 200oC) and time (24, 48 and 72 hours). The five samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen physisorption, particle size analysis by light scattering and scanning electron microscopy at high resolution. The best condition of formation of zeolite phase was 200oC for 24 hours. This synthesis was repeated and characterized by four times to obtain 27g of nanozeólitas to be used to obtain the composite processing. The compositions of thermoplastic starch and nanozeólita were made in a torque rheometer with mass ratios of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% ZSM-5 TPS, keeping fixed the final mass of the mixture, 45 g. Thermogravimetric analysis of films showed that the increased load of nanozeolites in the matrix polymer no caused change in the temperatures of the events that occur in the mass losses. The results of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis showed no significant variations in glass transition temperatures of the glycerol and starch, which were influenced by the increase of ratio glycerol / starch. The analysis of tensile mechanics showed that up to 6% zeolite added there is no impairment of mechanical properties of films, above this value occurs a lower elastic modulus of the composite and consequently an increase in the deformation of the material also caused by variations in the relationship between ratio glycerol and starch. Statistical analysis of variance for this experiment confirmed the previous supposition. The pervaporation water vapor showed that the increased load of zeolite in the polymer matrix facilitated the passage of water through the polymer matrix due to the presence of the channels characteristic of the zeolite. Statistical analysis of variance showed that the most significant change was the 10% zeolite added. Through these studies we can see that it is possible to incorporation of zeolite in thermoplastic starch using the same equipment used in processing of synthetic plastics. This study also showed that the incorporation of zeolite modified the hydrophilicity of the material facilitating the passage of water vapor by the matrix polymer by channels of zeolite. / As exigências do mercado atual fazem com que a agroindústria brasileira busque melhorias nos processos e novos materiais a fim de diminuir o desperdício, a poluição e a contaminação biológica. Principalmente materiais que sejam mais facilmente degradados por meio da ação de microorganismos ou fatores abióticos. Sabe-se que os plásticos sintéticos atuais são de difícil degradação e uma alternativa para a diminuição do seu uso e por conseqüência a contaminação do meio ambiente é a introdução de plásticos biodegradáveis tal como o amido termoplástico (TPS). Sendo assim, objetivou-se neste trabalho o desenvolvimento de nanocompósitos de TPS, buscando condições para a incorporação de nanozeólitas (ZSM-5) que pudessem conferir propriedades relacionadas ao controle de hidrofilicidade. O trabalho teve início na construção de reatores hidrotérmicos para a padronização da zeólita. O gel de síntese teve como base uma proporção molar já estudada (Al2O3:60SiO2:11TPAOH:900H2O). O tratamento hidrotérmico foi feito de cinco formas diferentes, variando temperatura (100, 150 e 200oC) e tempo (24, 48 e 72 horas). As cinco amostras foram caracterizadas por difração de raios X, fisissorção de nitrogênio, análise de tamanho de partículas por espalhamento de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura de alta resolução. A melhor condição de formação da fase zeolítica foi de 200oC por 24 horas. Esta síntese foi repetida e caracterizada por quatro vezes para a obtenção das 27g de nanozeólitas a serem utilizadas na obtenção do compósito polimérico. As composições de amido termoplástico e nanozeólita foram feitas em um reômetro de torque com proporções em massa de 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10% de ZSM-5 em TPS, mantendo fixa a massa final da mistura em 45 g. As análises termogravimétricas dos filmes mostraram que o aumento da carga de nanozeólita na matriz polimérica não houve mudanças nas temperaturas dos eventos em que ocorrem as perdas de massa. Os resultados das análises térmicas dinâmico-mecânica mostraram que não houve variações significativas nas temperaturas de transições vítreas tanto do glicerol como do amido, que foram influenciadas pelo aumento da relação glicerol/amido. As análises de resistência à tração mecânica mostraram que até 6% de zeólita adicionada não há comprometimento das propriedades mecânicas dos filmes, já acima ocorre um abaixamento no modulo elástico do compósito e consequentemente um aumento na deformação do material causado também pela variação na relação entre glicerol e amido. A análise estatística de variância para esse experimento comprovou essa suposição. A pervaporação ao vapor de água mostrou que o aumento da carga de zeólita na matriz polimérica facilitou a passagem de água pela matriz polimérica, isto devido à presença dos canais característicos da zeólita. A análise estatística de variância mostrou que a variação mais significativa foi a de 10% de zeólita adicionada. Por meio desses estudos podese observar que é possível a incorporação de zeólita em amido termoplástico utilizando os mesmos equipamentos utilizados no processamento dos plásticos sintéticos. Esse estudo também mostrou que a incorporação da zeólita modificou a hidrofilicidade do material facilitando a passagem do vapor de água através dos canais da zeólita.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:55:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4445.pdf: 6135592 bytes, checksum: 9a1ebffa2ca083786400ffa973e8b424 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-27 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Due to their potential as acid catalyst and hydrothermal stability, USY, ZSM-5 and modernite zeolites are widely used in several processes of petroleum refining and petrochemical industries. With the discovery of new reserves in Brazil, the petroleum industry must adequate its technology to be able to process heavy oil fractions and satisfy the increased demand for more valuable derivatives (gasoline, diesel and olefins). To achieve this, a better performance of such zeolites needs to be reach by improvement of the active sites accessibility and/or diminishing the diffusion path inside of their microporous system. In this context, the objective of this research was to synthesize ZSM-5 zeolites with hierarchical pore structure and evaluate their potential as acid catalyst in the cracking of hydrocarbons, using cyclohexane as model molecule. In the synthesis of these materials, Black Pearls 2000 carbon and an organosilane surfactant molecule were employed as structure-directing agent for mesopores formation. Zeolites were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen physisorption, small-angle X-ray scattering, scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance of 27Al nucleus, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and ammonium temperature programmed desorption. The properties and acid activity of the synthesized zeolites were compared with a ZSM-5 zeolite without mesopores. The results revealed that the used synthesis methodologies were effective in the formation of crystals of ZSM-5 zeolite containing the intrinsic micropores of the MFI structure combined with the presence of intracrystalline mesopores. The Black Pearls 2000 carbon generated mesopores that were an inverse replica of the carbon particles with an average diameter of 12 nm and the amphiphilic surfactant mesopores with diameters of about 4 nm. The cracking of cyclohexane showed that the solids with hierarchical structure of pores preserved the acid potential of ZSM-5 zeolites, with all the micro-mesoporous zeolites presenting similar catalytic behaviour related with the yield and selectivity in the considered reaction. Other hand, the presence of mesopores favoured the formation of products resulting from isomerization and hydrogen transfer reactions. / Devido ao seu potencial como catalisador ácido e estabilidade hidrotérmica, as zeólitas USY, ZSM-5 e mordenita são utilizadas em diversos processos no refino de petróleo e em petroquímica. Com a descoberta de novas jazidas no Brasil, a indústria do petróleo deve se adequar tecnologicamente para ter capacidade de processar frações pesadas e atender o aumento da demanda por derivados de maior valor agregado (gasolina, diesel e olefinas). Para isso, um desempenho mais eficiente no uso dessas zeólitas pode ser alcançado melhorando a acessibilidade aos sítios ativos e/ou reduzindo o caminho difusional no interior do seu sistema microporoso. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do estudo foi sintetizar zeólitas ZSM-5 com estrutura hierárquica de poros e avaliar seu potencial como catalisador ácido por meio do craqueamento de cicloexano, utilizado como molécula modelo. Na síntese desses materiais foram utilizados o carbono Black Pearls 2000 e uma molécula surfactante organossilano, como agentes direcionadores da formação de mesoporos. As zeólitas foram caracterizadas por difração de raios X, fisissorção de nitrogênio, espalhamento de raios X a baixos pequenos, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão, ressonância magnética nuclear do núcleo 27Al, fluorescência de raios X, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier e dessorção de amônia a temperatura programada. As propriedades e atividade ácida das zeólitas sintetizadas foram comparadas às de uma zeólita ZSM-5 isenta de mesoporosidade. Os resultados revelaram que as metodologias de síntese foram efetivas na formação de cristais de zeólita ZSM-5 contendo a microporosidade intrínseca da estrutura MFI combinada à presença intracristalina de mesoporos. O carbono Black Pearls 2000 gerou mesoporos que foram uma replica inversa das partículas desse material com diâmetro médio de 12 nm e o surfactante anfifílico mesoporos com diâmetros em torno de 4 nm. O craqueamento de cicloexano mostrou que os sólidos com estrutura hierárquica de poros mantiveram o potencial ácido de zeólitas ZSM-5, sendo os rendimentos e seletividades dessa reação similares para todas as zeólitas micro-mesoporosas sintetizadas. A presença de mesoporos favoreceu, entretanto, a formação de produtos resultantes de isomerização e transferência de hidrogênio.