Globalization has helped to increase the movement of people between countries and has also affected organizations through increased international operations. This mean that companies are also significantly more heterogeneous internally than they have been in previous years with more people from different cultures working together. Sweden is one of the countries where this has become increasingly common in connection with more people coming to the country as refugees and workers with visas. In organizations this means that more demands are put on the leadership to handle cultural differences in work teams. For this reason, we chose to focus this study on researching how leaders in Sweden handle communication with culturally diverse teams and what commitments are made in connection with this.Therefore, a qualitative research process has taken place with an abductive approach to draw parallels between theory and empirical material. The study was based on primary and secondary data through interviews with nine leaders and previous research in the areas of leadership, culture, and communication. The results of data collection and analysis highlight important aspects regarding the challenges of leaders in culturally diverse teams and the commitments made to manage it. Hierarchy was an aspect that was raised which meant differences in communication between leaders and individuals from other cultures. Moreover, this meant expectations for leaders to be more direct in offering answers and instructions, which differs from the leader's culture in maintaining an informal level of leadership style and communication (common to all leaders in the study). Among the recommendations was the use of mixed communication tools, perform follow-ups, and do personal meetings to avoid misunderstandings.For all leaders, understanding and an open mindset were of paramount importance. Be vigilant about what certain behavior or modes of communication may be. Adaptations appear to be made to some extent but more thought about culture in communication and how certain information can be perceived. Of further importance is to keep the leaders' own culture in mind when trying to understand others in communication.

Economic globalization has greatly increased opportunities, but also requires the organizations to be more open and constantly try to create a new working environment. Organizations today are composed of people of different races, ages, languages, religions, and lifestyles. Organizational management's work tends to use a coordinated approach to bring people from different backgrounds together and maximize the ability and talent through multicultural teams. If managed properly, diversity can bring a competitive advantage to the organizations, but if poorly managed, workforce diversity can have negative outcomes. Due to the lack of research on which organizational level is cultural diversity advantageous for organizations to have, this study will focus on understanding cultural diversity and explore new perspectives about the experiences of different individuals in multicultural settings. This qualitative study takes social constructivism as a philosophical position. It has drawn conclusions by an inductive approach based on the empirical data which we have collected through the interviews and literature, where the focus was to construct meaning and interpret the data collected which came from the experiences of the participants.

In the past decade, the financial industry has been criticized to lack a faster digital transformation to provide more efficient services, where FinTech (a neologism generated from the contraction of “(Fin)ancial” and “(Tech)nology”) start-ups or fintechs represent a paradigm shift to reinvent the industry. FinTech is gaining attention in multiple academic disciplines, however, it was found that it has been neglected from the international business discipline to understand the internationalization process of fintechs. Furthermore, as the financial industry is an important cornerstone to foster economic growth and social welfare, particularly in the context of Latin American emerging countries, lack of studies in this context also motivated the development of this thesis. The purpose of this study is to accommodate FinTech in the international business discipline drawing from network theory and born-digital firms’ characteristics, emphasizing on core activities within the digital value chain to analyze the internationalization process and identify the main challenges. A conceptual framework was developed to analyze the internationalization process of Ecuadorian fintechs and the challenges faced. The research has a qualitative approach, employing multiple case studies strategy, where semi-structured interviews with founders and senior managers of four Ecuadorian fintechs were conducted. Empirical findings showed that despite having a high digital value chain and take advantage of internet technologies to internationalize faster, Ecuadorian fintechs followed a gradual regional expansion within Latin American countries and their internationalization process was mostly network-driven. Furthermore, besides the most prominent internationalization challenges such as liabilities of outsidership (LoO) and institutional regulations, additional resource-related internationalization challenges were found such as funding, skilled IT talents and innovation, which raise the importance to emphasize in such challenges for further research.

This thesis analyzes how the institutional environment of the Chinese market affects market entry by foreign PC video game developers. The thesis utilizes a qualitative, multiple case study of five independent PC video game developers from around the world. The results of the thesis finds that despite China’s strict rules regarding video game publishing by foreign developers, culture and language are stronger influences on market entry strategies than Chinese regulations for the PC platform. This is due to the prevalent use of Steam, not only by foreign developers, but also their Chinese partners who publish the game to bypass the approval process mandated by the State Administration of Press and Publication (SAPP). The study also finds that, despite being in a leveraged market position due to regulations, Chinese publishers provide host of services for the developer partners for a revenue share deemed within industry standards. Additionally, localization strategies are discussed by each of the cases and this thesis finds that, while a basic translation can have success in the Chinese market, utilizing native Chinese speakers has a significant impact on a game's success, regardless of the professional level of the translation. Finally, despite the notoriety of piracy in China, developers expressed indifference to the practice, however, several methods have been identified to help mitigate the activity.

Over the past years, a body of literature have emerged exploring FRONTEX’s work along the EU’s borders. It suggests that FRONTEX not only frame migration as a security issue, but also as a humanitarianist issue. The literature argues the framing of migration as both an issue of security and humanitarianism legitimizes FRONTEX’s operations in the Mediterranean. However, there is a lack of understanding in how FRONTEX frames migration at the Western Balkans border, one of the EU’s busiest borders and indeed the busiest during the summer of 2015, registering over a million migrants. Therefore, by investigating how FRONTEX framed migration at the Western Balkans border between the years 2014-2017, this thesis sets out to make a unique contribution to the research field, furthering the understanding of how FRONTEX as an organization frames migration. To examine FRONTEX’s framing of migration, a theoretical framework consisting of theories of framing, risk and threat construction, and humanitarianism is deployed. The concepts of framing devices and reasoning devices are used in a qualitative content analysis to identify the presence of frames in the material consisting of FRONTEX published reports and press releases. The empirical results indicate that FRONTEX frames migration in the Western Balkans as primarily a security issue through language connecting migration to risk and threat. The humanitarianist frame, mainly evoked by references to migrants’ vulnerability, appears relatively few times in contrast to the security frame.

Risk and profitability are two topics that companies today have to face and deal with. There are different type of risks that either directly or indirectly affect the survival of a company.After the financial crisis in 2008, new regulations and capital requirements was establishedto better cope with future crisis, as the survival of banks and credit market companies hasa vital impact on society. The objective of this thesis has been to create a model that estimates profitability withrespect to various risks but above all credit risk. Risks that credit market companies has tocomply with has been provided by PayEx via documents or meetings. Further knowledgewithin the area of risks has been acquired by reading capital requirements and regulations.The main focus on capital requirements and regulations landed in Basel III and InternalCapital Adequacy Assessment Process (ICAAP). To initiate the project an excel document was provided electronically which laid groundfor the model that was later built in the programming language Python. The first stepin building the model was to replicate all calculations so the model gave the same outputas in the excel document. Further, functions were made to be used in a simulation to seewhich parameters affected the risk-adjusted return on capital (RAROC) the most. When allsimulations were made a visualization of the results in form of plots was created to simplifythe understanding of the results. Important dynamic parameters used in the model was the end customers choice of paymentmethod, payment methods including a fee and percentage change in contract payment. Allmentioned parameters made impact on how profitable a business case were. Conclusions from the results are that payment methods, percentage change in contractpayment and payment methods including fees all affect the profit or RAROC. A recommendationis that PayEx should try to steer customers to pay according to Set 2 or Set 7,negotiate the percentage change in contract payment or add a fee to payment method 4 ifcustomers choose to pay that way. Further explanations of the mentioned Sets can be foundin Section 4.1.2. / Lönsamhet och risk är två ämnen som företag idag måste ha i åtanke och förhålla sig till. Det finns olika typer av risk som antingen direkt eller indirekt påverkar ett företags överlevnad.Efter den finansiella krisen 2008, upprättades nya regler och kapitalkrav för att bättre kunnahantera framtida kriser. Detta för att kreditmarknadsbolag och banker har en stor inverkanpå samhället om de skulle gå i konkurs. Syftet med denna avhandling har varit att skapa en modell som ska estimera lönsamhet iförhållande till olika risker, men i huvudsak kreditrisk. Risker som kreditmarknadsbolagmåste förhålla sig till har tillhandahållits av PayEx via möten eller dokument. Ytterligarekunskap om risk har förvärvats genom att läsa kapitalkrav och förordningar. Huvudfokus påkapitalkrav och förordningar landade i Basel III och Internal Capital Adequacy AssessmentProcess (ICAAP). För att påbörja projektet skickades ett exceldokument elektroniskt som sedan lade grundenför modellen som skapades i programeringsspråket Python. Första steget i modellbyggandetvar att replikera alla beräkningar som gjorts i exceldokumentet och kontrollera att modellengav samma resultat. Efter det skapades funktioner som skulle användas i simuleringen föratt se vilka parametrar som påvärkade den riskjusterade avkastningen på kapital mest. Näralla simuleringar var gjorda skapades en visualisering av resultaten i form av olika grafer.Det gjordes för att förenkla förståelsen av resultaten. Viktiga dynamiska parametrar som användes i modellen var bland andra, slutkundens valav betalmetod, betalmetod inklusive avgift samt procentuell förändring av kontraktsköp.Alla nämnda parametrar hade stor påverkan på hur lönsamt ett business case är. Slutsatser av resultaten är att betalmetod, procentuell förändring av kontraktsköp och betalmetodinklusive avgift alla påverkar lönsamheten och riskjusterad avkastning på kapital.Rekommendationer till PayEx är därför att försöka styra kunderna att betala enligt Set 2eller Set 7, förhandla om den procentuella förändringen av kontraktsköp eller att addera enavgift till betalmetod 4 om kunder väljer att betala på det sättet. Djupare förklaringar avnämnda Sets finns i Section 4.1.2.

The increased human impact on the environment and climate after the retreat of the Last Glacial has strengthened its importance in the region of Västernorrland where Mesolithic sites are evident. This study focuses on a multiproxy analysis, where archaeological and natural science methods are combined to test several techniques in a peat sample. The origin of the peat sample is coming from the formation of a postglacial kettle hole situated near to Mesolithic sites. The aim of this thesis is twofold. Firstly, to estimate the value and the weakness of each method as also the combination of multiple results. Secondly, to reconstruct the palaeoenvironment including the detection of possible indications from past cultures. To begin with, the peat sample was collected from a kettle hole near Lillsjön lake, see (fig. 1) in 2010. The total depth of the peat sample was 80 cm and after its sampling, it was placed in a cold storage room until the spring of 2019, when analysis was conducted. Initially, a theoretical background will be presented as well as information for the area of study in the section of Scientific background. Moreover, a short theory is going to be given for the formation of the landscapes in cold environments as also the validity of beetle fossils with examples from previous case studies. After the theory part, all the methods are specified with results and appropriate diagrams and tables. After the analysis, the discussion will follow by combining all the methods and give potential theories for the reconstruction of the palaeoenvironment. The discussion part is divided into smaller chapters and after the conclusion an appendix is given with fossil photographs that were taken during the identification, see (fig.15,16,17).

This paper focussed on the study of social movements and their influence on policies. More specifically, the aim of this project was to answer the research question whether the social movement FFF was successful in influencing policies in Germany. The six levels of success of Almeida (2019, p. 126) were used to measure the success of the social movement. The case study in Germany shows that the success of FFF was only limited since it reached only level one and two, access responsiveness and agenda responsiveness, and failed to influence German policies (policy responsiveness). Most of the demands of FFF are not fulfilled in the German climate protection programme. By taking the literature on possible success factors for social movements into account, an interesting puzzle emerges. Despite most factors seem to be fulfilled by FFF leading to the prediction that the movement should be successful in influencing policy change, the real policy impact was only limited. However, the political environment in Germany did not seem to be conductive to FFF which could be one reason for the failed impact. This is problematic for FFF because the political environment is very hard to influence by the movement. Since Germany is a crucial case with technically good conditions for success of FFF, one can conclude that the general success of FFF is small so far. However, scholarly debate could benefit from more in-depth case studies about the influence of FFF in other countries. This would lead to an increased validity in the assessment whether this popular international movement is successful apart from its media attendance.

The popularity of social media platforms has led to an increase in user-generated content being posted on the Internet. Users, masked behind what they perceive as anonymity, can express offensive and hateful thoughts on these platforms, creating a need to detect and filter abusive content. Since the amount of data available on the Internet is impossible to analyze manually, automatic tools are the most effective choice for detecting offensive and abusive messages. Academic research on the detection of offensive language on social media has been on the rise in recent years, with more and more shared tasks being organized on the topic. State-of-the-art deep-learning models such as BERT have achieved promising results on offensive language detection in English. However, multilingual offensive language detection systems, which focus on several languages at once, have remained underexplored until recently. In this thesis, we investigate whether transfer learning can be useful for improving the performance of a classifier for detecting offensive speech in Danish, Greek, Arabic, Turkish, German, and Italian. More specifically, we first experiment with using machine-translated data as input to a classifier. This allows us to evaluate whether machine translated data can help classification. We then experiment with fine-tuning multiple pre-trained BERT models at once. This parallel fine-tuning process, named multi-channel BERT (Sohn and Lee, 2019), allows us to exploit cross-lingual information with the goal of understanding its impact on the detection of offensive language. Both the use of machine translated data and the exploitation of cross-lingual information could help the task of detecting offensive language in cases in which there is little or no annotated data available, for example for low-resource languages. We find that using machine translated data, either exclusively or mixed with gold data, to train a classifier on the task can often improve its performance. Furthermore, we find that fine-tuning multiple BERT models in parallel can positively impact classification, although it can lead to robustness issues for some languages.

The purpose of this thesis is to study the way the European Union and Sweden respectively frame the subject of cybersecurity, to see whether their framing differs and what consequences that may have. In order to study this, the thesis will study the cybersecurity strategies of the European Union and Sweden through a discourse analysis according to the Copenhagen school’s theory of securitization. The purpose is to see what the two actors define as the object that needs to be secured, what threatens said object and what measures should be taken to secure it. To study the cybersecurity strategies, data will be gathered from the European Union’s Cybersecurity Act of 2019 and Sweden’s six cybersecurity priorities, alongside other policy papers deemed relevant. The two points will then be compared in order to see how the framing align or contrast, to see what consequences that may bring.