Diss. med. dent. Bern (kein Austausch). / References.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pennsylvania State University, 2008. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. Thesis advisor: Jinchao, Xu.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-13T19:13:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Jos? Carlos Fagundes da Silva.pdf: 1011218 bytes, checksum: 23064b620599c6e2ddf86e831a7a7be0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-13T19:13:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Jos? Carlos Fagundes da Silva.pdf: 1011218 bytes, checksum: 23064b620599c6e2ddf86e831a7a7be0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-01 / This research aimed to identify the social representations that evangelicals have about the divorce. The traditional marriage still remains highly valued, and a significant number of couples choose to formalize their unions in the civil and the religious. These unions are born full of expectations of happiness and hope that lasts for a long time. However, when the crisis sets in, the option for separation put an end in this life project to two. The divorce has been a practice becoming more common and accepted, even in the middle of religious environment. In gathering research data was used a questionnaire composed of a matter of evocation free to the word ?divorce? inducing, open-ended questions about the meaning of divorce and the reasons why a couple gets divorced or not, self-evaluation scales to measure the degree of agreement and influence of religious teachings on the subject, in addition to the personal data. A sample of 220 subjects participated in the research, from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, of both sexes, aged between 18 and 71 years, members from different evangelical denominations. The Theory of Social Representations was adopted as the theoretical reference to identify the concepts and values shared by this social group. According to this theory, representations contribute to the group's position in relation to a particular subject. The evangelical churchs are trying to preserve the reformed tradition guided it?s faith and conduct only by the Bible; on the other hand, have suffered the influence of postmodernism, characterized by the end of the absolute values and greater fluidity in relationships. The collected data were analyzed by content analysis for the open-ended questions and the use of the Evoc software for analysis of evocations. The results showed that evangelicals, in the light of their religious interpretations and a subjective sense of suffering, represent the divorce negatively. A comparative analysis pointed out that the male groups, female, single and married share of the elements ?fights?, ?separation? and ?sadness? in its likely central nucleus. On the outskirts, there are several representations related to religious interpretations and negative attitudes among the partners. Having these representations as a base, one can say the most of evangelicals is, in theory, contrary to the divorce. However, even loaded with a strong negative sense, the number of divorce is growing among evangelicals, indicating that these representations are turning slowly. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar as representa??es sociais que os evang?licos t?m sobre o div?rcio. O casamento tradicional ainda permanece muito valorizado, e um expressivo n?mero de casais optam por formalizar suas uni?es no civil e no religioso. Estas uni?es nascem investidas de expectativas de felicidade e desejo de que dure por muito tempo. Por?m, quando a crise se instaura, a op??o pela separa??o coloca um ponto final neste projeto de vida ? dois. O div?rcio tem sido uma pr?tica cada vez mais comum e aceita, inclusive no meio religioso. Na coleta de dados da pesquisa foi utilizado um question?rio composto de uma quest?o de evoca??o livre para a palavra indutora ?div?rcio?, perguntas abertas sobre o significado do div?rcio e os motivos pelos quais um casal se divorcia ou n?o, escalas de auto avalia??o para medir o grau de concord?ncia e de influ?ncia dos ensinos religiosos sobre os sujeitos, al?m dos dados pessoais. Participaram da pesquisa 220 sujeitos, da regi?o metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 18 e 71 anos, membros de diferentes denomina??es evang?licas. A Teoria das Representa??es Sociais foi adotada como referencial te?rico para identificar os conceitos e valores compartilhados por este grupo social. Segundo esta teoria, as representa??es contribuem para o posicionamento do grupo em rela??o a um determinado tema. As igrejas evang?licas tentam preservar a tradi??o reformista de pautar sua f? e conduta exclusivamente pela B?blia; por outro lado, t?m sofrido a influ?ncia do p?s-modernismo, caracterizado pelo fim dos valores absolutos e uma maior fluidez nos relacionamentos. Os dados coletados foram analisados atrav?s da an?lise de conte?do para as perguntas abertas e da utiliza??o do software Evoc para an?lise das evoca??es. Os resultados revelaram que o div?rcio ? representado negativamente pelos evang?licos, ? luz de suas interpreta??es religiosas e de um sentido subjetivo de sofrimento. Uma an?lise comparativa apontou que os grupos masculino, feminino, solteiros e casados compartilham dos elementos ?brigas?, ?separa??o? e ?tristeza? em seu prov?vel n?cleo central. Na periferia, encontram-se diversas representa??es relacionadas ?s interpreta??es religiosas e ?s atitudes negativas entre os parceiros. Tendo estas representa??es como base, pode-se dizer grande parte dos evang?licos ?, em tese, contr?ria ao div?rcio. Por?m, mesmo carregado de um forte sentido negativo, o n?mero de div?rcio est? crescendo entre os evang?licos, indicando que estas representa??es est?o se transformando lentamente.

For a bounded Lipschitz domain with Lipschitz interface we show the following compactness theorem: Any L2-bounded sequence of vector fields with L2-bounded rotations and L2-bounded divergences as well as L2-bounded tangential traces on one part of the boundary and L2-bounded normal traces on the other part of the boundary, contains a strongly L2-convergent subsequence. This generalises recent results for homogeneous mixed boundary conditions in Bauer et al. (SIAM J Math Anal 48(4):2912-2943, 2016) Bauer et al. (in: Maxwell’s Equations: Analysis and Numerics (Radon Series on Computational and Applied Mathematics 24), De Gruyter, pp. 77-104, 2019). As applications we present a related Friedrichs/Poincaré type estimate, a div-curl lemma, and show that the Maxwell operator with mixed tangential and impedance boundary conditions (Robin type boundary conditions) has compact resolvents.

<p> </p><p>Due to its impact on human health and the nature surrounding us, diesel engine emissions have been significantly reduced over the last two decades. This reduction has been enforced by the legislating organs around the world that gradually have made the manufacturers transform their engines to today’s complex high-tech products. One of the most challenging areas to meet the legislations is transient operation where the inertia in gas-exchange system makes transition from one load to another problematic.</p><p> </p><p>Modern engines have great potential to minimize the problems associated with transient operation. However, their complexity also imposes a great challenge regarding optimization and systematical testing of transient control strategies in an engine test bed could be both expensive and time consuming.</p><p> </p><p>The objective of this project is to facilitate optimization of transient control strategies. This should be done by identifying appropriate measurement methods for evaluation of transients and by providing models that can be used to optimize strategies off-line.</p><p> </p><p>Measurement methods for evaluation of transients have been tested in several experiments, mainly focusing on emission but also regarding e.g. EGR flow. Applicable instruments for transient emission measurements have been identified and used. However, no method to measure soot emissions cycle resolved has yet been found. Other measurements such as EGR flow and temperatures are believed to have significantly decreased accuracy during transients.</p><p> </p><p>A model for prediction of NOx emissions have been used and complemented with a new approach for soot emission predictions that has been developed in this project. The emission models have been shown to be applicable over a wide range of operating conditions with exception for highly premixed combustion. It has also been shown that models developed for steady state conditions can be used for transients operation.</p>

<p><em>Abstract</em></p><p>The research behind this licentiate is spread out over a decade of intensive development of environmental work in industry. A 1998 survey of Swedish companies with newly installed environmental management systems (EMS) concluded that such systems need more product-orientation. Data collected by companies as part of the process of creating their EMS between 1996-2001 offered further evidence that it is environmentally justified to seek improvements in the materials selection, use and disposal phases of products, i.e., to make the environmental improvement work more product-orientated. In a EU-funded project carried out between 2004-2006 it was demonstrated that developing an environmental product declaration could be a cost-effective product-oriented environmental action even for smaller companies.</p><p>This licentiate thesis relates to methods for companies to orientate their environmental work on their products. In particular, it examines experience and provides insights on the possibilities for companies, including small ones, to use life cycle assessment in product development in order to design products with an environmental performance well above legal compliance.</p><p>It is difficult to give general recommendations to companies about their environmental work because each company has its own unique business idea, customers, work culture, stakeholders etc. Nevertheless, the main findings of the licentiate thesis can be summed up in the following recommendations for, say, a small company in Europe without much previous experience of environmental work:</p><p>§  Focus your environmental work on your products because you will accomplish more environmentally and the chance of profiting economically will motivate your personnel;</p><p>§  Consider doing a life cycle assessment, LCA, on a strategically chosen product in order to learn more about your products and how to improve their environmental performance;</p><p>§  Do not expect to find a general market demand for green products; start a dialogue with your best customers in order to create the demand;</p><p>§  Engage an LCA specialist to do the LCA and work together with your personnel to interpret the results and generate improvement ideas;</p><p>§  If your customers demand that you install an environmental management system, ask them if they would not prefer to receive an environmental product declaration on the particular product they are interested in, and a chance to discuss how its environmental performance can be improved.</p>

<p>Successful concept decisions are crucial for product development organisations. Failure in theconcept decision-making process means costly rework, requiring resources that could havebeen spent on innovative work with new products instead. This licentiate thesis tackles theconcept decision-making process and how to improve it. The research presented here is thefirst part of a research project, with an action research approach, that will develop newsupporting working procedures for concept decision making and thereby contribute to moresuccessful products.Empirical studies were conducted in Swedish industrial practice, particularly focusing oneorganisation, and it was found that concept decisions are not made at a certain point in time.Instead, many decisions and activities, on several organisational levels, were adding up to theconcept decisions in the investigated organisations. The concept decision-making process wasfound to be a web of interconnected activities, with many decisions integrated and embedded in the process. Itwas also found that both formal and informal factors influence the concept decision-makingprocess and main factors were identified as: Project and product request, Supporting structures androutines, Individual competence and driving forces, Teamwork and company culture and Contextualcircumstances. These factors represent different perspectives, meaning on what level theyinfluence concept decision making: individual, team, project, organisation, and context, and in orderto create improvements in the concept decision-making process all levels have to beconsidered. The knowledge of the different perspectives has implications for howimprovements should be designed.Larger product developing companies do often have internally defined formal workingprocedures that prescribe how to develop products within the company. The thesis discusseshow the internal working procedures relate to academic theory and to practice. It wasconcluded that internal formal working procedures has not been discussed in a sufficient wayin earlier engineering design research. Furthermore, means for improving the concept decisionmakingprocess are discussed, and it was concluded, based on interviews with practitioners,that the strongest pragmatic means for improvement were developing mindset and applyingmethods. Mindset addresses the awareness, attitude and approach needed for management (andco-workers) working in early product development phases. Methods mainly addresses the needfor having relevant supporting working procedures in general and templates for evaluationalternative solutions in particular. Finally, recommendations for future design of a template forevaluation alternative solutions are presented.</p>

<p>A mechanical model of an axial piston-type machine with a so-called wobble plate and Z-shaft mechanism is presented. The overall aim is to design and construct an oil-free piston expander demonstrator as a first step to realizing an advanced and compact small-scale steam engine system. The benefits of a small steam engine are negligible NOx emissions (due to continuous, low-temperature combustion), no gearbox needed, fuel flexibility (e.g., can run on biofuel and solar), high part-load efficiency, and low noise. Piston expanders, compared with turbines or clearance-sealed rotary displacement machines, have higher mechanical losses but lower leakage losses, much better part-load efficiency, and for many applications a more favourable (i.e., lower) speed. A piston expander is thus feasible for directly propelling small systems in the vehicular power range. An axial piston machine with minimized contact pressures and sliding velocities, and with properly selected construction materials for steam/water lubrication, should enable completely oil-free operation. An oil-free piston machine also has potential for other applications, for example, as a refrigerant (e.g., CO₂) expander in a low-temperature Rankine cycle or as a refrigerant compressor.</p><p> </p><p>An analytical rigid-body kinematics and inverse dynamics model of the machine is presented. The kinematical analysis generates the resulting motion of the integral parts of the machine, fully parameterized. Inverse dynamics is applied when the system motion is completely known, and the method yields required external and internal forces and torques. The analytical model made use of the “Sophia” plug-in developed by Lesser for the simple derivation of rotational matrices relating different coordinate systems and for vector differentiation. Numerical solutions were computed in MATLAB. The results indicate a large load bearing in the conical contact surface between the mechanism’s wobble plate and engine block. The lateral force between piston and cylinder is small compared with that of a comparable machine with a conventional crank mechanism.</p><p> </p><p>This study aims to predict contact loads and sliding velocities in the component interfaces. Such data are needed for bearing and component dimensioning and for selecting materials and coatings. Predicted contact loads together with contact geometries can also be used as input for tribological rig testing. Results from the model have been used to dimension the integral parts, bearings and materials of a physical demonstrator of the super-critical steam expander application as well as in component design and concept studies.</p>

<p>The purpose of this thesis was to study the influence of manufacturing variations on gear performance. The manufacturing variations inherent in different manufacturing methods were studied to include the effect of real surfaces. Real surfaces have surface irregularities at least on some scale, which can significantly influence how loads are transmitted at the gear contact. To some extent, the lubricant design can help to prevent contact that could lead to tooth failures by forming a protective surface boundary layer. An experimental study was used to consider the compositions of these layers with a surface analysis method.</p><p>In Paper <strong>A</strong> a robust design approach was used to find out to what extent the current standard for calculation of surface durability treats manufacturing variations and the choice of lubricant. The results show that the simplest calculation method used is not enough to predict the effect of these on surface durability. Additionally, the standard quality levels are poorly incorporated in the standard calculating procedures for surface durability, and the quality of the gear tooth is restricted to include only a few parameters.</p><p>In Paper <strong>B</strong> a pin-on-disc machine was used to evaluate the tribofilm formation by the additives and the corresponding wear occurring in the boundary lubrication regime in environmentally adapted lubricants. Studies of the additive and base fluid interaction were carried out using glow discharge-optical emission spectroscopy. It was found that the chemically reacted surface boundary layers played an important role in terms of wear. More specifically, the oxide layer thickness had significant influence on wear. The findings also demonstrate the complexity of lubrication design formulations coupled to these layers. For example, it was found that the pre-existing surface boundary layer (before any lubricant had been added) played an important role in allowing the lubricant to react properly with the surfaces.</p><p>The aim of Paper <strong>C</strong> was to contribute to the knowledge of how different surface topographies, tied to manufacturing methods, influence the early life contact conditions in gears. Topographical measurements of differently manufactured tooth flanks were used as data input to a contact analysis program. The variation in surface topography inherent in the manufacturing method was found to have a strong influence on the contact area ratio.</p>

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