Aromatherapy and Pharmacies in the Czech Republic Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, The Czech Republic Author: Anna Hamrová Thesis supervisor: PharmDr. Jitka Pokladníková, Ph.D. Introduction and objective: Aromatherapy represents a method of alternative and complementary medicine. However, up to date, there have not been published any studies which would focus on pharmacists' and pharmacy technicians' opinion on this particular treatment method. This has provided us an incentive to investigate given topic. The main objective of this thesis is thus to further specify the attitudes, knowledge and awareness of Czech pharmacists and pharmacy technicians of aromatherapy. Methods: The thesis draws from pilot research project. For the research the method of cross-sectional questionnaire survey was used. The data was collected during the period of mid-September till end of October 2020. The data was subsequently analytically processed in Microsoft Excel. Results: The questionnaire was filled by 246 respondents (192 pharmacists and 54 pharmacy technicians). The data collected indicated that respondents more often did not consider aromatherapy as a very effective medical treatment. Data demonstrated a significant difference...

碩士 / 佛光大學 / 生命與宗教學系 / 102 / Nurses often face to patients live and death, they are even more stress on other sectors of the industry, is a high stress often due to the characteristics required to alternative three shifts for work, by the patient's condition changes arising from stress and anxiety situations increasing, affect their health and disease. Nurse’s health and nursing care quality relationships with patients, how to find an easy and effective a way to lift stress, it is extremely important. Aromatherapy is popular alternative therapy, although no substitute for medical treatment, but for the stress to remission have its history of witness, and the results are good, aromatherapy method is simple and a highly acceptable adjuvant therapy. Therefore, this study used a single group, measured before , medium and after the bergamot essential oil intervention. The participants is clinical nurses on the day shift at a local hospital were collected from the 2013 October to December total 21. Subjects bergamot oil drops to the surgical mask by direct inhalation for 15 minutes of intervention. Then used the heart rate variation (HRV), electroencephalogram (EEG) and meridian instrument for analyzer pretest (not intervention), medium (intervention ), after (intervention after stopping 15 minutes) for the measurement the physical, mental state anxiety and perception of stress. Using SPSS statistical analysis ,The results showed that the subjects involved in the essential oil of bergamot moment, HRV of high frequency (HF) increased, heart rate (HR) lower, EEG α, θ wave with increases showing participants is relax; EEG β wave increases, the display sobering; HRV total power (TP) and meridian instrument of blood circulation increased, indicating increased energy; intervention to stop after 15 minutes, HRV of HR remained lower, EEG of α and θ wave remained increased, showing people maintain relax; EEG β wave remained increased, showing participants maintain sober; HRV total power (TP) and meridian instrument of blood circulation remained increased; The subjectively perceived anxiety scores and physical- mental relaxation scores were significantly decreased, showing reduce anxiety and relax after intervention. The results showed that the essential oil of bergamot via direct inhalation, improve the nurses working stress , and provide medical institutions can adopt to reduce the stress of a way.

碩士 / 經國管理暨健康學院 / 健康產業管理研究所 / 102 / Although aromatherapy is now being used more frequently in health care, more empirical research is needed to confirm if the long-term use of aromatherapy improves the health of elderly patients with dementia. This study was conducted to determine if using long-term sniff style aromatherapy can improve the health condition of elderly people with dementia. A quasi-experimental research method was used to study people with dementia who are over 65 years old. We used purposive sampling to select 32 non-ambulatory dementia residents, which subsequently were divided at random into an experimental group of 16 and a control group of 16. Two of the subjects did not follow through with the treatment, and consequently the experimental group contained 15 subjects and the control group contained 15 subjects for a total of 30 subjects. For this research, the experimental group was treated with a fumigation compound that contained cedar, bergamot, lavender, and sandalwood oil, and the control group was treated with a pure water spray. Both groups treated for thirty minutes three times a week for four weeks for a total of 12 treatments. We assessed the efficacy of the treatment using EEG evaluations both before and after the treatment and used statistical analysis to determine if the treatment was effective. This study showed that sniff aromatherapy oils can relieve the discomfort of both body and psychologically for elderly people with dementia.

碩士 / 大葉大學 / 藥用植物與保健學系 / 102 / In recent years, the health effect of aromatherapy has been proven, but the scientific researches about the aromatherapy were still insufficient. In this study, the effects of aromatic essential oil of Bergamot, Neroli, Petitgrain and Ylang–Ylang on autonomic nervous system (ANS) by vapor inhaling method. The results shared that Bergamot essential oils would increase the activity of parasympathetic nervous system and decreased the activity of sympathetic nervous system within 3 minues. The balance of autonomic nervous system was also adjusted by Bergamot essential. The response of parasympathetic nervous system by essential oils of Neroli would increase the response of sympathetic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. However, the regulating speeds of Neroli on those three nervous systems were slower than that of Bergamot. These difference might due to different concentration of linalool acetate and linalool in essential oils. The essential oils of Petitgrain would not affect the response of sympathetic nervous system, and also would not activated PSP and ANS system within 5 minues, The essential oils of Ylang–Ylang stimulated sympathetic nervous system slowly, but would not affect the autonomic nervous system. However, both parasympathetic and autonomic nervous systems did not response to Ylang–Ylang significantly. Those outcomes might caused by the unpleasant scent of Ylang–Ylang or longer testing time was required demanded further investing.

碩士 / 經國管理暨健康學院 / 健康產業管理研究所 / 102 / In recent years essential oils from plants, the key role in the aromatherapy, have often been misleadingly labeled. Most consumers are in lack of information of aromatherapy, being unable to distinguish the authenticity of essential oils. In addition, some vendors even have adopted demagogic strategies to sell products which have badly disguised the true healing value of natural oils from herbs and plants. The Australian tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) was a must-have essential oil item in aromatherapy. While most studies had focused on its antimicrobial effects,this study was aimed to compare the chemical compositions of the commercially available tea tree oils in Taiwan. These samples were either extracted in Taiwan or imported abroad, with various geographical locations, yet were claimed to be from same origin. Thus, this study would provide a better understanding regarding the authenticity of essential oils sold in Taiwan. Totally 20 samples of tea tree essential oils produced from six geological areas were collected from different brands and vendors in Taiwan, either domestic or foreign sources. These sample oils were confirmed to be from the same origin, Melaleuca alternifolia. From the chemical composition analysis by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and a comparison by clustering analysis, it was found that most of the 20 samples fit to the ranges of the guideline provided by ISO international standard, yet, products extracted from plants growing in different environments still showed different clustering effect. Only few samples showed minor deviations from the ISO guidelines. Three out of the twenty oil samples were selected, one was the essential oil distilled with crops from Chiayi, Taiwan (S06), another one was a name-brand Australian product which was selected as the standard tea tree oil for comparison (S12), and an obvious adulteration containing synthetic chemicals (S20). Experiments on the inhalation of these selected essential oils by eleven healthy volunteers were conducted, their heart rate variability and meridian energy were quantitatively measured, and the nonparametric tests and the data analysis as an auxiliary observation were then followed. It was found from the heart rate variability that at least 15 minutes of rest was required before any measuring practices were performed in order to obtain the stable state of autonomic nervous system. The inhalation effects of Samples S06 and S12 on human ANS activities varied a lot. Some showed enhancing, some showed reducing, yet with rarely any complaints of discomfort; on the other hand, the synthetic S20 showed a rather reducing effect on ANS system, all volunteers complaining about discomfort with headache and nausea. Similar results were found also in the meridian energy tests. It is rationalized in general that the ISO-complied essential oils imposed less harm to the sympathetic nerves, in contrast to the synthetic oils which caused severe discomfort, and prolong inhalation of them may cause great harm on the nerve system. An important inference from this study is that ISO standard indeed provides a great guideline for regulation, but it’s impossible for ISO standard to provide hundreds of chemical compositions from natural sources. Therefore, anyone purposely intends to mix the marker ingredients by ISO guidelines may then “make” the essential oil. Secondly, alteration may be conducted by adding more therapeutic ingredients to promote its percentage in an oil. Moreover, by the characteristics of natural products, the deviation of individual chemical composition may vary greatly to different ranges. Therefore, it seems in-appropriate to have ISO standards of one species from a single area which may mistakenly misjudged naturally good products from different areas. Hence, whether essential oil products can be claimed as natural does require a more in-depth study. Since amount of the key ingredients of the Australian tea tree oil may vary from different area even with identical species, it is thus recommended that a data bank on the locally produced commercial essential oils is to be established by the local government and strong administrative regulations. It is not recommended to adopt the ISO standards directly from other resources.

碩士 / 中臺科技大學 / 護理系碩士班 / 102 / Since the era of aging has come, senior citizens have become aware of self-care, and they have started to have the concept of health facilitation and preservation. They thus think of combining different treatments in order to improve their health. This investigation was aimed to understand senior citizens’ use of complementary and alternative medicine at present, the relationship between complementary and alternative medicine and factors in perceived health and illnesses, and the perceived effectiveness after taking complementary and alternative medicine. In this study, the non-experimental method was employed, and a self-established questionnaire was used as a research tool. Senior citizens over 65 years old in Kaohsiung City were regarded as the study population. convenience sampling was used for this study, interviews were conducted in public health centers, community activity centers, community parks, and community care centers for the elderly. Total 425 copies of questionnaire were retrieved, and the valid samples were 370 copies, the response rate was 87%. The findings were as follows. The majority of senior citizens were females. The age was between 65 and 75 years old. Most of them were illiterates in terms of educational background, and most of them were local Taiwanese residents. Most of them did not have a job. Their main religion was Buddhism. The complementary and alternative medicine that they took included multivitamins, dietary fiber, glucosamine, Chinese traditional massage, taking herbal medicine, patch or plaster, aromatherapy, Tai Chi and Qigong, massage, osteopathy, far infrared therapy, etc. Most of their information came from their relatives and friends. The results Perceived effectiveness was significantly correlated to natural therapies. Age, religion, occupation, perceived health, and perceived effectiveness were significantly correlated to alternative medicine. Age, educational background, ethnicity, occupation, and perceived effectiveness were significantly correlated to physical and mental therapies. Age, ethnicity, religion, occupation, and perceived effectiveness were significantly correlated to physical manipulation therapies. Age, educational background, ethnicity, religion, occupation, perceived health, and perceived effectiveness were significantly correlated to energy therapies. According to the aforementioned results, senior citizens think complementary and alternative medicine is effective, and it helps improve their health, so health care providers should develop their knowledge in complementary and alternative medicine, and they will thus be able to help senior citizens and provide them correct concepts.

碩士 / 國立臺灣大學 / 健康政策與管理研究所 / 100 /

碩士 / 朝陽科技大學 / 資訊工程系碩士班 / 101 / Because the educational environment is rapidly changing, the teachers are facing hard stress and challenges, which affecting the physical and mental health. Recent years, aroma therapy becomes one of the emerging popular relieve stress method. In this study, the elementary school teachers at the different work load condition used bergamot precision oil to do spray aromatic therapy for 15 minutes. The heart rate variability (HRV) was used to analyze their change of autonomic nervous system before and after the aroma therapy. 29 teachers of elementary school participated this study. The hard work load is defined as teaching four classes or more in one day. The light work load is defined as teaching two classes or less in one day. The results show the parameters of HRV have the significant differences (p < 0.05) before and after aroma therapy, HF% arising and LF, and LF/HF and LF% reducing. The above findings showed that aromatic bergamot essential oil therapy for a short period of time can enhance parasympathetic nervous activity to relax mental stress.

碩士 / 朝陽科技大學 / 資訊工程系碩士班 / 101 / In recent years, due to the poor economics, work stress, and family problems, people easily make many diseases including mental, physical diseases. Therefore, the current hot topics are how to relieve stress such as aromatherapy. The goal of this study used the heart rate variability analysis to investigate the performance of bergamot essential oil for relieving stress. We used natural bergamot essential oil and artificial bergamot ester to test the performance of aromatherapy. The results show that the HRV parameters have the significant difference between with the natural and artificial bergamot essential oil.

碩士 / 亞洲大學 / 生物與醫學資訊學系碩士在職專班 / 101 / In recent years, although Western medicine is still the medical mainstream, people now think that prevention may be better than treatment. With the impact of natural medicine and complementary medicine, the concept of health and wellbeing is increasingly popular. Aromatherapy and massage are currently receiving highest degree of acceptance among adjuvant therapies. Therefore, this study focused on the domestic Beauty, Spa, Health and Leisure industry practioners and the general public for their professional aromatherapy and massage knowledge, work attitude and performance, to see whether there are any differences. Further, it tried to understand whether aromatherapy and massage practitioners, with or without professional certificates, showed differences in their aromatherapy and massage knowledge, work attitude and performance. A questionnaire survey was conducted in the Greater Taichung area to obtain 472 valid samples, and the descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, post hoc comparisons, and independent sample t test were used for analysis. The results showed that, when compared with general public, all practitioners exhibited a significant difference in professional knowledge in these fields, and their knowledge in massage therapy is better than in aromatherapy. Practitioners with professional certificates also possessed superior expertise than those without certificates. In addition, all practitioners preferably evaluated their own work attitude and performance in massage, but not in aromatherapy. Finally, the study found that most practitioners believed they should obtain professional certificates, rather than just thinking of obtaining them.