The objective of this project is to determine whether equine aromatherapy can optimize heart-rate variability parameters and decrease salivary cortisol levels. The protocol follows a crossover design with a treatment of humidified essential oil (Lavandula augustifolia and Chamaemelum nobile) and control of humidified air; HRV measurements for a sample size of 8 dressage horses in each study were collected by placing the respective Polar Equine monitors around the horse’s abdomen and recording for 7 minutes each at baseline, during treatment, immediately post-treatment, and 0.5 hour after each treatment. During the chamomile study, salivary cortisol levels were obtained by holding saliva swabs in the horse’s mouth for 60-90 sec. Statistically significant increases relative to baseline was discovered with RMSSD during lavender treatment and a statistically significant decrease for VLF during post-treatment in the lavender study; in the chamomile study, there was statistically significant increase in SDNN during post-treatment (p < 0.05).

碩士 / 國立台北護理學院 / 旅遊健康研究所 / 98 / The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of compound Chinese herbal essential oil aromatherapy on menstrual cramps and symptoms of dysmenorrheal among young women. This study adopted a quasi-experimental study design and the participants were recruited from a nursing college in northern Taiwan. By using convenience sampling, seventy-six young women were recruited with inform consents to participate this study. Study subjects were randomly assigned to receive the proposed aromatherapy with massage or a placebo therapy also with massage. The aromatherapy group received essential oil massage, while the control group received jojoba oil massage. The short from of McGill pain questionnaire (MPQ-SF), Numerical rating scale (NRS) and Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) was used at before and after one participants’ menstruation cycle. Descriptive analysis, t-test and ANCOVA were used to assess the effectiveness. The results indicated after the administration of compound Chinese herbal essential oil, the aromatherapy group improve the scores in three different questionnaires significantly. It suggests the administration of compound Chinese herbal essential oil may improve the menstrual cramps and symptoms of dysmenorrheal in young females. The results also suggest the aromatherapy may recommend among the school girls. It may provide good healthy care about the dysmenorrheal, but also improve the learning obstructions due to the dysmenorrheal. Meanwhile, it provides the scientific evidence to solve the dysmenorrheal problems and may cost down the education fee.

碩士 / 國立臺灣大學 / 園藝學研究所 / 97 / Essential oil is widely used in food industry and cosmetics industry for many years. In recent years,due to the prevalence of aromatherapy, essential oils has widely used and researched. In addition to fresh eat, oval kumquat and calamondin are also consumped as brewing tea in Taiwan. The objection of this study is to analyzed changes of essential oil constituents in oval kumquat and calamondin after hot water treatments. Both direct inject (DI) and headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), are used in analyse of essential oil samples use GC and GC-MS. Oval kumquat and calamondin essential oil obtained by 90℃ hot water treatment then by water distillation has higher yield than contrat samples, however, the constituent of essential oils for both samples are roughly the same. Analyses of oval kumquat and calamondin peel essential oils by DI-GC indicate, major components are limonene (92.32 ~ 95.06%) and myrcene (1.85 ~ 2.56%). The main compounds in oval kumquat fruit essential oils are limonene (94.25 ~ 94.61%) and myrcene (1.81 ~ 2.02%), and the main compounds in calamondin fruit essential oils are limonene (88.19 ~ 90.50 %)、myrcene (2.79 ~ 3.19%) and α-terpineol (1.57 ~ 2.09% ) Analyses of the essential oil of oval kumquat peel and calamondin peel essential oils demonstrate rant are limonene (96.76 ~ 97.55%) and myrcene (1.54 ~ 1.60%), and limonene (94.10 ~ 95.52%)、β-pinene (1.39 ~ 2.23%) and myrcene (0.89 ~ 1.75%) are the major volatile compounds, respectinely. The main components of oval kumquat fruit essential oils are limonene (96.15 ~ 96.25%) and myrcene (1.52 ~ 1.57%). Where as the main components of calamondin fruit essential oils are limonene (91.28 ~ 92.53%)、β-pinene (1.48 ~ 1.83%) and myrcene (1.30 ~ 1.36%)。Compare DI and HS-SPME methods for GC, and GC-MS analyses the components of essential oils in all samples are almost the same, only HE-SPME has less absorption for the sesquiterpene as an exception. In the study of the thermal impaction of limonene degradation shows that limonene decreasws as the heating time increases and some of the limonene convert into limonene oxide, carveol and carvone.

碩士 / 南華大學 / 自然醫學研究所 / 97 / This study investigated the effects of aromatherapy massage on the impact of blood pressure, weight, body fat index and heart rate variability (HRV) on university female students of 12 volunteers. The average age was 21.5±0.6 years old, weight was 59.9±1.2 kg, body fat index was 28.8±0.7 % and body mass index (BMI) was 23.2±0.3 kg/m2. Essential oils (sweet almond oil 15ml, lavender oil 2 drops, grapefruit oil 3 drops) was wiped on the hand and leg evenly with 30 minutes relaxation massage, twice a week a total of four weeks in the participants. 　 　　The results showed that systolic blood pressure decreased significantly (p＜0.01) after the third week. Mean Heart Rate decreased significantly (p＜0.05) after the first week. High frequency power increased significantly (p＜0.05) after the first week. Body weight decreased significantly after the first week. Body fat index decreased significantly after the second week. BMI decreased significantly after the first week. The end of four week oil massage, body weight, body fat index and BMI of the participants was increased after one month measured. 　 　　As a result, massaging with essential oils could reduce blood pressure, body fat index and improve the activity of parasympathetic nervous system and relaxing physiological function.

碩士 / 樹德科技大學 / 應用設計研究所 / 97 / The times progresses quickly. E-science especially develops rapidly and melts into human lives. It also changes human’s living rhythm. Although it makes human living function more convenient, it brings some negative stresses, such as tension, anxiety and discontent. Accordingly, there come out many ways for relaxing. Consumers prefer the products which are more natural and concern about human health. Aromatherapy is a modern hot way of relaxing and regimen. It is popular in many foreign countries and has been in Taiwan about ten years. Since officials haven’t legislated to control the market, we don’t actually know consumers’ cognition and their need about aromatherapy. The purpose of this study is looking for consumers’ need and setting it up as guidance for related industries, officials and academic circles to develop this therapy correctly in the future. In this study, I have collected some domestic and foreign reports related to this therapy and use their current developing situation as documents to survey. I have made one thousand copies of this questionnaire for people who are or will be aromatherapy consumers all over the island and remote islands. The rate of effective responses will be over 90%. Doing with responded copies of questionnaire, I use independent samples t examination, one way ANOVA analysis, Pearson analysis, descriptive statistics analysis, and chi square test. Study results： 1. The cognition of aromatherapy among consumers with different background I very different: the females know better than the males while young people know better than the middle aged or seniors. And the high educated know better than the low ones while the people with high income also know better than those with low income. The people in the southern parts of Taiwan know better than those in the northern parts or eastern parts, remote islands included. 2. The needs about aromatherapy among consumers with different background are very different: the high educated need more than the low ones; the single parent need more than the married; the people in the southern and middle parts need more than those in the north or east, including remote islands. 3. Between consumers’ cognition and their needs of aromatherapy, there is relevance in the gender group, but somewhat difference. The average of their needs is over 3.5 and is near “agreement”. In the group of marriage status, there is also relevance but somewhat difference: the single parent need more than the married. And in many other questions, there is positive relevance. Key Words： aromatherapy, consumers, cognition, demand

碩士 / 長榮大學 / 職業安全與衛生研究所 / 95 / Many studies have demonstrated that ultrafine particles are generated as a result of the reactions between monoterpene and ozone as well as other oxidants. Studies also indicated ultrafine particles may pose health hazards when inhaled. Essential oils are commonly used in indoor environments today and spa centers offering aromatherapy service are emerging. However information regarding the effects of essential oils on indoor air quality, especially the ultrafine particles generated from the secondary reaction between ozone and essential oils is very limited. The first part of this study was conducted in a controlled environmental chamber to investigate the capability of different essential oils to generate secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The second part of this study was to investigate the particle concentration in three spa centers offering aromatherapy. The results of the chamber study showed that fragrant essential oils produced much more SOA than herbal essential oils when ozone (120 ppb) was present in the chamber. Tea tree essential oil produced as high as 1.9×106 particles/cm3, the highest among the fragrant essential oils. The analysis of chemical constituents of the essential oils tested suggested that fragrant essential oils contain more precursors, such as monoterpense, of SOA than herbal essential oils. The results from spa centers sampling indicated that particle number concentration increased as aromatherapy started. However, particle number concentration in each particle size range varied among the three centers, partially because of the difference in indoor layout and ventilation condition. Moreover, concentration of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) reached 4500 ppb while aromatherapy was performed. Due to the fact that ultrafine particles and VOC are generated when essential oils are used in indoor environments, more attention should be paid on their effects on indoor air quality.

碩士 / 弘光科技大學 / 化妝品科技研究所 / 98 / Purpose: Colonoscopy is one of the major strategy for diagnosis and screening for colonic disease. The major drawback of colonoscopy is the pain and anxiety effect on patients. However, colonoscopy under anesthesia or sedation has cardiovascular complications. In this study, we aimed to apply aromatherapy via inhalation on patients who received colonoscopy in the emergency room. The effects of aromatherapy on relieving procedural anxiety and post-procedural pain, physiological parameters, duration of procedure were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Patients who are arranged for colonoscopy in the emergency room were included in this study. Fourty-eight participants who were random assignment received sunflower oil, Neroli and Lavender oil inhalation for 5 minutes, 30 minutes before procedure. The anxiety index was evaluated by STAI-S score before and after colonoscopy as well as the pain index for post-procedural by visual analogue scale. Physiological parameters, such as blood pressure, respiratory and pulse rate, were also evaluated. Results: About the post-procedural anxiety score, all groups of STAI score were significant decrease from moderate to mild level (p&amp;lt;0.05). Besides, there was significant reduction of anxiety between Neroli and control group (p&amp;lt;0.05), rather than Lavender and control group. Physiology parameter after inhalation, systolic blood pressure as well as respiratory rate decreased after inhalation Neroli. However, in Lavender group, there was effect to alleviate accelerated heart rate, and respiratory rate. About the procedural time and pain reduction, there was no significant difference between three groups. Conclusion: In this study, we aim to set up the standard procedure of aromatherapy for colonoscopy. Inhalation Neroli could decrease the post-procedural anxiety and pre-procedural systolic blood pressure. Lavender could not reduce anxiety, but did help on heart and respiratory rate.

Thesis (MCur)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: For several decades childbirth educators and midwives have focused on the alleviation or reduction of pain and suffering during the childbirth experience (Brown, Douglas & Flood 2001:1). Nursing professionals who care for labouring women require current, evidence-based knowledge regarding pain management options, including mode of action, benefits, risks and efficacy (Florence & Palmer 2003:238). Objectives: This study examined the effects of non-pharmacological pain relief strategies for pain management during labour. Search methods: The researcher conducted a search between February and May 2010 on PubMed, CINAHL and CENTRAL for randomised controlled trials published from inception to 2010. The Medical Search Headings (MeSH) included non-pharmacological, alternative, pain management, labour, pregnant, complementary, randomised, randomly, midwifery, natural birth, relaxation, breathing, positioning, hypnosis, water birth, acupuncture, aromatherapy. Selection criteria: The studies included reported on pregnant women, primigravida or multigravida, term (37 weeks and more), spontaneous labour (first or second stage) without any complications in previous or current pregnancies. The researcher searched for randomised controlled trials with an intervention and a control group. Due to financial restrictions the researcher assessed studies that were published in English only. Interventions were childbirth education, continuous support, relaxation, breathing techniques, movement and positioning, music, manual healing, aromatherapy, hydrotherapy, hypnosis and acupuncture. Data collection and analysis: Meta-analysis was performed using Relative Risks and 95% Confidence Interval for dichotomous outcomes and Weighted mean differences and 95% Confidence Interval for continuous outcomes. Review Manager (RevMan), a statistical software was used. Where meta-analyses were impossible results were presented in narrative form. The outcome measures were a decreased need for pharmacological pain relief, maternal satisfaction with the overall childbirth experience, length of labour (normal or shorter progress), incidence of postnatal depression, incidence of postpartum haemorrhage, an Apgar score of more than seven at five minutes, resuscitation of the neonate and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Results: Thirteen (13) eligible RCT’s were included in the systematic review. Four trials involved hydrotherapy (n=585), two trials involved acupuncture (n=480), two trials involved childbirth education (n=6398), one trial involved continuous support (n=2844), one trial involved aromatherapy (n=513), one trial involved maternal positioning (n=2547), one trial involved music, massage and relaxation (n=90) and one trial involved hypnosis (n=82). In the Freeman trial (1986) women in the hypnosis group required less pharmacological pain relief 15/29 compared to women in the control group 20/36. Women in the intervention group also experienced greater satisfaction with the childbirth experience 15/29 (52%) compared to women in the control group 8/36 (23%). The trials of acupuncture showed a decreased need for pharmacological pain management in Skilnand (2002) (n=208) for epidural 11/106 (10%) for the intervention and 27/102 (26.5%) for the control group as well as Pethidine 15/106 (14%) for the intervention and 36/102 (35%) for the control group. In the Borup trial (2009) it was reported that acupuncture during labour reduced the need for pharmacological pain management for the intervention group 185/314 (58.9%) compared to control 124/149 (83.2%) without affecting the birth outcome. The secondary outcome of length of labour (minutes) in the Skilnand trial is significantly in favour of the acupuncture group with a mean value of 212 (SD, 155), compared to the control group with a mean value of 283 (SD, 225) with a p-value of 0.01. Conclusions: Acupuncture may relieve labour pain and also shorten the duration of labour, and women experience greater satisfaction with the childbirth experience. Hypnosis may decrease the need for pharmacological pain relief requirements, and may also increase an overall maternal satisfaction with the childbirth experience. There is insufficient evidence about the benefits of childbirth education, continuous support, aromatherapy, music, massage, movement and positioning, breathing and relaxation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Vir talle dekades het die verloskundiges en vroedvroue gefokus op die verligting of vermindering van pyn en lyding gedurende die ervaring van kindergeboorte (Brown, Douglas & Flood 2001:1). Professionele verpleegkundiges wat omsien na vrouens wat kraam het die huidige, bewyslewerende kennis aangaande pynbestuuropsies nodig, insluitende die wyse van optrede, voordele, risiko en effektiwiteit (Florence & Palmer 2003:238). Doelstellings: Hierdie studie het die effekte van nie-farmakologiese pynverligtingstrategieë vir die beheer van pyn gedurende die kraamproses nagevors. Ondersoekmetodes: Die navorser het gedurende Februarie en Mei 2010 ’n ondersoek gedoen na PubMed, CINAHL en CENTRAL vir ewekansigbeheerde proewe gepubliseer vanaf die aanvang tot 2010. Die Mediese Ondersoekhoofde het farmakologiese, alternatiewe, pynbeheer, kraam, swangerskap, komplementêre, ewekansigheid, toevalligheid, verloskunde, natuurlike geboorte, ontspanning, asemhaling, posisionering, hipnose, watergeboorte, akupunktuur en aromaterapie ingesluit. Seleksie kriteria: Die studies het navorsing oor swanger vroue, primigravida of multigravida, tydperk (37 weke en meer), spontane kraam (eerste of tweede stadium) sonder enige komplikasies in vorige of huidige swangerskappe ingesluit. Die navorser het ewekansigbeheerde toetsing met ’n intervensie en ’n kontrole groep ondersoek. As gevolg van finansiële beperkings het die navorser studies wat alleenlik in Engels gepubliseer is, geassesseer. Intervensies soos die opvoeding oor kindergeboorte, deurlopende ondersteuning, ontspanning, asemhalingstegnieke, beweging en posisionering, musiek, handegenesing, aromaterapie, hidroterapie en akupunktuur is bestudeer. Data-insameling en analise: Meta-analise is uitgevoer deur gebruik te maak van Relatiewe Risiko’s en 95% Betroubaarheidsinterval vir tweeledige uitkomste en Gewigdraende gemiddelde afwykings en 95% Betroubaarheidsinterval vir deurlopende resultate. Review Manager (RevMan), ’n statistiese sagteware is gebruik. Waar dit ontmoontlik was om meta-analise uit te voer, was resultate gepresenteer in narratiewe vorm. Die uitkomste meting is ’n afname in die behoefte vir farmakologiese pynverligting, moederskapbevrediging met die algehele geboorteskenkervaring, die duur van die bevalling (normale of korter vordering), gevalle van postnatale depressie, voorkoms van postpartum bloeding , ’n Apgartelling van meer as sewe teen vyf minute, resussitasie van die neonaat en toelating tot die neonatale intensiewe sorgeenheid. Resultate: Dertien (13) geskikte ewekansigbeheerde proewe is ingesluit in die sistematiese oorsig. Vier proewe het hidroterapie (n=585), twee proewe akupunktuur (n=480), twee proewe die opvoeding van kindergeboorte (n=6398), een proef deurlopende ondersteuning (n=2844), een proef aromaterapie (n=513), een proef moederlike posisionering (n=2547), een proef musiek, massering en ontspanning (n=90) en een proef het hipnose (n=82). Die proef vir hipnose het ‘n afname in die behoefte vir farmakologiese pynbeheer met 15/29 vroue in die hipnose groep en 20/36 vroue in die kontrole groep getoon. Vroue in die hipnose groep het ook groter bevrediging gevind met die ervaring van die geboorteskenking met 15/29 (29%) in vergelyking met 8/36 (23%) in die kontrole groep. Die proewe vir akupunktuur het ’n afname in die behoefte vir farmakologiese pynbeheer Skilnand (2002) (n=208), met ‘n gemiddelde waarde van 11/106 (10%) vir epiduraal en 15/106 (14%) vir Pethidien in die intervensie groep en ‘n gemiddelde waarde van 27/106 (26.5%) vir epidural en 36/102 (35%) in die kontrole groep. Borup (2009) (n=384) toon ook ‘n afname in die behoefte van farmakologiese pynbeheer met ‘n waarde van 185/314 (58.9%) in vergelyking met die kontrole groep 124/149 (83.2%). Die sekondêre uitkomste van die duur van die kraamproses (minute) in Skilnand (2002), is noemenswaardig ten gunste van die akupunktuurgroep met ’n gemiddelde waarde van 212 (SA, 155) in die intervensie groep en ’n gemiddelde waarde van 283 (SA, 225) in die kontrole groep met ’n p-waarde van 0.01. Gevolgtrekkings: Akupunktuur mag kraampyn verlig en ook die duur van die kraamproses verkort, vandaar dat vrouens groter bevrediging mag ervaar met die ervaring van geboorteskenk. Hipnose mag die begeerte na farmakologiese pynverligting verminder en sodoende vroue groter ervaring met geboorteskenk mag ervaar. Daar is onvoldoende bewys aangaande die voordele van die opvoeding van kindergeboorte, deurlopende ondersteuning, aromaterapie, musiek, massering, beweging en posisionering, asemhaling en ontspanning.

The decade 1987 to 1997 was one of enormous change for the NHS and for the profession of clinical psychology and older people. This tiJesis is a product of this decade and demonstrates various ways in which the quality of services for older people with dementia can be addressed. Evidence-based assessment, especially when working with clients who present with a bewildering array of complex behaviours, is the cornerstone of providing quality interventions. The development of the BASOLL and its psychometric properties are described. It can differentiate between clients with different levels of dependency and is a useful aid to care-planning. The literature on measuring quality of care in formal care settings is reviewed. Dementia Care Mapping (DCM) was highlighted as a way forward. Its role as an audit of the outcome of the care process in formal dementia care settings was evaluated. The results were generally very positive with improvements in the quality of care practice being demonstrated. Although anxious about the observational nature of DCM, staff viewed it as a positive means of improving quality of care. Measuring levels of patient Engagement over a five-year period is also described. An overview of the general findings is provided. The advantages and disadvantages of DCM and Engagement as tools for improving quality of care are compared. Whilst DCM is seen as more costly in terms of initial investment, the resultant quality of data is superior when the quality of individual care is the main consideration. Engagement levels may suffice if all that is required is an overall indicator of service quality. Structured interviews were conducted with eighty-five staff and seventy-five service users to obtain qualitative feedback and suggestions for improvement in services over a five-year period. An analysis of the percentage of positive and negative comments enabled the general satisfaction of the respective groups to be compared. Generally service users were more positive about the physical environment and standards of professional care than staff, but less positive about issues of privacy, social interaction and empowerment. Both series of interviews led to a number of positive changes in the quality of care. The importance ofthe single case study approach with this client group is discussed. The effects of aromatherapy and massage on disturbed behaviour in four individuals with severe dementia were evaluated using a singl!) case research design. The opinion of the staff providing treatment was that all participants benefited. On close scrutin~ only one of the participants benefited according to the criteria chosen. In two of the cases aromatherapy and massage led to an increase in agitated behaviour. A new computer-assisted tool (CARJE) for the management of continence in people with severe dementia is described. The records it produces can be used in the development of care plans incorporating prompted voiding. Two single case design research studies are described. The length of time that both participants spent wet dramatically decreased when staff had access to the CARJE records and signals. Using the records assisted staff in managing continence through improved careplanning. The results ofthese papers taken together help to provide a way forward in the complex area of quality management for older people with dementia. Their place within the "New Culture of Dementia Care" is discussed.

Introduktion: Ångest inför operation är vanligt och kan bero på rädsla för operationen, smärta, att vakna upp under anestesin och döden. Ångesten är påfrestande för patienten och kan leda till olika postoperativa komplikationer. För att lindra preoperativ ångest används oftast lugnande läkemedel och information till patienten. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att undersöka om det finns omvårdnadsåtgärder som har god effekt vid preoperativ ångest, vilket skulle kunna ge möjligheter att individanpassa vården. Metod: En litteraturstudie där vetenskapliga artiklar söktes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. 23 artiklar publicerade från år 2000 och framåt och som svarade mot syftet valdes ut och granskades. Resultat: Resultatet i denna litteraturstudie visar på att det finns flera omvårdnadsåtgärder som har god effekt vid preoperativ ångest. Dessa är utökad information, musik, akupressur, akupunktur och aromaterapi. Det framkom även i flera studier att de med högre preoperativ ångest fick bättre effekt av interventionerna. Slutsats: Denna studie visar att utökad information, musik, akupressur, akupunktur och aromaterapi är omvårdnadsåtgärder som med god effekt kan minska preoperativ ångest. Av dessa är utökad information och musik lättast att individanpassa och implementera i vården. Det visade sig även att patienter med högre ångest fick bäst ångestdämpande effekt och det gör att en viktig del i sjuksköterskans preoperativa bedömning blir att identifiera varje individs ångestnivå och behov. / Introduction: Anxiety before surgery is common and can be caused by a fear of the surgery, fear of pain, fear of waking up during the anaesthetic; and fear of dying. Anxiety is demanding for the patient and can lead to different postoperative complications. Treatment for preoperative anxiety is normaly information about the procceduer and sedative drugs. Aim: The aim of this study is to examine if there are nursing interventions with good effects on preoperative anxiety, which could make it possible to personalize healthcare. Method: A litterature review where articles have been found using databeses such as PubMed and CINAHL. 23 articles published after year 2000 corresponding with our aim were selected and scrutinized. Result: The result of this litterature review indicates that there are several nursing interventions that are effective in preoperative anxiety. These are enhanced information, music, acupressure, acupuncture and aromatherapy. Several studies also indicated that patients with higher preoperative anxiety had a better efficacy of the interventions. Conclusion: This study indicates that enhanced information, music, acupressure, acupuncture and aromatherapy are nursing interventions which with good efficacy can lower preoperative anxiety. Of these are enhanced information and music easiest to personalize and implement in healthcare. The study also indicate that patients with higher preoperative anxiety had the best anxiolytic effect. That makes it important for nurses to identify each indivdual’s anxiety level and needs during the preoperative assessment of the patient.