Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2014. / Aim: A paucity of information on chiropractic patients presenting in public community clinics in South Africa (SA) exists. The purpose of this study was to carry out a demographic and disease survey of the patients that presented to the Marburg Haven Clinic, so to identify the patients that presented in a rural community outreach programme. Methods: A retrospective analysis on the patient files at Marburg Haven Clinic was completed in September 2012. Data recorded included demographic data, presenting complaints, patient history and management protocols. Results: Data of 117 patients were documented. Most patients were female (76.1%), with a mean age of 53.3 years. Indian patients (50.4%) presented most often, with a quarter of the patients unemployed (26.5%) or pensioners (21.4%). Of the employed patients, 26.5% had not specified the type of occupation and 9.4% were non-manual workers. Musculoskeletal complaints (21.2%) were the most common complaints at the Marburg Haven Clinic, with the primary diagnosis of sacroiliac syndrome (16.2%), followed by general myofascitis (22.4%). Common co-morbidities reported were hypertension, diabetes and asthma. Less than half the patient population had undergone previous surgeries and/or sought previous treatment from other medical practitioners. Sixteen patients were contra-indicated for manipulation. Common treatment protocols used were spinal manipulation, spinal mobilisation and stretching. Conclusion: This is a demographic and descriptive study of a public community outreach centre in South Africa. In relation to international studies, similarities were that the majority of the patients were female, anatomical sites of complaint (lumbar and cervical pain), common usage of radiographs, co-morbidities including cardiovascular and endocrine pathologies and manipulation were used as the treatment of choice. A prospective longitudinal study with more specific criteria for patient tracking and more defined data capture requirements is recommended to more accurately gather all data within similar settings.

Objective: To evaluate if fruits and vegetables consumption is associated with overweight and obesity in Peruvian adults and as to describe the sociodemographic profi le of the people with overweight and obesity. Subjects and methods: Populationbased study that used data from the National Demographic and Health Survey (DHSENDES) performed in the 25 regions of Perú. The outcomes were overweight and obesity assessed using the Body Mass Index, whereas the exposure variable was the fruit and vegetable consumption evaluated by self-report during the last seven days. Poisson regression models adjusted by potential confounders were used to evaluate associated factors with overweight and obesity, as well as the association of interest, reporting prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confi dence intervals (95%CI). Results: Data from 4,641 participants, mean age 37.1 years (SD: 11.8) and 53.6% women, were analyzed. Only 220 (4.8%; 95%CI 4.1%-5.4%) individuals reported a fruit and vegetable consumption of ≥5 portions per day, whereas 1,818 (39.2%; 95% CI 37.8%-40.6%) had overweight and 865 (18.6%; IC95% 17.5%-19.8%) presented obesity. Factors associated with overweight and obesity included gender, age, education level, socioeconomic level, marital status, and hypertension diagnosis. No association was found between a greater fruit and vegetable consumption and overweight (p=0.98) or obesity (p=0.99). Conclusions: No evidence of association between overweight and obesity with fruit and vegetable consumption was found. Only 1 out of 20 individuals reported consuming the recommended amount of fruit and vegetables per day, whereas 60% had overweight and obesity. / Revisión por pares

Objetivos: Determinar a prevalência das maloclusões, sua gravidade e necessidade de tratamento em adolescentes e adultos jovens entre 15 e 24 anos de idade do interior do Uruguai e sua associação com variáveis demográficas, sociais e de qualidade de vida e alguns indicadores de risco. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com dados da "Primeira Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal da população jovem e adulta uruguaia", realizada entre 2010 e 2011. 438 pessoas foram examinadas. Análise estatística: As diferenças na prevalência de maloclusões entre as categorias de co- variáveis foram testadas com o teste do qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade com linearização de Taylor. Resultados: A prevalência das maloclusões foi de 33,8% no período. Maloclusões mostraram associação com qualidade de vida. Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo são os primeiros realizados com uma amostra representativa dessa população e, portanto, de interesse para os gestores de saúde pública e outros pesquisadores no campo. / Objectives: Determine the prevalence of malocclusion, their severity and need for treatment in adolescents and young adults between 15 and 24 years of age outside the capital of Uruguay and its association with social demographic and quality of life variables, and risk indicators Methods: A cross sectional study was performed using data from the "First National Survey of Oral Health in young and adult Uruguayan population" conducted between 2010 and 2011. It was examined 438 people. Statistical analysis: The differences in prevalence of malocclusion among categories of covariates were tested with the chi-square test for heterogeneity with Taylor linearization. Results: The prevalence of malocclusion was 33,8 % in the period. Malocclusions showed association with quality of life. Conclusions: The results of this study are the first ones conducted with a representative sample in this population and therefore of interest for public health managers and other researchers in the field.

Objetivos: Determinar a prevalência das maloclusões, sua gravidade e necessidade de tratamento em adolescentes e adultos jovens entre 15 e 24 anos de idade do interior do Uruguai e sua associação com variáveis demográficas, sociais e de qualidade de vida e alguns indicadores de risco. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com dados da "Primeira Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal da população jovem e adulta uruguaia", realizada entre 2010 e 2011. 438 pessoas foram examinadas. Análise estatística: As diferenças na prevalência de maloclusões entre as categorias de co- variáveis foram testadas com o teste do qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade com linearização de Taylor. Resultados: A prevalência das maloclusões foi de 33,8% no período. Maloclusões mostraram associação com qualidade de vida. Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo são os primeiros realizados com uma amostra representativa dessa população e, portanto, de interesse para os gestores de saúde pública e outros pesquisadores no campo. / Objectives: Determine the prevalence of malocclusion, their severity and need for treatment in adolescents and young adults between 15 and 24 years of age outside the capital of Uruguay and its association with social demographic and quality of life variables, and risk indicators Methods: A cross sectional study was performed using data from the "First National Survey of Oral Health in young and adult Uruguayan population" conducted between 2010 and 2011. It was examined 438 people. Statistical analysis: The differences in prevalence of malocclusion among categories of covariates were tested with the chi-square test for heterogeneity with Taylor linearization. Results: The prevalence of malocclusion was 33,8 % in the period. Malocclusions showed association with quality of life. Conclusions: The results of this study are the first ones conducted with a representative sample in this population and therefore of interest for public health managers and other researchers in the field.

Objetivos: Determinar a prevalência das maloclusões, sua gravidade e necessidade de tratamento em adolescentes e adultos jovens entre 15 e 24 anos de idade do interior do Uruguai e sua associação com variáveis demográficas, sociais e de qualidade de vida e alguns indicadores de risco. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com dados da "Primeira Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal da população jovem e adulta uruguaia", realizada entre 2010 e 2011. 438 pessoas foram examinadas. Análise estatística: As diferenças na prevalência de maloclusões entre as categorias de co- variáveis foram testadas com o teste do qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade com linearização de Taylor. Resultados: A prevalência das maloclusões foi de 33,8% no período. Maloclusões mostraram associação com qualidade de vida. Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo são os primeiros realizados com uma amostra representativa dessa população e, portanto, de interesse para os gestores de saúde pública e outros pesquisadores no campo. / Objectives: Determine the prevalence of malocclusion, their severity and need for treatment in adolescents and young adults between 15 and 24 years of age outside the capital of Uruguay and its association with social demographic and quality of life variables, and risk indicators Methods: A cross sectional study was performed using data from the "First National Survey of Oral Health in young and adult Uruguayan population" conducted between 2010 and 2011. It was examined 438 people. Statistical analysis: The differences in prevalence of malocclusion among categories of covariates were tested with the chi-square test for heterogeneity with Taylor linearization. Results: The prevalence of malocclusion was 33,8 % in the period. Malocclusions showed association with quality of life. Conclusions: The results of this study are the first ones conducted with a representative sample in this population and therefore of interest for public health managers and other researchers in the field.

Abstract A population-based study to investigate the epidemiological, genetic and clinical features of neurofibromatoses (NF) in Northern Finland was carried out between 1989–1996. The area concerned was that served by Oulu University Hospital, with a total population of 733 037. A total of 197 patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), five with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and eight with segmental neurofibromatosis (NF5) fulfilling the diagnostic criteria were identified among several hundred patients examined on account of a possible NF diagnosis. The 197 NF1 patients came from 119 families. 77 of these cases were sporadic, 117 familial, and three were mothers of children suffering from NF1 who were themselves diagnosed as having segmental NF. The male/female ratio was 0.93 (95 males and 105 females). The geographical distribution of the patients roughly corresponded to that of the general population in the area. The overall prevalence of NF1 was 23/100 000, with a peak prevalence of 34/100 000 in the age group 10 to 19 years. The overall birth incidence of NF1 was estimated to be 27/100 000, with the highest figure, 37/100 000, recorded in the six-year period 1990–1995. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 20 ± 16 years in the whole population and 6 ± 4 years in the children born in the 1980's. A new mutation was suspected in 49% of the NF1 cases (96/197), and a mutation rate of 4.37 ± 0.72 × 10-5 was obtained for the period 1960–1995. The relative fitness of the NF1 patients was 0.48, being reduced more in the affected males (0.24) than in the females (0.72). The mean maternal and paternal ages of the sporadic patients were 30 ± 6 and 33 ± 6 years, respectively, which is significantly higher than in the general population. Two cases with a deletion of the NF1 gene were identified, one encompassing the loci from EVI-20 to INT-38 and the other the INT-27 locus, representing 3% of the 66 cases analysed. In seven familial cases the parental origin of the new mutation could be verified and linkage studies showed that the oldest affected individual in the family had inherited the mutation from the father in 6/7 cases. In one family seven members in three generations were affected with a rare spinal neurofibromatosis, and a linkage to the NF1 gene was shown. Of these seven patients, four are included among the 197 studied here while the other three lived outside the area. The diagnostic features of the 164 NF1 patients aged from three months to 73 years who were examined clinically included café au lait spots (CLS) in 96% of cases, freckles in 87%, neurofibromas in 69%, plexiform neurofibromas in 20%, Lisch nodules in 70%, optic glioma (asymptomatic) in 20% and pseudarthrosis in 3%. 56% of the cases had an affected first degree relative. A plexiform neurofibroma was diagnosed in 33 individuals and this became a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour(MPNST) during the seven years of monitoring in 15% of cases (5/33). Hyperintense T2 lesions in a MRI scan of the brain were found in 94% of the children under the age of six years who had had such a scan (n = 17) and in 84% of those under 16 years (n = 50). Symptoms related to NF1 which needed medical intervention, rehabilitation or follow-up were diagnosed in about 2/3 of the cases, and in 38% of cases such medical problems of this kind had been treated before NF1 was actually diagnosed. All these findings emphasise the need for a multidisciplinary approach to the follow-up of neurofibromatoses.

Haemosporidians, including the avian malaria parasites, are a diverse group of blood parasites that infect terrestrial vertebrates worldwide. There is variability in parasite prevalence (presence) and parasitemia (infection intensity); infections range from virtually inconsequential to lethal. Prevalence and parasitemia of avian malaria in the Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) were determined (n=81). The genera Plasmodium and Parahaemoproteus were detected and quantified from bird blood using microscopy, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Thirteen lineages of malaria parasites were found. Sequence data from the parasite’s mitochondrial cytochrome b gene indicate that prevalence is 69.1% (Plasmodium-89.3%; Parahaemoprotues-7.1%; double infection-3.6%). Parasitemia was low in all infected birds. Seasonally, parasite prevalence varied significantly. Avian malaria prevalence and parasitemia were not associated with host sex, age, or health. Observations of infection in this naturally infected bird provide details on host susceptibility that are applicable to the understanding of malaria parasites in other avian hosts.

The purpose of this study was to determine the national prevalence and correlates of currently diagnosed attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), behavioral problems, anxiety and depression among U.S. children aged 3–17 years. Data from the 2018 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) was analyzed. Parents/caregivers reported whether their children currently had each mental health condition. Chi square analyses and multivariate logistic regressions were utilized to examine the prevalence of conditions and assess independent associations based on selected sociodemographic characteristics. Weighted prevalence estimates were calculated for the study population (n = 26,572). The study found that 8.6% currently had ADHD, 6.9% currently had behavioral disorders, 8.0% currently had anxiety, 3.7% currently had depression and 16.1% had any of the four conditions. The prevalence of each disorder was higher for older age, Whites (except for behavioral disorders which were higher for Blacks), public insurance, single parent households, children living with non-parents, parent/caregiver mental/emotional health, and non-users of medical home when comparing individuals who had these disorders to those without the disorders. Condition-specific variations were observed. Children with public and private insurance, single parents/non-parents, mentally ill parents and not receiving care in a medical home were more likely to be diagnosed with mental health disorders. These findings provide the latest data on a broad range of mental health disorders in a nationally representative sample of U.S. children and adolescents and show that these problems are prevalent which highlight the need for prevention and early intervention.

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo principal determinar la prevalencia de Hidatidosis ovina en el centro de Faenamiento FRILISAC (Camal de Yerbateros de Lima) durante los años 2012-2015 y como objetivos específicos determinar la prevalencia mensual y la prevalencia según procedencia, así como las pérdidas económicas producidas. El trabajo consistió en una investigación cuantitativa con diseño Retrospectivo, Descriptivo y Analítico. El material de estudio consistió en el análisis de las fichas de registro de beneficio mensual según especie, sexo y procedencia y del consolidado mensual de decomiso de órganos según especie. Se evaluó un total de 344073 ovinos, de ambos sexos y edades, procedentes de los departamentos de Lima, Ayacucho, Ica y Arequipa, registrados en fichas correspondientes a los años 2012-2015. La prevalencia total de Hidatidosis ovina obtenida durante los cuatro años de estudio fue de 0,32%. Los meses donde más se presentó la Hidatidosis ovina marzo, abril, mayo y diciembre. El departamento donde se obtuvo la mayor tasa de prevalencia fue el departamento de Ayacucho seguido por Lima e Ica donde se obtuvieron prevalencias más bajas, en el departamento de Arequipa no se obtuvo prevalencia alguna durante los años de estudio. El órgano más parasitado fue el pulmón. La pérdida económica total por el decomiso de órganos durante los cuatro años fue de US$ 1, 541,42 dólares. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que probablemente se están realizando programas de control por parte de los ganaderos para evitar que sus animales contraigan el parásito, por lo cual existiría un riesgo menor para la salud animal y humana en los departamentos evaluados.The present work had as main objective to determine the prevalence of ovine Hidatidosis in the center of Slaughtering FRILISAC (slaughterhouse of Herbalists of Lima) during 2012-2015 and as specific objectives to determine the monthly prevalence and provenance prevalence, as well as economic losses produced. The work consisted in a quantitative research with retrospective, descriptive and analytical design. The study material consisted of monthly benefit record sheets according to species, sex and origin and monthly consolidated of organ confiscation by species. Was evaluated A total of 344,073 sheep, of both sexes and ages, from the departments of Lima, Ayacucho, Ica and Arequipa, registered in record sheets corresponding to the years 2012 to 2015. The overall prevalence of ovine Hidatidosis obtained during the four years of study was 0.32%. The months that presented the highest prevalences of ovine Hidatidosis were march, april, may and december. The department where the highest rates of prevalence were obtained was Ayacucho followed by Lima and Ica where the lowest prevalences were obtained, in the department of Arequipa was obtained any prevalence during the study. The most parasitized organ was the lung. The total economic losess for the confiscation of organs during the four years was US $ 1, 541.42 dollars. The obtained results demonstrate that there is a probably control by farmers to keep their animals from contracting the parasite, so there is a low risk for animal and human health in the departments of ovine tested.

Globally, workplace bullying is a growing phenomenon which affects millions of employees. It is characterised by frequency of incidence, duration and reaction on the side of both the perpetrator and victim, ultimately caused by power struggles in ineffective working environments. The impact on both the Company and employee is significant and there is a negative impact on the employment relationship. It may lead to reduced performance and productivity, individual health problems, impact on job satisfaction and foster intentions to quit. The primary objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of workplace bullying in a South African Information Technology (IT) company, and determine the impact of this construct on job satisfaction and intention to quit. A cross-sectional survey design was used. The constructs were measured by means of a biographical questionnaire, the Negative Acts Questionnaire Revised, a Job Satisfaction Questionnaire and an Intention to Quit Questionnaire. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients were used to assess the validity and reliability of the measuring instruments. The phi-coefficient was used to determine effect size and power of the chi-square tests for independence (Aron, Elliot, & Aaron, 2011). The research method for the articles consisted of a literature review and an empirical study. The statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS 20.0 programme (SPSS 2012). Article 1 focuses on the prevalence and measurement of workplace bullying in an IT company. Descriptive statistics (frequencies) and cross tabulations were used to describe the data. Significant relations were found in constructs within the negative acts, and also between the negative acts and biographical information. Article 2 focuses on the relation between workplace bullying, job satisfaction and the intention to quit in an IT company. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, means, standard deviations, skewness and kurtosis) were determined to describe the data, principal component analysis was used and an Oblimin rotation was performed to determine the constructs for analysis. Pearson’s correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between these constructs. Significant relations and difference are found between the various individual constructs and the scores of the negatives acts, job satisfaction and intention to quit. Conclusions are made for the current research, limitations discussed and recommendations for future research are put forward. / Thesis (MCom (Labour relations management))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013