A globalização é um fenômeno que influencia na economia mundial, gerando efeitos econômicos, tecnológicos e científicos. Estes avanços impõem mudanças sociais, assim como a demanda de países menos desenvolvidos em estabelecerem alianças com países mais desenvolvidos. Nesse contexto, as Instituições de Ensino Superior também são influenciadas pela globalização, no que se refere ao ensino, propriedade intelectual, e avanço do conhecimento. Dessa forma, estas instituições precisam se preparar para a Internacionalização de Ensino Superior, que envolve adaptações no currículo, preparação de seus alunos para trabalharem e desenvolverem competências no contexto global, e a realização de parcerias para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas. Este contexto pode ser percebido, principalmente, nas escolas de Administração. Portanto, este estudo propôs analisar o processo de Internacionalização de Ensino Superior nas escolas de Administração. Para tanto, realizaram-se estudos de casos em três grandes universidades públicas: USP, UFRJ e UFMG. Para a análise deste processo optou-se por utilizar os modelos de Knight (1994) e Rudzki (1998) pelo fato de que, juntos, poderiam proporcionar uma análise abrangente do processo. Buscou-se o entendimento da internacionalização nas suas funções principais: ensino, pesquisa e extensão universitária. É interpretada, ainda, como um sinônimo de excelência e qualidade da universidade no contexto mundial, fundamentais para a pesquisa e avanço do conhecimento. Foram identificados, além desses resultados, alguns obstáculos com relação aos aspectos organizacionais das universidades. Analisou-se a importância de algumas atividades institucionais: mudança organizacional, inovação curricular, desenvolvimento pessoal e mobilidade estudantil. A partir dos resultados, concluiu-se que a Internacionalização de Ensino Superior é um processo complexo, que deve envolver a estruturação de políticas, como declarações, diretrizes e planejamentos, sendo percebida como um processo importante e que exige constante desenvolvimento organizacional. No contexto destas escolas, a inexistência de uma política formal não inviabiliza as suas iniciativas, em que são desenvolvidas de forma não institucionalizada e descentralizada, estratégias programáticas e organizacionais. Esta descentralização foi identificada como importante para a desburocratização do processo. Porém, faltam ainda, regulamentos que auxiliem na padronização das ações. Nesse sentido, as principais estratégias organizacionais abrangem o apoio da reitoria ao processo de internacionalização; a criação de plano de trabalho ou planejamento estratégico; e a criação de escritórios internacionais. Observou-se a necessidade do apoio dado pela universidade às suas unidades para a operacionalização destas ações. / Globalization is a phenomenon that influences the world economy, generating economic, technological and scientific purposes. These advances require social changes, as well as demand from less developed in establishing alliances with developed countries. In this context, Higher Education Institutions are also influenced by globalization, in relation to education, intellectual property, and advancement of knowledge. Thus, these institutions need to prepare for the Internationalisation of Higher Education, which involves adjustments in the curriculum, preparing students for work and develop skills in a global context, and establish partnerships for the development of research. This context can be perceived especially in Business Schools. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the process of internationalization of higher education in business schools. For both, there were case studies in three major public universities: USP, UFRJ and UFMG. To analyze this case we chose to use the model Knight (1994) and Rudzki (1998) by the fact that, together, could provide a comprehensive analysis of the process. We sought the understanding of internationalization on their core functions: teaching, research and extension. It is also interpreted as a synonym for excellence and quality in the university, fundamental to the advancement of knowledge and research worldwide context. In addition to these results, some obstacles have been identified with regard to organizational aspects of universities. We analyzed the importance of some institutional activities: organizational change, curriculum innovation, staff development and student mobility. From the results, it was concluded that the internationalization of higher education is a complex process that should involve the structuring of policies such as declarations, guidelines and plans, being perceived as an important process that requires constant and organizational development. In the context of these schools, the lack of a formal policy does not preclude their initiatives, which are developed in non-institutionalized and decentralized manner, programmatic and organizational strategies. This decentralization has been identified as important to the bureaucracy of the process. However, still lacking, regulations that assist in the standardization of actions. In this sense, the key organizational strategies cover the support of the rectory to the internationalization process, the creation of the work plan or strategic planning, and the establishment of international offices. There was the need of the support given by the university to their units for the operationalization of these actions.

Our master dissertation pursued the research question of what the internationalization process of a hybrid firm would look like. To do so, the authors performed an in-depth analysis of a Swedish SME which exhibited characteristics of a hybrid firm. These hybrid firms, as we have named them, use a mixed range of internationalization strategies. An abductive method of research was used in this thesis, as the authors took direction from previous literature and created their own new internationalization process model based on their findings. The main areas of this research focused on the drivers for internationalization and the barriers to internationalization, as well as the market selection and entry mode into foreign countries. This research found that the Swedish SME base their internationalization process on their human resources and the intuition of their management. These two key elements were the foundation for the new hybrid internationalization process model created by the authors.

A globalização é um fenômeno que influencia na economia mundial, gerando efeitos econômicos, tecnológicos e científicos. Estes avanços impõem mudanças sociais, assim como a demanda de países menos desenvolvidos em estabelecerem alianças com países mais desenvolvidos. Nesse contexto, as Instituições de Ensino Superior também são influenciadas pela globalização, no que se refere ao ensino, propriedade intelectual, e avanço do conhecimento. Dessa forma, estas instituições precisam se preparar para a Internacionalização de Ensino Superior, que envolve adaptações no currículo, preparação de seus alunos para trabalharem e desenvolverem competências no contexto global, e a realização de parcerias para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas. Este contexto pode ser percebido, principalmente, nas escolas de Administração. Portanto, este estudo propôs analisar o processo de Internacionalização de Ensino Superior nas escolas de Administração. Para tanto, realizaram-se estudos de casos em três grandes universidades públicas: USP, UFRJ e UFMG. Para a análise deste processo optou-se por utilizar os modelos de Knight (1994) e Rudzki (1998) pelo fato de que, juntos, poderiam proporcionar uma análise abrangente do processo. Buscou-se o entendimento da internacionalização nas suas funções principais: ensino, pesquisa e extensão universitária. É interpretada, ainda, como um sinônimo de excelência e qualidade da universidade no contexto mundial, fundamentais para a pesquisa e avanço do conhecimento. Foram identificados, além desses resultados, alguns obstáculos com relação aos aspectos organizacionais das universidades. Analisou-se a importância de algumas atividades institucionais: mudança organizacional, inovação curricular, desenvolvimento pessoal e mobilidade estudantil. A partir dos resultados, concluiu-se que a Internacionalização de Ensino Superior é um processo complexo, que deve envolver a estruturação de políticas, como declarações, diretrizes e planejamentos, sendo percebida como um processo importante e que exige constante desenvolvimento organizacional. No contexto destas escolas, a inexistência de uma política formal não inviabiliza as suas iniciativas, em que são desenvolvidas de forma não institucionalizada e descentralizada, estratégias programáticas e organizacionais. Esta descentralização foi identificada como importante para a desburocratização do processo. Porém, faltam ainda, regulamentos que auxiliem na padronização das ações. Nesse sentido, as principais estratégias organizacionais abrangem o apoio da reitoria ao processo de internacionalização; a criação de plano de trabalho ou planejamento estratégico; e a criação de escritórios internacionais. Observou-se a necessidade do apoio dado pela universidade às suas unidades para a operacionalização destas ações. / Globalization is a phenomenon that influences the world economy, generating economic, technological and scientific purposes. These advances require social changes, as well as demand from less developed in establishing alliances with developed countries. In this context, Higher Education Institutions are also influenced by globalization, in relation to education, intellectual property, and advancement of knowledge. Thus, these institutions need to prepare for the Internationalisation of Higher Education, which involves adjustments in the curriculum, preparing students for work and develop skills in a global context, and establish partnerships for the development of research. This context can be perceived especially in Business Schools. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the process of internationalization of higher education in business schools. For both, there were case studies in three major public universities: USP, UFRJ and UFMG. To analyze this case we chose to use the model Knight (1994) and Rudzki (1998) by the fact that, together, could provide a comprehensive analysis of the process. We sought the understanding of internationalization on their core functions: teaching, research and extension. It is also interpreted as a synonym for excellence and quality in the university, fundamental to the advancement of knowledge and research worldwide context. In addition to these results, some obstacles have been identified with regard to organizational aspects of universities. We analyzed the importance of some institutional activities: organizational change, curriculum innovation, staff development and student mobility. From the results, it was concluded that the internationalization of higher education is a complex process that should involve the structuring of policies such as declarations, guidelines and plans, being perceived as an important process that requires constant and organizational development. In the context of these schools, the lack of a formal policy does not preclude their initiatives, which are developed in non-institutionalized and decentralized manner, programmatic and organizational strategies. This decentralization has been identified as important to the bureaucracy of the process. However, still lacking, regulations that assist in the standardization of actions. In this sense, the key organizational strategies cover the support of the rectory to the internationalization process, the creation of the work plan or strategic planning, and the establishment of international offices. There was the need of the support given by the university to their units for the operationalization of these actions.

Submitted by Marcello Romani-Dias (mromdias@hotmail.com) on 2018-11-20T17:05:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis - Romani-Dias (2018) - Final Version.pdf: 1568443 bytes, checksum: ef0442568f35cae0f35b64dfbf4e3d9e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Nunes Ferreira (debora.nunes@fgv.br) on 2018-11-21T14:42:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis - Romani-Dias (2018) - Final Version.pdf: 1568443 bytes, checksum: ef0442568f35cae0f35b64dfbf4e3d9e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-11-21T16:00:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis - Romani-Dias (2018) - Final Version.pdf: 1568443 bytes, checksum: ef0442568f35cae0f35b64dfbf4e3d9e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-21T16:00:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis - Romani-Dias (2018) - Final Version.pdf: 1568443 bytes, checksum: ef0442568f35cae0f35b64dfbf4e3d9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-09 / This study addresses the phenomenon of internationalization in higher education and is composed of three chapters. The following research question inspired the first chapter: What is the influence of characteristics (and activities) of researchers on the internationalization of the Higher Education Institutions in which they work? As the main results, I identify that the researcher's: (i) international academic experience, (ii) insertion into international collaborative networks, (iii) international co-authoring and (iv) experience in international publications, are four of the main factors at the individual level that are positively associated with the internationalization of Higher Education Institutions. The second chapter built from the Social Exchange Theory in order to address the following questions: What are the main rewards and costs that researchers perceive in their internationalization activities? How do these expectations of rewards and costs, perceived by researchers, affect their choices of international insertion? As the main results, I identify the following rewards expected by researchers: (i) professional opportunities generated from the internationalization activity, (ii) greater social approval (by the academic group of which they are part), (iii) greater autonomy in their teaching and research activities, and (iv) greater personal and professional security. On the other hand, high temporal, monetary, psychic and physical costs are among the factors that discourage researchers from seeking international insertion in their academic activity. The following question inspired the third chapter: What constitutes the internationalization of full time academic researchers ? I propose that the internationalization of the researcher can be conceptually defined as a phenomenon of four dimensions, called PRID: (i) place, (ii) relationship, (iii) impact and (iv) dissemination. The data obtained from in-depth interviews of 34 reasonably (or highly) internationalized researchers indicates that a researcher internationalizes his (her) academic activity when he (she) engages in academic activities outside his home country (place), and/or establishes relationships with academic actors outside his country (relationship), and/or achieves impact in terms of the wide use of his works (impact) and/or publishes his works in journals of international reach or in partnership with international authors (dissemination). / Esta Tese trata do fenômeno da internacionalização no ensino superior, e está organizada no formato de três artigos. Para a construção do primeiro capítulo parto da seguinte questão: Qual é a influência de características (e atividades) dos pesquisadores sobre a internacionalização das Instituições de Ensino Superior em que atuam? Como principais resultados, identifico que: (i) a experiência acadêmica internacional do pesquisador, sua (ii) inserção em redes de colaboração internacional, suas (iii) coautorias internacionais e sua (iv) experiência em publicações internacionais, são quatro dos principais fatores em nível de indivíduo (pesquisador) que influenciam positivamente a internacionalização da IES. Para o segundo capítulo da Tese, sob a luz da Social Exchange Theory, parto da seguinte questão: Quais são as principais recompensas e custos que pesquisadores percebem em suas atividades de internacionalização? Como estas expectativas de recompensas e custos, percebidos pelos pesquisadores, afetam suas escolhas por inserção internacional? Como principais resultados, identifico as seguintes recompensas esperadas pelos pesquisadores: (i) oportunidades profissionais geradas à partir da atividade de internacionalização, (ii) maior aprovação social (pelo grupo acadêmico de que fazem parte), (iii) maior autonomia em suas atividades de ensino e pesquisa e (iv) maior segurança pessoal e profissional. Por outro lado, os elevados custos temporais, monetários, psíquicos e físicos estão entre os fatores que desestimulam os pesquisadores a buscarem inserção internacional em sua atividade acadêmica. Para o terceiro capítulo da Tese, parto da seguinte questão: O que constitui a internacionalização de pesquisadores acadêmicos em tempo integral? Proponho que a internacionalização do pesquisador pode ser definida como um fenômeno de quatro dimensões, denominadas PRID: (i) lugar ou local (place), (ii) relacionamento (relationship), (iii) impacto (impact) e (iv) disseminação (dissemination). Baseado no modelo PRID proponho uma definição para a internacionalização de pesquisador: Um pesquisador internacionaliza sua atividade acadêmica quando se engaja em atividades acadêmicas fora de seu país natal ou de residência, e/ou estabelece relações com atores acadêmicos fora de seu país, e/ou atinge impacto científico internacional por meio de suas publicações (pelo amplo uso de suas obras) e/ou publica suas obras em periódicos de origem internacional, ou em parceria com autores internacionais

No description available.

This thesis comprehends a notable research gap through its exploration of risk and opportunity perception for Swedish firms’ internationalizing to Cuba, by conducting a multiple-case study of three Swedish firms’. A qualitative research method has been used in accordance with an abductive approach. The conceptual framework illustrates the correlation between the theories, which has been applied to the empirical findings. Conclusions derived throughout the analysis and the significant theoretical implications demonstrate answers to the dominance of arbitrage opportunities. Empirical implications illustrate why risks and opportunities might be acknowledged differently due to industry, whereas managerial implications emphasize the importance for Swedish firms’ to understand the complexity impregnating the business environment.

Many of the Swedish gazelles never leave the domestic market and often have a problem with leaving the start-up phase. One problem for the gazelles is that many are stagnating within a couple of years and few ever reach more than 50 employees. The purpose of this research is to extend the knowledge on how Swedish gazelle companies can continue to grow through internationalization. The thesis has used a qualitative method with an abductive approach. The research is based on a multiple case study of three gazelle companies where the data was collected through in-depth interviews.

<p>The internationalization process is usually viewed from an outward- perspective ininternational business literature. In this thesis the focus is put on an outward-inwardinterrelationship perspective. An extensive literature review from literature in internationalbusiness literature, entrepreneurial literature as well as international marketing literature wasconducted in order to extract key variables that affect the process of internationalization of thefirm. The key variables that were examined were: Business Contacts, InternationalExperience, Perceived International Opportunity and Perceived International Uncertainty.A qualitative interview with semi-structured questions was conducted in order to construct amodel that should be used as the basis for a quantitative study of an inward-driveninternationalization process, in order to generalize. The results were in line with thepropositions based on the relationships between the variables. In other words, the constructedmodel and the developed questionnaire were of use when examining the relationship betweenthe variables and seem to be of value when applied to an inward oriented context. Thevariable International Experience received the highest score and seemed to reflect animportant contribution for the internationalization process. Nevertheless, further quantitativeresearch is asked for, in order to support the results and be able to generalize.</p>

<p><strong>Problem: </strong>The information-supply for companies that venture abroad is greater than ever before, however, the sort of information available is seldom exhaustive. Much of the information a company needs when venturing out on a new market can not be accessed on the market, but the knowledge needed is developed in the cooperation with other actors. Therefore, this thesis has come to focus on whether access to knowledge is a core driver in the success of international business.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Against a background of companies’ need of knowledge and networks when venturing abroad, the purpose of this thesis is to describe the strategic operations of the Swedish Trade Council on the American market, in relation to their cooperation with the Embassy of Sweden in Washington D.C. This, to be able to assess if this type of cooperation creates efficiency and effectiveness, in the objective to offer Swedish companies market information and a vast network abroad.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A literary research-summary was made by the author to gain knowledge in the field of internationalization, knowledge, and networks. As the primary source of information, the author conducted a number of interviews, which in turn was analyzed in relation to the academic theories within the field. Based upon this information further research was conducted and additional information sought to gain a deeper understanding for the issue of the study, so that the author would be able to describe the entity in relation to its context</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The problem comes down to how to make the right knowledge available for the companies, and that problem increases in the lack of contacts with information that is not obtainable out on the market. Active relationships within networks, such as the one STC has with the embassy, are crucial. It gives them the opportunity to act as a broker, creating a leverage for the companies the serve, through the knowledge and network they can provide them on the foreign market.</p><p> </p>

<p>Nowadays global market is quite attractive for high competition environment.  First is to reduce risks and uncertainties of the business in their home countries. Second is to exploit the growing global market for goods and services which can lead to economies of scale and the increasing of market share. In order to be visible in global market, brands can be used to play an important role. From marketing point of view, brands are the means that consumers use to distinguish products and services based on essential and non-essential attributes and they are a source of business’s differential advantage. Furthermore, brands communicate tangible and intangible advantages and are attractive to a range of feeling. In order to make decisions for brand strategy, branding plays an important role. Critical advantage of branding is for product identification, and it is also the key element for marketers to differentiate a product from its rivals. However, branding provides many benefits apart from identification and differentiation of products</p>