Viele Problemstellungen der Naturwissenschaften führen zur Betrachtung von nichtlinearen Wellengleichungen. Dabei ist von großem Interesse, ob zu vorgegebenen kleinen Daten Lösungen eindeutig existieren und ob diese stetig von den Daten abhängen. Hilfsmittel für diese Probleme sind Aussagen über lineare Wellengleichungen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden lineare Klein-Gordon Gleichungen, also Wellengleichungen mit Potentialterm, mit zeitabhängiger Masse bzgl. des Verhaltens ihrer Lösungen untersucht. Von speziellem Interesse sind Resultate mit Bezug auf verallgemeinerte Energieerhaltung und sogenannte Lp – Lq decay-Abschätzungen. Aus der Arbeit geht hervor, dass man eine Klassifizierung für Gleichungen mit fallendem Masseterm finden kann. Für Gleichungen vom Wellentyp ist der Einfluss des Potentialterms gering und die Lösungen verhalten sich wie Lösungen der Wellengleichung. Dem gegenüber stehen Gleichungen vom Klein-Gordon-Typ mit erkennbarem Einfluss des Masseterms. Ausgangspunkt für die Klassifizierung ist das kritische Verhalten der Lösungen einer skaleninvarianten Gleichung mit speziellem Masseterm.

This research is intended to discover business reasons for utilizing renewable energy applications in buildings to help extend the life of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It is designed to focus on gleaning information from the United States and China. These two countries differ politically, socially, economically and culturally. In history, trading and other economic activity has always been a point of common ambitions. Therefore studying business and economic reasons for applying renewable energy applications will be edifying.

This research explores the barriers and limitations of the interaction between building development processes in an attempt of an integrated decision support approach to improve building design for effective maintenance in the field of office building automation. Extensive coverage of literature and practice in office building industry over the last two decades indicates a wide diffusion and application of the information and communication technologies (ICT). While this has resulted in the adoption of advanced system integration in buildings, system redundancy and excessive expenditures are causing a major impact on the overall efficiency and has burdened building owners and occupiers with escalating maintenance costs. This phenomenon stimulates and warrants the re-examination of integrated building development, not just on system integration but also on the interdisciplinary development process integration particularly linking design and maintenance. Studies in this field revealed existing problems such as the inherent professional fragmentation, lack of historical information and service data, the first cost mentality of owners and developers, difficulties in forecasting future conditions and changes early in the design stage. With extensive use of qualitative information, this situation presents a great potential for the development of a decision support system exploring the communication and integration of design and maintenance phases, which has been one of the primary objectives of this research. In addition to literature studies, a questionnaire survey and a case study to identify industry concerns, feasible solutions, and practical procedure oriented approaches through knowledge extractions were carried out. A set of guidelines, a checklist for its implementation and prototype system for computerized decision support to design and maintenance of building automation systems were also produced. These strategic approaches to balance design and maintenance will help facilitate appropriate decision making in the early design stage for sustainable maintenance of buildings.

The main objective of the thesis is to seek insights into the theory, and provide empirical evidence of rebound effects. Rebound effects reduce the environmental benefits of environmental policies and household behaviour changes. In particular, win-win demand side measures, in the form of energy efficiency and household consumption pattern changes, are seen as ways for households and businesses to save money and the environment. However, these savings have environmental impacts when spent, which are known as rebound effects. This is an area that has been widely neglected by policy makers. This work extends the rebound effect literature in three important ways, (1) it incorporates the potential for variation of rebound effects with household income level, (2) it enables the isolation of direct and indirect effects for cases of energy efficient technology adoption, and examines the relationship between these two component effects, and (3) it expands the scope of rebound effect analysis to include government taxes and subsidies. MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Using a case study approach it is found that the rebound effect from household consumption pattern changes targeted at electricity is between 5 and 10%. For consumption pattern changes with reduced vehicle fuel use, the rebound effect is in the order of 20 to 30%. Higher income households in general are found to have a lower total rebound effect; however the indirect effect becomes relatively more significant at higher household income levels. In the win-lose case of domestic photovoltaic electricity generation, it is demonstrated that negative rebound effects can occur, which can potentially amplify the environmental benefits of this action. The rebound effect from a carbon tax, which occurs due to the re-spending of raised revenues, was found to be in the range of 11-32%. Taxes and transfers between households of different income levels also have environmental implications. For example, a more progressive tax structure, with increased low income welfare payments is likely to increase greenhouse gas emissions. Subsidies aimed at encouraging environmentally friendly consumption habits are also subject to rebound effects, as they constitute a substitution of government expenditure for household expenditure. For policy makers, these findings point to the need to incorporate rebound effects in the environmental policy evaluation process.’

Thesis (M.E.S.)--The Evergreen State College, 2007. / Title from title screen viewed 1/17/2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-126).

O presente trabalho, que se fundamenta na Epistemologia Genética de Jean Piaget, trata da investigação da noção de conservação de energia em alunos do Ensino Médio e suas repercussões no ensino de Física desta etapa escolar. O trabalho divide-se em duas partes. Na primeira, pesquisa-se a noção de conservação de energia em alunos do Ensino Médio. A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir de uma situação experimental com base no método clínico piagetiano. Os sujeitos foram 17 alunos, com idade entre 16 e 18 anos, de uma escola estadual de Ensino Médio, localizada na cidade de Porto Alegre. Foram encontrados três níveis de desenvolvimento para a noção de conservação de energia. Na segunda parte, analisam-se as possibilidades de uma metodologia de ensino centrada no desafio e inspirada no método clínico piagetiano. Essa metodologia trata a conservação de energia como tema recorrente no interior da Física. A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir de quatro aulas que focaram as perguntas e as contraargumentações desencadeadas pelas ações dos alunos frente aos desafios colocados a eles pelas atividades experimentais. Essas atividades funcionaram como elementos possibilitadores da aprendizagem dos alunos frente ao conteúdo de Física proposto. Os sujeitos foram 16 alunos de primeiro ano do Ensino Médio, com idade entre 14 e 18 anos, de uma escola estadual de Ensino Médio, localizada na cidade de Porto Alegre. No desenrolar das aulas foram constituídas três relações fundamentais possibilitadas por essa metodologia de ensino: a relação Conteúdo ↔ Professor ↔ Aluno, a relação Professor ↔ Conteúdo ↔ Aluno e a relação Aluno ↔ Conteúdo ↔ Aluno. Pensamos que essas relações, gestadas no interior de uma pedagogia ativa, trazem significativas contribuições ao ensino de Física. / This research, which is based on Genetic Epistemology by Jean Piaget, it’s about the investigation of the notion of energy conservation in high school students and their impact on physics teaching in this educational stage . The work is divided into two parts. In the first part it’s investigated the notion of energy conservation in high school students. Data acquisition was performed from an experimental situation based on Piaget's clinical method. The subjects were 17 students, aged between 16 and 18 years old, from a state high school, located in the city of Porto Alegre. Three levels of development were found for the notion of energy conservation. In the second part it’s analyzed the possibilities of a teaching methodology centered on the challenge and inspired by Piaget's clinical method. This methodology takes energy conservation as a recurrent theme inside the Physics. Data acquisition was performed from four classes that focused the questions and the counterarguments triggered by the students actions face to the challenges imposed to them by experimental activities. These activities worked as enablers elements of the students learning in the Physical content proposed. The subjects were 16 students from the first year of high school, aged between 14 and 18 years old, from a state high school, located in the city of Porto Alegre. In the course of classes were constructed three key relationships enabled by this teaching methodology: Content ↔ Teacher ↔ Student relationship, Teacher ↔ Content ↔ Student relationship and Student ↔ Content ↔ Student relationship. We think that these relationships, gestated inside an active pedagogy, bring significant contributions to the Physics teaching. / Este trabajo, que se basa en la Epistemología Genética de Jean Piaget, es acerca de la investigación de la noción de conservación de la energía en los estudiantes secundarios y su impacto en la enseñanza de la Física en esta etapa educativa. El trabajo se divide en dos partes. En la primera parte es investigado la noción de conservación de la energía en los estudiantes secundarios. La recolección de datos se realizó a partir de uma situación experimental basada en el método clínico de Piaget. Los sujetos fueron 17 estudiantes , con edades entre 16 y 18 años, de una escuela secundaria del estado, situada en la ciudad de Porto Alegre. Se encontraron tres niveles de desarrollo de la noción de conservación de la energía. En la segunda parte se analizan las posibilidades de una metodología de enseñanza centrada en el desafío e inspirados por el método clínico de Piaget. Esta metodología lleva la conservación de la energía como un tema recurrente dentro de la Física. La recolección de datos se realizó a partir de cuatro clases que se centraron en las preguntas y los contraargumentos, provocados por las acciones de los estudiantes frente a los desafíos colocados a ellos por actividades experimentales. Estas actividades trabajaron como elementos habilitadores de la aprendizaje de los estudiantes en relación a lo contenido de Física propuesto. Los sujetos fueron 16 estudiantes del primer año de la escuela secundaria , con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 18 años , de una escuela secundaria del estado, situada en la ciudad de Porto Alegre. En el desarollo de las clases se construyeron tres relaciones clave habilitados por esta metodología de enseñanza: la relación Contenido ↔ Profesor ↔ Estudiante, la relación Profesor ↔ Contenido ↔ Estudiante y la relación Estudiante ↔ Contenido ↔ Estudiante. Pensamos que estas relaciones, gestados dentro de una pedagogía activa, trae importantes contribuciones a la enseñanza de la Física.

This study examines the environmental and economic effects of green information technology (IT). Green IT describes two sets of IT innovations: one set includes innovations that are implemented to reduce the environmental impact of IT services in organizations; and the other IT to reduce the environmental impact of other organizational processes. The two sets respond to the call for more environmentally friendly or “greener” organizational processes. I developed and tested a preliminary model. The model applied the resource based view (RBV) of the firm (Wernerfelt 1984) the stakeholder theory (Freeman 1984) and included four constructs: (1) BAS implementation; environmental value conceived in a novel way as the conservation of electric energy in buildings; economic value -- from energy cost savings; and BAS complements. These four constructs formed three propositions: (1) BAS implementation is positively associated with environmental value; (2) environmental value is positively associated with economic value; and BAS complements moderate the relationship BAS implementation and environmental value. The model was used to guide the investigation of three research questions: 1. What are the environmental and economic values of green IT? 2. How do green IT create the above values? 3. Are other dimensions of value created? If so, what are they? The focal IT investigated was the building automation system – a system designed to conserve electric energy and decrease operational costs. The unit of analysis of the study was the facilities management team – the implementers of the system. I collected data on a sample of six diverse cases of BAS implementations. The cases were diverse in terms of the BAS types, the building purposes, the building locations and the building occupancy and management. Two types of BAS were involved in the study, each with a different level of artificial intelligence: the more intelligent BAS self-reconfigured when changes in setpoints, for example, were necessary; the less intelligent BAS must be reconfigured by an engineer in similar circumstances. There was also diversity in terms of the buildings in which the systems were implemented and the occupancy and management of the buildings. The buildings include: the corporate headquarters of a global telecommunications firm; university classrooms; a residence hall in a university; and three multi-tenanted office complexes. The building occupancy and management differ in that some buildings are owner-occupied and are managed in-house, while the others are leased and their management outsourced. Data collection involved recorded semi-structured interviews of three sets of users in the organizations: building engineers; chief engineers; and property/facilities managers. The interviews were prearranged and were conducted onsite using an interview protocol. Each interview lasted approximately one hour and was conducted in one session. The data were transcribed and analyzed in Nvivo 10. The findings showed support for the presence of the four constructs within the preliminary model as well as for the three propositions in the preliminary model. The data also revealed contextual details of the BAS implementation and BAS complements constructs. There were also new dimensions value including: unanticipated types of economic value (including savings from reduced labor demand; social value (comfort and safety for building occupants); and strategic value (knowledge used to position the organizations for greater efficiency and effectiveness). Overall, the value outcomes of the implementations can be summarized as short term social, environmental and economic value as well as strategic value – consistent with the concept of sustainable value defined by Hart et al. (1995). Also, consistent with Zuboff’s (1985) description of the duality of intelligent IT systems -- the ability to informate and automate, the BAS implementation construct was found to include two distinct sources of value: equipment automation; and equipment information. The unanticipated value dimensions and types, as well as the sources of value were used to refine the research model. The study therefore a preliminary theoretical model – the resource based view of the sustainable organization (RBV-SO) -- as well as contextual implementation details that can be used to guide future investigations of the value created by intelligent green IT systems such as the BAS, as well as measurement items that can be used to inform quantitative studies of these systems. The study also adds to the practical body of knowledge concerning green IT implementations in general and implementations of the BAS in particular, concerning: details of the information value – for example, for measuring the environmental impact of the system and for substantiating claims in the application for green funds available to organizations; and details of some key complementary resources that enhance value creation within the context. Two major limitations of this study are: (1) a single coder was used in the analysis process and therefore no inter-coder reliability was established for the results; and (2) user perceptions rather than actual quantities were used to validate the findings. Some future research prospects include: use of these findings to conduct a quantitative study of an intelligent system extended with, for example, investigation of the impact of external forces such as government regulations, environmental issue salience, and market forces on the value created by green IT (such as the BAS); and investigation of the impact over time of the development of the strategic capabilities enabled by the BAS on creation of value.

O presente trabalho procura sistematizar o estudo sobre aproveitamento máximo da luz natural por meio do uso de um elemento da arquitetura passiva, a prateleira de luz (lightshelf), visando à redução do consumo de energia elétrica em iluminação artificial de salas de aula. Este tipo de elemento de proteção solar, colocado na parte superior da janela, favorece a distribuição e o controle da luz diurna e da luminância excessiva, proporcionando uma melhor percepção visual, quando houver quantidade e qualidade de luz suficiente. A partir do modelo reduzido de uma sala de aula pré-determinada do Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica do Paraná, Unidade de Curitiba, foram testadas experimentalmente várias situações com as prateleiras de luz. A metodologia utilizada abrange as seguintes etapas: medições dos níveis de iluminamento com luxímetros digitais, em pontos pré-fixados no interior do modelo em escala reduzida da sala de aula; simulação das condições de exposição ao Sol, considerando diversos períodos do dia e épocas do ano por meio do uso de Relógio de Sol; análise de situações diversas do uso das prateleiras de luz; tabulação e análise dos resultados. Estas medições foram realizadas em três fases: (1) um pré-teste, com a finalidade de testar a maquete e o método proposto; (2) medições com as prateleiras de luz planas, cujos resultados foram comparados com algumas situações simuladas pelo computador, realizadas com a ajuda dos softwares ECOTECT e RADIANCE; (3) foram propostos novos tipos de prateleiras - côncava, convexa, côncava/convexa, e prateleiras planas com inclinação de 25°. As melhores configurações para estes novos tipos de prateleiras foram estudadas com o auxílio do software AUTOCAD 2002. Como resultado, observou-se que a prateleira de luz pode proporcionar iluminação natural mais uniforme, diminuindo o ofuscamento existente próximo às janelas, contribuindo para o melhoramento do balanço do brilho do espaço. Observou-se também que, com os tipos de prateleiras estudados no AUTOCAD 2002, houve um aumento da iluminação nos pontos mais distantes da janela. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode-se comprovar que o Sol pode ser usado como fonte de luz, desde que seja controlado por sistemas de iluminação natural bem projetados. / The purpose of the present dissertation is to organize systematically the study of adequate use of daylight by means of an element of passive architecture, the lightshelf, aiming at reducing electric energy consumption for artificial lighting in classrooms. This kind of solar shading element, placed at the upper part of a window, provides daylight control and its distribution, promoting a better visual perception, once there is sufficient daylight, qualitatively and quantitatively. Using a scale-model of a chosen classroom of the Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica do Paraná, Curitiba, different situations were tested with a lightshelf. The used method comprehends following steps: illuminance measurements with digital luxmeters, in prefixed points inside the scale-model; simulation of solar exposition conditions, considering different periods of the day and of the year using sundials; analysis of different situations of lightshelves; data tabulation and analysis. These measurements were carried out in three phases: (1) a pre-test, aiming at testing the procedure; (2) measurements with horizontal lightshelves, comparing results with computer simulations with ECOTECT and RADIANCE; (3) innovative lightshelf types were proposed – concave, convex, concave/convex, and horizontal lightshelves with 25° tilt. Best configurations were studied graphically, with AUTOCAD 2002. As a result, it was noticed that the lightshelf might provide daylight more uniformly, reducing glare close to the window. Also, it was observed that with the innovative lightshelves, from the AUTOCAD study, there was even a daylight increase in the most distant points from the windows. According to the results, it can be proved that the direct sunlight may be used as a light source, once it is controlled by well-projected daylight systems.

CAPES / Cada vez mais consolida-se a necessidade de uma abordagem conceitual que priorize práticas sustentáveis em suas diferentes formas, devido principalmente ao uso indiscriminado dos recursos naturais, ao aumento populacional, ao acesso às tecnologias e ao aumento do consumo. Entre as abordagens estão o consumo eficiente de energia, o aproveitamento da iluminação natural disponível, e também a integração dos sistemas de iluminação artificial e natural, entre outros. Estas práticas podem ser avaliadas por certificações que existem em todo o mundo. Este estudo tem como objetivo principal avaliar o nível de eficiência energética nos sistemas de iluminação do Edifício Sede do Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Paraná, bem tombado e considerado patrimônio histórico do Paraná, localizado no Centro Cívico de Curitiba, bem como o potencial de economia de energia através do projeto de iluminação artificial e de uma estimativa de possibilidade de aproveitamento da iluminação natural. O edifício, construído em meados dos anos 1960, foi executado em concreto armado e pele de vidro, e possui brises externos em concreto armado revestidos em mármore branco que apoiam perifericamente a estrutura de cobertura, o que torna o edifício bem particular. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas: a primeira para avaliar o desempenho energético do edifício através do caderno de Requisitos Técnicos da Qualidade do Nível de Eficiência Energética para Edifícios Comerciais, de Serviços e Públicos – RTQ-C, do Procel. Para isto foram realizados levantamentos de dados no local para posterior aplicação nos requisitos. Na segunda etapa, de simulação, através do software Apolux foram analisadas a incidência solar através dos brises e as iluminâncias resultantes tanto da iluminação artificial existente quanto da resultante de um possível retrofit com luminárias e lâmpadas eficientes. Posteriormente foram apresentados indicadores de possível economia energética resultante de algumas variáveis como diminuição do número de luminárias, troca de lâmpadas, e possibilidade de aproveitamento da luz natural, sempre respeitando o valor de iluminância requisitado para a função do edifício pelas normas vigentes. Dentre os resultados ficou comprovado que o edifício apresenta grande potencial de economia energética, em torno de 64%, resultantes de alterações que produziriam tanto um aumento na eficiência energética como uma melhor distribuição na iluminação do edifício. Os indicadores sugeridos neste trabalho para a análise de eficiência, no caso de retrofit de edifícios, mostraram-se confiáveis e poderão ser aplicados em diversos estudos. / The need of a conceptual approach that prioritizes sustainable practices increasingly consolidates in its many forms, mainly due to the indiscriminate use of natural resources, the population growth, the access to technologies and the increased consumption. Among the approaches are the efficient energy consumption, the utilization of available daylight, and also the integration of the daylight and artificial lighting use, among others. These practices can be evaluated by certifications that exist worldwide. This study has as main objective to evaluate the level of energy efficiency in lighting systems of the Headquarters of the Court of the State of Paraná heritage listed building, located in the Civic Center of Curitiba, and to assess the potential for energy savings through design of artificial lighting and an estimate of the possibility of use of natural lighting.. The building, built in the mid-60s, was performed in concrete and glass skin and has external louvers, built in concrete and finished in white marble, peripherally support the roof structure. The study was divided in two parts: the first one to assess the energy performance of the building through the specifications of the Requisitos Técnicos da Qualidade do Nível de Eficiência Energética para Edifícios Comerciais, de Serviços e Públicos – RTQ-C, from Procel. For this, surveys were conducted on site to after apply on the requirements. The second phase, consisting of simulation using the Apolux software, solar incidence through the louvers and illuminance resulting from the existing artificial lighting and artificial lighting resulting from a possible retrofit with efficient fixtures and bulbs were evaluated. Subsequently, indicators of possible energy savings resulting from variables such as reduction in the number of lamps, lamp replacement, and possible use of daylight were presented, always respecting the value of illuminance required for the function of the building by current standards. Among the results it was attested that the building has a great potential for energy savings, around 64%, and could benefit from changes that produce an increase in energy efficiency such as improved lighting distribution in the building. The indicators suggested in this paper for the analysis of efficiency, in the case of retrofit buildings, proved to be reliable and can be applied in several studies.

CAPES / Cada vez mais consolida-se a necessidade de uma abordagem conceitual que priorize práticas sustentáveis em suas diferentes formas, devido principalmente ao uso indiscriminado dos recursos naturais, ao aumento populacional, ao acesso às tecnologias e ao aumento do consumo. Entre as abordagens estão o consumo eficiente de energia, o aproveitamento da iluminação natural disponível, e também a integração dos sistemas de iluminação artificial e natural, entre outros. Estas práticas podem ser avaliadas por certificações que existem em todo o mundo. Este estudo tem como objetivo principal avaliar o nível de eficiência energética nos sistemas de iluminação do Edifício Sede do Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Paraná, bem tombado e considerado patrimônio histórico do Paraná, localizado no Centro Cívico de Curitiba, bem como o potencial de economia de energia através do projeto de iluminação artificial e de uma estimativa de possibilidade de aproveitamento da iluminação natural. O edifício, construído em meados dos anos 1960, foi executado em concreto armado e pele de vidro, e possui brises externos em concreto armado revestidos em mármore branco que apoiam perifericamente a estrutura de cobertura, o que torna o edifício bem particular. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas: a primeira para avaliar o desempenho energético do edifício através do caderno de Requisitos Técnicos da Qualidade do Nível de Eficiência Energética para Edifícios Comerciais, de Serviços e Públicos – RTQ-C, do Procel. Para isto foram realizados levantamentos de dados no local para posterior aplicação nos requisitos. Na segunda etapa, de simulação, através do software Apolux foram analisadas a incidência solar através dos brises e as iluminâncias resultantes tanto da iluminação artificial existente quanto da resultante de um possível retrofit com luminárias e lâmpadas eficientes. Posteriormente foram apresentados indicadores de possível economia energética resultante de algumas variáveis como diminuição do número de luminárias, troca de lâmpadas, e possibilidade de aproveitamento da luz natural, sempre respeitando o valor de iluminância requisitado para a função do edifício pelas normas vigentes. Dentre os resultados ficou comprovado que o edifício apresenta grande potencial de economia energética, em torno de 64%, resultantes de alterações que produziriam tanto um aumento na eficiência energética como uma melhor distribuição na iluminação do edifício. Os indicadores sugeridos neste trabalho para a análise de eficiência, no caso de retrofit de edifícios, mostraram-se confiáveis e poderão ser aplicados em diversos estudos. / The need of a conceptual approach that prioritizes sustainable practices increasingly consolidates in its many forms, mainly due to the indiscriminate use of natural resources, the population growth, the access to technologies and the increased consumption. Among the approaches are the efficient energy consumption, the utilization of available daylight, and also the integration of the daylight and artificial lighting use, among others. These practices can be evaluated by certifications that exist worldwide. This study has as main objective to evaluate the level of energy efficiency in lighting systems of the Headquarters of the Court of the State of Paraná heritage listed building, located in the Civic Center of Curitiba, and to assess the potential for energy savings through design of artificial lighting and an estimate of the possibility of use of natural lighting.. The building, built in the mid-60s, was performed in concrete and glass skin and has external louvers, built in concrete and finished in white marble, peripherally support the roof structure. The study was divided in two parts: the first one to assess the energy performance of the building through the specifications of the Requisitos Técnicos da Qualidade do Nível de Eficiência Energética para Edifícios Comerciais, de Serviços e Públicos – RTQ-C, from Procel. For this, surveys were conducted on site to after apply on the requirements. The second phase, consisting of simulation using the Apolux software, solar incidence through the louvers and illuminance resulting from the existing artificial lighting and artificial lighting resulting from a possible retrofit with efficient fixtures and bulbs were evaluated. Subsequently, indicators of possible energy savings resulting from variables such as reduction in the number of lamps, lamp replacement, and possible use of daylight were presented, always respecting the value of illuminance required for the function of the building by current standards. Among the results it was attested that the building has a great potential for energy savings, around 64%, and could benefit from changes that produce an increase in energy efficiency such as improved lighting distribution in the building. The indicators suggested in this paper for the analysis of efficiency, in the case of retrofit buildings, proved to be reliable and can be applied in several studies.