A sujeição ao existente foi o tema central do programa de pesquisas organizado por Max Horkheimer no âmbito do Instituto de Pesquisa Social, ao longo da década de trinta. As diversas formas de subjetivação da dominação psíquica, política e ideológica foram objeto da reflexão de Horkheimer e de seus colaboradores, ao longo de um período que correspondeu, aproximadamente, ao da edição da Revista de Pesquisa Social, publicada entre 1932 e 1941. A autoridade foi o tema que vinculou a obra de Horkheimer à de seus colegas no Instituto, nesta tese representados por Fromm, Pollock e Neumann, autores que compreendiam o problema da dominação sob diferentes prismas, e cuja apropriação do marxismo seguia a cada vez um curso próprio. Tenta-se mostrar como Max Horkheimer, a partir de sua compreensão da ideologia e da ciência contemporâneas, formulou uma concepção de autoridade que influiu decisivamente sobre a apropriação crítica feita pelo autor, em seus ensaios, das contribuições daqueles membros do Instituto. Ao incorporá-las em sua obra, Horkheimer modificava a estrutura de seus principais conceitos e lhes conferia novas funções, o que incluía a busca por potenciais de emancipação. Nesse processo, o autor examinava a imbricação entre o fetichismo presente nas diversas esferas sociais, a violência psíquica e política e a luta de classes. / Subjection to the existing was the central theme of the research program organized by Max Horkheimer in the scope of the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research, during the thirties. The various forms of subjectivation of domination - psychic, political, and ideological - were the object of Horkheimer and his collaborators reflection over a period that corresponded approximately to that of the edition of the Journal of Social Research, published between 1932 and 1941. The issue of authority linked Horkheimers work to that of his colleagues at the Institute, in this doctoral thesis represented by Erich Fromm, Friedrich Pollock and Franz Neumann, authors who understood the problem of domination under different prisms, and whose appropriation of marxism followed each time a specific course. The aim here is to show how Max Horkheimer, starting from his understanding of contemporary ideology and science, formulated a conception of authority that decisively influenced the authors critical incorporation in his essays of the contributions of those members of the Institute. In assimilating them in his work, Horkheimer modified the structure of their main concepts and gave them new functions, which included the search for emancipation potentials. In this process, the author examined the imbrication between fetishism present in the various social spheres, psychic and political violence and class struggle.

Esta tese perscruta o modo como Max Weber, na segunda edição de A ética protestante e o espírito do capitalismo, recorre a dois conceitos oriundos da psicanálise freudiana, a saber, os conceitos de angústia e ab-reação. Defende, além disso, que estes devem ser compreendidos como parte de uma constelação na qual estão incluídos ainda dois conceitos de lavra propriamente weberiana: os de desencantamento do mundo e prêmios psicológicos. Com isso, por um lado, joga-se luz sobre uma relação jamais discutida explicitamente por Weber e virtualmente negligenciada pela literatura especializada. Por outro, busca-se sustentar uma compreensão da obra em seu núcleo distinta da atualmente dominante na weberologia, que compreende a explicação weberiana da gênese do espírito capitalista moderno na chave de uma ação racional puramente orientada a valores. / This thesis examines how Max Weber, in the second edition of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, makes use of two concepts derived from Freudian psychoanalysis, namely, the concepts of anxiety and ab-reaction. It further argues that these concepts should be understood as part of a constellation in which two other Weberian concepts are included: the disenchantment of the world and psychological premiums. Thus, on the one hand, it sheds light on a relationship that was never explicitly discussed by Weber and has been virtually neglected by specialized literature. On the other, it seeks to maintain an understanding of the core of Webers work distinct from its current dominant reading in Weberology, which understands the Weberian explanation of the genesis of the modern capitalist spirit in the key of a pure value-rational action.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:36:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_Diss_Claudio_Alexandre_da_Silva_GlierProt.pdf: 1500402 bytes, checksum: bb69405482bf61afe19eb0d6a047f8a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this work was to evaluate the agronomic variables due to the effects of different levels of defoliation in vegetative and reproductive phases of two soybean cultivars. The experiment was conducted during the 2011/12 season and the experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications in a factorial 2x4x5, two cultivars were exposed to defoliation in V4, V9, R3 and R5 with percentages 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The cultivar 'NK 7059RR' compared with cv. 'NA 4990RG' had the highest height, the highest number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, the largest mass of 1,000 grains and therefore the highest yield. The cultivar 'NK7059RR' showed less sensitivity to defoliation than the cultivar 'IN 4990RG'. The number of seeds per pod was affected at the level of 75% and 100% defoliation. The thousand grain weight decreased significantly at stages R3 and R5 at all levels of defoliation. The defoliation of 25% affected the productivity of the cultivar 'IN 4990RG'. The defoliation carried out in stage V4 affected more productivity than at stage V9 environmental conditions of the study. Defoliations held at R5 stage are the most harmful to the crop, reducing the yield potential of soybeans / O objetivo da realização deste trabalho foi avaliar as variáveis agronômicas em função dos efeitos de diferentes níveis de desfolha nas fases vegetativa e reprodutiva de duas cultivares de soja. O experimento foi conduzido durante a safra 2011/12 e o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições, num esquema fatorial 2x4x5, ou seja, duas cultivares foram submetidas à desfolha nos estádios V4, V9, R3 e R5 com porcentagens de 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%. A cultivar NK 7059RR quando comparada com a cv. NA 4990RG obteve a maior altura, o maior número de vagens por planta, o maior número de grãos por vagem, a maior massa de 1.000 grãos e, por conseguinte a maior produtividade de grãos. A cultivar NK7059RR apresentou menor sensibilidade a desfolha do que a cultivar NA 4990RG . O número de grãos por vagem foi afetado no nível de 75% e 100% de desfolha. A massa de mil grãos diminuiu significativamente nos estádios R3 e R5 em todos os níveis de desfolha. As desfolhas de 25% afetaram a produtividade da cultivar NA 4990RG . As desfolhas realizadas no estádio V4 afetaram mais a produtividade do que no estádio V9 nas condições ambientais do estudo. Desfolhas realizadas no estádio R5 são as mais prejudiciais para a cultura, reduzindo o potencial produtivo da soja

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo_Trautmann.pdf: 645387 bytes, checksum: b943a284ef2f8a8c03b005a6d3050a51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Soybeans are an annual crop demanding boron (B). However, the boron fertilizer management should be done cautiously, especially with regard to doses to be applied because of the narrow range between adequate and toxic for this nutrient in the soil. Another important aspect directly related to the availability of B to plants refers to soil moisture conditions, since B is preferentially transported into the soil to the surface of the roots by mass flow. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of sources and application rates of boron in the growth of soybean (Glycine max) in an Oxisol of medium texture, under different water tensions. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Horticulture Station Protected Cultivation and the State University of West of Paraná, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, using pots with 5 dm3 of soil. We used a randomized split-plot in a factorial 5 x 2 x 3, with five doses of B (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg dm-3); two sources (boric acid and colemanite) and three strains of soil water (-0.01, -0.03 and -0.10 MPa), with four replications. The results indicated that the development of soybean, in general, is not influenced when keeping the voltage level of water in the ground to -0.1 MPa (soil moisture of 65% of field capacity). The shoot growth of soybean was not influenced by boron fertilization, regardless of whether the withholding is more or less soluble. In turn, the root growth was negatively affected by the application of up to 2 mg dm-3 of B in soil with initial 0.4 mg dm-3. Under water tension of -0.1 MPa soil fertilization with B rates from 0.25 to 2.0 mg dm-3 as colemanite resulted in less loss of water by the soybean leaves. The amount of B in soil and soybean leaves increases linearly with increasing doses of the nutrient into the soil, was observed at the maximum dose, 2 mg dm-3 of B, typical symptoms of B toxicity in soybean leaves / A soja é uma das culturas anuais mais exigentes em boro (B). Entretanto, o manejo da adubação boratada deve ser realizado com muita cautela, principalmente no que diz respeito às doses a serem aplicadas, devido à estreita faixa entre o nível adequado e o tóxico para este nutriente no solo. Outro aspecto importante relacionado diretamente com a disponibilidade de B para as plantas refere-se às condições hídricas do solo, já que o B é preferencialmente transportado no solo até a superfície das raízes pelo fluxo de massa. Neste contexto, este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da aplicação de fontes e doses de B no crescimento da soja (Glycine max) em um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico de textura média, submetido a diferentes tensões de água. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, na Estação de Horticultura e Cultivo Protegido da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, em Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, em vasos com 5 dm3 de solo. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em parcelas subdivididas, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 x 3, sendo cinco doses de B (0,0; 0,25; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mg dm-3); duas fontes (ácido bórico e colemanita) e três tensões de água no solo (-0,01, -0,03 e -0,10 MPa), com quatro repetições. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o desenvolvimento da cultura de soja, de maneira geral, não é influenciado quando se mantêm o nível de tensão de água no solo até -0,1 MPa (umidade do solo de 65% da capacidade de campo). O crescimento da parte aérea da soja não foi influenciado pela adubação boratada, independentemente se a fonte aplicada é mais ou menos solúvel. Por sua vez, o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular foi negativamente afetado com a aplicação de de até 2 mg dm-3 de B, em solo com teor inicial de 0,4 mg dm-3. Sob tensão de água no solo de -0,1 MPa a adubação com doses de B de 0,25 a 2,0 mg dm-3 como colemanita implicou em menor perda de água pelas folhas de soja. Os teores de B no solo e no tecido foliar da soja aumentam linearmente com o aumento das doses do nutriente aplicado no solo, sendo observado na dose máxima, 2 mg dm-3 de B, sintomas típicos de toxidez de B nas folhas de soja

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Salvador_Antonio_Sarto.PDF: 1146081 bytes, checksum: 282f325407e777428763559c076c899c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this work was to evaluate the best phenological stage of soybeans to make fungicide application for the control of Asian rust, based with or without uredospores the collector of spores. The experimental design used for the experiments was conducted in randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments were as follows: in the first experiment with the collector uredospore indicating the time of application in R1 (T - 1), R2 (T - 2), R3 (T - 3), R4 (T - 4), R5 ( T - 5), R6 (T - 6), T - 7 (no control) and T - 8 (full control) in the second experiment was applied fungicide at the same times of experiment 1, but without considering the collector as an indicator of the time of application of this product in soybeans. The fungicide was applied azoxystrobin + cyproconazole in a dose of 0.3 ha-1 in 200 L ha-1 spray volume, with the aid of pressurized with CO2 spray and equipped with tips of the fan type LD 110.02, the performance of the combined analysis indicated that for the agronomic characteristics, number of plants per area, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 100-grain mass was no significant difference (P <0.05) in function of use or non-collector as well as in relation to different application times of azoxystrobin + cyproconazole. However, in relation to productivity of grains observed that when the fungicide has been applied in the phenological stage R6 increased by approximately 22% compared to the applied R5, but not significantly different stages of R2 and R4. For incidence and severity of disease using collector indicated the time of fungicide application at phenological stage R5, providing less area under the curve of progress of the disease / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar qual o melhor estádio fenológico na cultura da soja para realizar aplicação de fungicida, visando o controle da ferrugem asiática, tendo por base a presença ou não de uredósporos no coletor de esporos. O delineamento experimental utilizado para os experimentos conduzidos foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: no primeiro experimento com o coletor de uredósporos indicando o momento da aplicação em R1 (T - 1), R2 (T - 2), R3 (T - 3), R4 (T - 4), R5 (T - 5), R6 (T - 6), T - 7 (sem controle) e T - 8 (com controle total); no segundo experimento foi aplicado fungicida nas mesmas épocas do experimento 1, porém sem considerar o coletor como indicador do momento de aplicação desse produto na soja. O fungicida aplicado foi o azoxystrobina + cyproconazole na dose de 0,3 L ha-1 em 200 L ha-1 de volume de calda, com o auxílio de pulverizador pressurizado com CO2 e equipado com pontas do tipo leque 110.02 LD. A realização da análise conjunta indicou que para as características agronômicas, número de plantas por área, número de vagens por planta, número de sementes por vagem e massa de 100 grãos não houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) em função da utilização ou não do coletor, bem como em relação às diferentes épocas de aplicação de azoxystrobina + cyproconazole. No entanto, com relação à produtividade de grãos observou-se que quando foi aplicado o fungicida no estádio fenológico R6 houve aumento de aproximadamente de 22% em relação à aplicação em R5, mas não diferiu estatisticamente dos estádios R2 e R4. Para incidência e severidade da doença o uso de coletor indicou o melhor momento da aplicação de fungicida no estádio fenológico R5, proporcionando menor área abaixo da curva do progresso da doença

A soja (Glycine max) é uma das culturas mais importantes do mundo, os seus grãos servem tanto para a alimentação quanto para a extração de óleo para a fabricação do biodiesel. O vírus do mosaico do pepino (CMV, do inglês, “Cucumber mosaic virus”) é um vírus de RNA, patogênico a diversas plantas. O RNA de interferência é um sistema de silenciamento de RNA presente na maioria dos eucariotos no qual precursores de RNA de dupla fita (dsRNA) são processados em pequenos RNAs (sRNAs) de 21-24 nucleotídeos (nt), que podem regular a atividade de genes, elementos genéticos e vírus de uma maneira sequência específica. A integração de vírus de DNA e de retrovírus no genoma do hospedeiro já é bem conhecida tanto para sistemas eucarióticos quanto para procarióticos. Mais recentemente, foi observada a integração de vírus de RNA não retrovirais (NIRVs) em mamíferos. O presente trabalho é o primeiro a demonstrar tal evento no genoma de plantas. A partir das sequências dos sRNAs de 19-24 nt de 15 bibliotecas de sRNAs sequenciados de amostras de tecidos de soja, foram montadas sequências contíguas (“contigs”) pelo programa SOAP, algumas das quais apresentaram homologia de sequência ao RNA 1 do CMV. Por montagem de novo desses contigs foi obtida uma sequência de 3.092 nt do RNA 1 do CMV, presente em todas as bibliotecas pesquisadas de pelo menos cinco cultivares diferentes de soja. A presença dessa sequência foi confirmada em outras sete cultivares, exceto em "Willians". Foi observada uma maior presença de sRNAs derivados do CMV senso do que anti-senso nas 15 bibliotecas sequenciadas. Os sRNAs de 22-nt foram os mais abundantes. Para o vírus da mancha da vagem do feijoeiro (BPMV, do inglês “Bean pod mottle virus”) presente em uma das bibliotecas, os sRNAs de 21-nt e 22-nt representaram em torno de 80% do total de sRNAs. Foram encontrados sRNAs que variaram sob estresse biótico (Phakospora pachyrhizi) e abiótico (seca) e entre diferentes cultivares. A expressão do RNA 1 aumentou nas plantas sob estresse. Provavelmente o evento de integração ocorreu via recombinação à um retrotransposon. / The Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the world's most important crops, its seeds are used both as food and for the extraction of oil to manufacture biodiesel. The Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a pathogenic RNA virus of plants. The RNA interference is a system of RNA silencing present in most eukaryotes in which precursors of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) are processed into small RNAs (sRNAs) of 21-24 nucleotides (nt), which can regulate the activity of genes, genetic elements and virus in a sequence-specific manner. The integration of DNA virus and retrovirus into the host genome is well known both for prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. The integration of non-retroviral RNA virus (NIRVs) in mammals was previously observed, but the present work is the first to demonstrate such an event in a plant genome. The sequences of the sRNAs ranging from 19 to 24 nt, in 15 libraries of sRNAs sequenced from samples of soybean tissues, were assembled in contigs by the program SOAP, with some preentering sequence homology to the RNA 1 of CMV. By de novo assembling of these contigs it was obtained a sequence of 3,092 nt of the CMV RNA 1, present in all libraries surveyed in at least five different varieties of soybeans. The presence of this sequence was confirmed by PCR in seven other cultivars, but in "Williams". We observed a greater presence of sRNAs derived from CMV of sense orientation than antisense in the 15 libraries sequenced. The 22-nt sRNAs were the most abundant. For the Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV), present in one of the libraries, the 21 and 22 nt sRNAs were represented by around 80% of all sRNAs. The sRNAs were found varying under biotic stress (Phakospora pachyrhizi) and abiotic (drought) and among different cultivars. RNA 1 expression increased in plants under stress. Probably the integration event occurred via recombination of a retrotransposon.

Les phases MAX sont des carbures et / ou des nitrures ternaires avec un fort potentiel dans des applications diverses. Cette étude a porté sur deux phases MAX, Ti3SiC2 et Ti2AlC qui sont les plus connues dans ce groupe de matériaux. La première partie de ces travaux était dédiée à l’élaboration des poudres et des matériaux frittés. L’objectif était d’obtenir une variété de matériaux présentant différentes caractéristiques microstructurales, en termes de composition chimique et de taille de grains. Ainsi, des poudres commerciales et synthétisées par SHS ont été densifiées à l'aide de deux techniques de frittage sous charge, i.e. SPS et HP. La deuxième partie du travail a été consacrée à une meilleure compréhension de l’influence de la composition chimique et de la taille des grains sur le comportement thermomécanique des phases MAX. Des informations supplémentaires ont été fournies en couplant deux techniques expérimentales, la flexion quatre points et l’émission acoustique, et en les associant à des observations SEM post-mortems. L’approche expérimentale développée, basée sur la comparaison des réponses mécaniques des matériaux Ti3SiC2 (contenant la phase MAX et des phases secondaires) et de Ti2AlC (phases MAX uniquement), a permis d’approfondir la compréhension des mécanismes de déformation et d’endommagement induits. Il était également montré que les phases sécondaires et la taille de grains influence la manière dont les différents endommagements sont accumulées dans le matériaux. Les résultats d’EA sont fourni les informations supplémentaires sur les type d’endommagements rencontrées et leur chronologie qui résultent avec le comportement nonlinéaire de phases MAX. La dérnière partie de cette thèse a montré que le température de transition fragile-plastique est autour de 1200˚C et que la taille de grains l’abaisse. / MAX phases are ternary carbide and/or nitride with a great potential in various application. This study concerned two MAX phase compounds, namely Ti3SiC2 and Ti2AlC, which are on the most studied among all known MAX phases. The first part dealt with materials elaboration which includes both synthesis and sintering stages. The objective was to obtain a variety of materials with different microstructural features, i.e. phase composition and grain size. For this purpose, both commercial and SHS-derived powders were densified with two pressure-assisted sintering technique, i.e. SPS and HP. The second part of work was devoted to deeper understanding of the influence of phase composition and grain size to thermomechanical behavior of MAX phases. More information was provided when two experimental techniques, four-point bending and AE monitoring, were coupled together with post-mortem SEM observations. The developed experimental approach based on comparison of mechanical responses of Ti3SiC2 (MAX phase and secondary phases) and Ti2AlC (containing only MAX phases) compounds, is implemented to investigate the induced deformation and damage mechanisms. It was shown that higher quantity of MAX phases in the material improves flexural strength with corresponding more pronounce nonlinear behavior and high dissipated energy. When MAX phase grains are coarser the mechanical strength lowers but the nonlinear part becomes more significative, which results in higher values of dissipated energy. It was also shown that the secondary phases and the grain size impact the way in which the damage is accumulated within the sample. AE data provided more information on possible damage mechanisms and their chronology leading to hysteretic behavior of MAX phases. The last part has shown that the BPTT for Ti3SiC2 is ≈1200˚C and the grain size of MAX phases lowers this BPTT.

Dans cette étude la céramique Ti2AlC a pu être brasée avec succès sur un substrat de Ni dans une gamme de température allant de 1000°C à 1100°C et pour des temps de maintien de 10 à 60 mn. Les mécanismes mis en œuvre pendant la brasure ont été mis en lumière en étudiant la microstructure du joint Ti2AlC/Ni. On montre ainsi que le nickel provenant du métal d’apport BNi-2 diffuse dans Ti2AlC, majoritairement le long des joints de grains et parfois aussi dans certains grains d’orientation favorable. Le phénomène d’interaction induit des variations de fluidité du métal d’apport liquide. En conséquence, l’épaisseur des joints réalisé sont fonction des différents paramètres de brasage. La résistance maximale au cisaillement est obtenue à 1100°C après un temps de maintien de 30 min. Dans un second temps, l’interaction entre les principaux éléments contenus dans le métal d’apport (c.-à-d. Ni, Cr et Si) et le substrat Ti2AlC a été expliqué à l’aide de modélisations DFT. Il est montré que ces trois éléments ont chacun leur site de substitution spécifique. Les atomes de Si se placent plutôt sur le site Al, le Cr sur le site Ti et les atomes de Si sur le site de l’aluminium. Deux voies de décomposition de Ti2AlC en présence de défauts ont également été identifiées soit en raison de modes de vibrations instables, soit en raison de la compétition avec d’autres phases. / In the present work, the brazing experiments of Ti2AlC ceramics to Ni substrate have been successfully performed in the temperature range between 1000°C and 1100°C, with the holding time varying from 15 min to 60 min. The corresponding mechanisms have been disclosed by studying the microstructure of the Ti2AlC/Ni joint. It is found that the Ni element originating from the BNi-2 filler can diffuse into the Ti2AlC substrate during the brazing process, mainly along the grain boundary, or in some grains with special orientations. The interaction process induces some differences in the fluidity of the liquid filler; consequently, the thickness of the Ti2AlC/Ni joints achieved finally is different at different brazing parameters. The maximum shear strength is measured to be 193 MPa, achieved at 1100°C holding for 30 min. Afterwards, the interaction behavior between the filler elements (including Ni, Cr and Si) and the Ti2AlC substrate, has been explained by DFT simulation. It is found that the three kinds of filler elements have their own preferred substitution sites: Ni atoms are most likely to be found at Al site, Cr atoms at Ti site, and Si atoms at Al site. Then, the decomposition mechanisms of the defective Ti2AlC model have been illustrated as well, which might occur in two possible means: unstable vibrational behaviors, and lower Gibbs energy of competing phases.

<p>Identifikacija genomskih regiona na koje je delovala selekcija tokom stvaranja elitnih<br />sorti soje (<em>Glycine max</em> (L.) Merr.) može ukazati na pozicije gena koji determini&scaron;u<br />važna agronomska svojstva ili su odgovorni za adaptabilnost. U radu su sagledani<br />efekti oplemenjivanja u agroklimatskim uslovima centralne i istočne Evrope koristeći<br />pristup&nbsp; &ldquo;<em>hitchhiking</em>&rdquo;&nbsp; mapiranja i analizu&nbsp; pedigrea. U ovu svrhu&nbsp; su&nbsp; primenjeni<br />molekularni markeri, mikrosateliti i&nbsp; principi populacione genetike, koristeći vi&scaron;e<br />različitih pristupa za identifikaciju selektivno značajnih lokusa. Analiza je obuhvatila<br />populacije soje koje su se sastojale od predačkih genotipova i elitnih genotipova koji<br />su nastali u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu. Analizom pedigrea je<br />potvrđena uska genetička osnova sorti soje elitne populacije.&nbsp; Kao posledica<br />dugogodi&scaron;njeg oplemenjivanja, svi analizirani parametri su&nbsp; ukazali na statistički<br />značajno smanjenje genetičkog diverziteta elitne populacije u odnosu na predačku.<br />Usled specifične strukture populacija soje, koja je u velikoj meri bila pod uticajem<br />pedigrea&nbsp; elitnih genotipova,&nbsp; uočen je nizak nivo genetičke diferencijacije među<br />ispitivanim populacijama. Primenom najmanje dva različita pristupa identifikovano je<br />devet mikrosatelitskih lokusa koji su ukazivali na regione genoma na koje je delovala<br />selekcija,&nbsp; a koji su bili uključeni u proces adaptacija u agroklimatskim uslovima<br />centralne i istočne Evrope.&nbsp; U elitnoj populaciji je potvrđeno povećanje stope<br />gametskog disekvilibrijuma, najverovatnije kao posledica delovanja selekcije.<br />&bdquo;<em>Bottleneck</em>&rdquo; test je ukazao na značajno smanjenje diverziteta samo kod lokusa na koje je&nbsp; delovala&nbsp; selekcija&nbsp; u&nbsp; elitnoj&nbsp; populaciji, &scaron;to&nbsp; najverovatnije&nbsp; nije uzrokovano<br />demografskim faktorima, nego takođe predstavlja posledicu delovanja selekcije.<br />Analizom kolokacije poznatih QTL regiona i identifikovanih, selektivno značajnih<br />genomskih regiona, uočeno je ukupno 264 QTL-ova, od kojih su najzastupljeniji bili<br />lokusi koji su determinisali svojstva u vezi sa reproduktivnim razvojem biljke.<em> In silico</em><br />analizom je utvrđeno&nbsp; da su lokusi&nbsp; na koje je delovala selekcija,&nbsp; determinisali<br />agronomski značajna svojstva&nbsp; koja su na direktan ili indirektan način&nbsp; uticala na<br />povećanje prinosa elitnih sorti soje u specifičnim agroklimatskim uslovima gajenja.<br />Rezultati istraživanja su takođe ukazali da E1 gen, koji ima važnu ulogu u regulisanju<br />vremena cvetanja i sazrevanja kod soje, ili region u okolini ovog gena, verovatno ima<br />glavni&nbsp; uticaj&nbsp; na&nbsp; adaptaciju&nbsp; na&nbsp; agroklimatske&nbsp; uslove&nbsp; područja&nbsp; centralne&nbsp; i&nbsp; istočne<br />Evrope. Takođe se pretpostavlja da je najveći broj selektivno značajnih gena imao<br />regulatornu ulogu, delujući kao&nbsp; transkripcioni faktori, kao i ulogu u&nbsp; procesima<br />transporta.&nbsp; Identifikovani&nbsp; selektivno&nbsp; značajni&nbsp; genomski&nbsp; regioni&nbsp; u&nbsp; okviru<br />oplemenjivačkog programa mogu imati praktičnu primenu u povećanju efikasnosti<br />oplemenjivanja u narednom periodu.</p> / <p>The identification of genomic regions affected by selection during breeding of soybean<br />(<em>Glycine max</em> (L.) Merr.) may indicate the positions of important agronomic traits<br />genes or genes underlying adaptation to a specific target environment. This study<br />investigated the effects of breeding in Central-East European environments by a<br /><em>hitchhiking </em>mapping approach and pedigree analysis. Population genetic principles<br />were applied to microsatellite markers using multiple outlier detection tests. The<br />analysed populations comprised ancestral genotypes and elite varieties, developed at<br />the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad. The pedigree analysis confirmed<br />narrow genetic base of elite genotypes. As a result of long-term breeding, all analysed<br />parameters showed significant reduction in genetic diversity in the elite population,<br />compared to the ancestral. Specific population structure of analysed varieties, which<br />has been largely influenced by the pedigree, probably caused a low level of genetic<br />differentiation between the populations. Using at least two approaches, nine markers<br />were considered as strong positive selection candidates, indicating regions involved in<br />the adaptation to Central-East Europe environments. Also, an excess of linkage<br />disequilibrium was confirmed in the elite population, probably caused by selection.<br /><em>Bottleneck</em> tests provided evidence of population bottlenecks only for the candidate<br />positive selection loci in the elite population, suggesting that selection might shaped<br />the pattern of genetic diversity in these regions. The co-localisation analysis of the<br />candidate positive selection loci and previously mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs),<br />identified in total 264 QTLs in selectively important genomic regions. The highest<br />number of identified QTLs had impact on the reproductive period.<em> In silico </em>analysis<br />revealed a high level of agreement between the identified QTLs and the traits expected<br />to be under selection during soybean breeding, indicating that selection was mostly<br />directed towards increasing the yield of elite varieties in a specific environmental<br />conditions. Furthermore, E1 gene that controls flowering time and maturity in soybean,<br />or its surrounding region, seems to be a major contributor for adaptation to<br />environmental conditions of Central-East Europe. It is assumed that most of the<br />selectively important genes had regulatory role, acting as transcription factors, as well<br />as a role in the processes of transport. The identified selectively important genomic<br />regions in a specific breeding program could have practical importance for future<br />breeding and yield improvement.</p>

Den här uppsatsen tar en närmare blick på karismatiskt ledarskap vilket ofta sägs vara en personlig egenskap som vissa föds med. Det sägs att personer som Gandhi, Barack Obama och Olof Palme har haft denna egenskap. En egenskap som får folk att följa ledaren oavsett uppoffringen för följaren, och som gör vad än ledaren vill att de skall göra. Arbetet vill problematisera synen på karisma som en personlig egenskap. Med hjälp av karismaforskningens fader, Max Weber, tillsammans med annan forskning om ledarskap och karisma formar denna uppsats en modell för att förstå karismatiskt ledarskap. Denna modell består av tre delar; Ledaren, Följarna och relationer samt Situationen. Denna modell används sedan för att med hjälp av Steve Jobs, känd bland annat för att ha varit karismatisk, visa att karismatiskt ledarskap inte är en personlig egenskap. Utan att den består av dessa tre delar och växer under en process för att bli starkare. / This Bachelor thesis takes a closer look at the charismatic leadership that often is claimed to be a trait that some people are born with. It is often said that people like Gandhi, Barack Obama and Olof Palme had this particular trait. A trait that would make people follow the leader willingly despite themselves and cater to his or her every whim. This thesis aims to problematize this and see if charisma as a personal trait really is true. With the help of the father of charisma, Max Weber, and research about leadership and charisma, this paper draws a model and tries to understand if charismatic leadership is more depended on these three components; The leader, the followers and the situation. This model is then applied to Steve Jobs, famous to be a charismatic person, and his career to try to show that charisma is not a personal trait. The thesis concludes that charisma is built on these three components and that charisma is a part of a process, which makes it come alive and grow.