O excesso de nutrientes como nitrogênio e fósforo em efluentes de estação de tratamento de esgoto sanitário pode provocar a eutrofização nos corpos d\'aguas receptoras. Esse processo gera efeitos negativos para a engenharia sanitária, dependendo do grau de qualidade e do uso de água requeridos. Para o abastecimento público, são exigidos métodos e processos de tratamentos avançados, quando a fonte hídrica está eutrofizada. Neste sentido, sistemas aeróbios de lodos ativados passaram a se destacar também como removedores de nutrientes por processos biológicos, após sofrerem algumas modificações operacionais. Um meio para otimizar o processo de remoção biológica do fósforo em excesso (EBPR) é promover condições ideais para o crescimento dos organismos acumuladores de fósforo. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar uma estação piloto de lodos ativados modificados, para a remoção de fósforo em excesso, utilizados no tratamento de esgoto sanitário, localizada na ETE da cidade de Tóquio - Japão. Essa estação piloto constituía-se de três sistemas de reação (1, 2 e 3), sendo que cada sistema era compartimentado e submetido às condições anaeróbia, anóxica e aeróbia. A avaliação dos três sistemas de reação, consistiu na verificação do desempenho deles com relação a DBO e fósforo e monitoramento da estrutura da comunidade microbiana, pela técnica da eletroforese em gel de gradiente desnaturante (DGGE). O desempenho em relação a DBOs (mg/L) nos três sistemas de reação, sempre foi superior a 90% e a eficiência da remoção do fósforo (%) na forma de fosfato (P-PO4 - mg/L) foi superior, em geral, a 70%, considerando os valores de entrada das alimentações e saída no último compartimento dos três sistemas de reação. Verificou-se que a estrutura da comunidade microbiana apresentou uma grande diversidade, devido aos números de bandas padrões encontradas nas amostras analisadas. Observou-se também uma grande similaridade ) da estrutura da comunidade microbiana nos sistemas estudados, possivelmente, relacionada ao mesmo afluente (esgoto sanitário) e ao mesmo tipo de recirculação interna e do lodo. As mudanças das estruturas das comunidades microbianas foram pequenas, diante das mudanças temporais e operacionais. No entanto, observou-se que o sistema foi menos eficiente (parâmetros de desempenho), frente a essas mudanças, o que pode estar mais relacionado à redução das atividades dos microrganismos do que com as estruturas microbianas. / The excess of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphate in effluents of treatment plants for sanitary sewage can cause eutrophication in the receiving body of water. Given that process generates negative effects for the sanitary engineering depending on the degree of the quality and of the requested use of water. For the public provisioning, methods and processes of advanced treatments are demanded, when the water body is eutrophic. In this sense, aerobic systems of activated sludge have been expanded also to the processes of biological removal of nutrients after some operational modifications. By means of the optimization process of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) will promote ideal conditions for the growth of polyphosphate accumulating organisms. This work had as its objective to evaluate a pilot station modified activated sludge, used for the treatment of sanitary sewage, but specifically for the enhanced phosphorus removal, located in the ETE of the city of Tokyo - Japan. These pilot station was constituted of three reaction systems (1, 2 and 3), and each system were composed of compartments and were submitted to anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic conditions. The evaluation of the three reaction systems, consisted of the verification of the performance of the systems with regard to BOD and phosphate which were monitored through microbial community\'s structure, for the biological phosphorus removal technique (DGGE). The performance in relation to the BODS (mg/L) in the three reaction systems was always above 90% and the efficiency of the removal of phosphorus (%) in the form of phosphate (P-PO4 - mg/L) was in general better than 70%, considering the values of influent and effluent from the last compartment of the three reaction systems. It was verified that the microbial community structure presented a great diversity, due to the standard numbers of bands found in the analyzed samples. A great similarity of the microbial community structure was observed in the studied systems, possibly being related to the same influent (domestic sewage) and to the same type of intern recirculation and of the sludge. The changes of the microbial communities structures were small, before the temporary and operational changes. However, it was observed that the system was less effiecient (performance parametrs) front to those changes, what can be more related the reduction of the activities of the microorganisms than with the microbial structures.

Neste trabalho, a partir da aplicação da teoria de controle ótimo, são estabelecidos sistemas de controle aplicáveis a três importantes sistemas aeróbios de tratamento de esgotos - filtros biológicos, processos de lodos ativados e os processos combinados formados a partir da combinação dos filtros biológicos e lodos ativados. Para a definição dos sistemas de controle são necessários modelos dinâmicos que descrevam o comportamento dos diferentes sistemas de tratamento. Da literatura são obtidos os modelos dinâmicos destinados à descrição do comportamento do processo de lodos ativados; para o filtro biológico, é proposto um modelo combinando à equação de balanço do reator e o modelo de ordem variável, este último destinado ao cálculo do fluxo de substrato para o interior de biofilmes profundos. Os resultados demonstram que, independentemente do sistema de tratamento considerado, os sistemas de controle reduzem substancialmente os tempos de acomodação e os desvios apresentados pelas variáveis de estado em relação as suas condições de equilíbrio. Por fim, função da inviabilidade de monitoramento de todas as variáveis de estado utilizadas para caracterizar os sistemas de tratamento, são propostos, a partir de modelos simplificados, controladores que incorporam a observação de estados. Também neste caso, os controladores estabelecidos permitem melhorar significativamente o desempenho dos sistemas de tratamento de esgotos analisados. / This paper constructs automatic control systems by means of optimal control theory for three different combinations of wastewater treatment units, namely, trickling filter, activated sludge process and a combined process. The dynamic model for the activated sludge process available in literature and a model proposed for the trickling filter were used in the construction of control systems. It is shown that the controls obtained in this study substantially reduce the durations necessary for the reestablishment of the equilibrium conditions in terms of state variables and the attenuation of oscillations around these conditions. Controls including observers for the state variables were devised on the basis of simplified models for the process in order to deal with the difficulties involved in monitoring all the state variables. These control systems were also found to be quite effective in improving the performance of the wastewater treatment plants considered in this paper.

Orientador: Basilio Ernesto de Almeida Milani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:32:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VargasLara_JoseMaria_D.pdf: 1539805 bytes, checksum: cb3f1db3ea06ddceb5dac7d0f33c587c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho trata da síntese de um controlador preditivo adaptativo, baseado em modelos reduzidos obtidos mediante identificação orientada para controle preditivo. A metodologia proposta envolve duas áreas importantes para o sucesso do experimento de identificação. Na primeira, projeto de sinais de excitação, é mostrado como sinais de excitação pseudo-aleatórios multi-níveis podem ser projetados para atender com eficácia requisitos que sinais de excitação relevantes para controle devem satisfazer. Na segunda, modelagem de preditores, é abordada a modelagem por identificação de preditores de horizonte estendido. O objetivo central da metodologia proposta é o controle da remoção de matéria nitrogenada de uma planta de tratamento de esgotos por lodos ativados com pré-desnitrificação. A metodologia é aplicada para controlar a concentração de amônia mediante o controle do set-point de oxigênio dissolvido. A metodologia também é aplicada para o controle da concentração de nitrato no reator desnitrificante. Os controladores são avaliados em um estudo de simulação, mostrando a eficácia da metodologia proposta para o controle das concentrações de amônia e nitrato / Abstract: This work deals with the synthesis of an adaptive predictive controller, based on reduced models obtained via identification oriented to predictive control. The methodology proposed involves two important areas for the success of the identification experiment. In the first one, excitation signal design, it is shown how pseudo-random multilevel signals can be designed to effectively satisfy the requirements that excitation signals relevant for control should satisfy. In the second, predictor modelling, the identification of long-range horizon predictors is approached. The main objective of the proposed methodology is the control of the nitrogen removal in an predenitrifying activated sludge wastewater treatment plant. This methodology is applied to control the ammonium concentration in the denitrifying reactor. The controllers are evaluated in a simulation study, showing the effectiveness of the proposed methodology to control ammonium and nitrate concentrations / Doutorado / Automação / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Ricardo de Lima Isaac / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T08:46:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Porto_LuizCarlosdaSilva_M.pdf: 5854701 bytes, checksum: 8b8c1f5f9c94a0d763536c68fc82d3de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Resumo: O tratamento do efluente de indústrias têxteis é complexo, devido a sua variabilidade e à presença de substâncias tóxicas e lentamente biodegradáveis.Consequentemente, as regulamentações ambientais mais rigorosas e as pressões da sociedade e do mercado trazem um grande desafio às indústrias têxteis, principalmente às pequenas e médias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o emprego do sistema de lodos ativados em batelada com adição de carvão ativado em pó (LAB/CAP), tema incipiente no Brasil, para o tratamento do efluente de uma indústria de beneficiamento têxtil, comparando-o com o sistema convencional (LAB). O efluente bruto estudado apresentou concentração média de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) de 177,21 :t 50,24 mg/L e valor médio de cor de 190 :t 94 unidades ADMI. Na Fase 1 realizaram-se ensaios de adsorção com o efluente industrial, a fim de escolher o melhor carvão ativado em pó (CAP) para o emprego no sistema biológico. Na Fase 2 foram operados seis reatores de quatro litros cada, com ciclos de 24 horas, um funcionando como controle e cinco com concentrações variando de 250 a 2.000 mg CAP/L. Na Fase 3 foram operados dois reatores, com três ciclos diários, um sem CAP e o outro com 1.000 mg CAP/L. Na Fase 4, adicionou-se CAP ao sistema LAB de uma indústria têxtil. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que, em comparação com o sistema LAB, o sistema LAB/CAP apresentou maior eficiência de remoção de COD (diferença de até 6,56%) e de cor (diferença de até 46,63% no efluente tratado), maior nitrificação do efluente industrial (diferença de 43,14%), maior concentração de biomassa no reator (diferença de até 43,11 %) e maior estabilidade frente a variações de carga orgânica afluente. O custo de operação do sistema estudado, referente apenas à adição de CAP, foi de 0,03 US$/m3 tratado (valor de julho de 2001). O sistema LAB/CAP é, portanto, uma alternativa para aprimorar o tratamento biológico de efluentes têxteis, inclusive nas pequenas e médias empresas / Abstract: The treatment of textile wastewater is complex because it is highly variable and has xenobiotic compounds. Consequently, not only stringent environmental regulations but also society and market pressures result in an enormous challenge to textile industries, mainly small and middle-sized ones. The aim of this research was to investigate the use of sequencing batch reactor with addition of powdered activated carbon (SBR/P AC), which is an incipient subject in Brazil, to treatment of wastewater from a textile dyeing and finishing company, making a comparison with the conventional system (SBR). Raw industrial effluent had average DOC = 177,21 :t 50,24 mg/L and average color = 190 :t 94 ADMI units. At Phase 1 the best P AC for addition to biological system was found by adsorption tests. At Phase 2 six reactors with four liters each were operated with 24 hours of total cycle, one working as control and five working with concentration varying from 250 to 2.000 mg P AC/L. At Phase 3 two reactors were operated, at three cycle daily, one without PAC and another with 1.000 mg PAC/L. At Phase 4 PAC was additioned to the SBR plant of a textile mill. The results showed that, compared to the SBR, SBR/P AC presented higher DOC removal (difference up to 6,56%), higher color removal (difference up to 46,63% at treated wastewater), higher nitrification of waste water (difference of 43,14%), higher biomass concentration in reactor (difference up to 43,11 %) and higher stability to influent organic load variation. SBR/P AC operation cost , refered only to P AC addition, was 0,03 US$/m3 treated (as Ju1y 2001). Therefore, SBR/PAC is an alternative to improve biological treatment of textile wastewater, even in small and middle-sized companies / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17539号 / 工博第3698号 / 新制||工||1563(附属図書館) / 30305 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 宏明, 教授 米田 稔, 教授 伊藤 禎彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Among all nanomaterials, which are intentionally manufactured and applied, nanosilver (nAg) is one of the most frequently applied nanomaterials. It is introduced into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) due to its use as antimicrobial resource in household and medical care products and hence concern raised regarding its impact on activated sludge organisms and their purification efficiency. Within this thesis, the effects of nAg on single species, simple food chains and communities related to activated sludge were investigated. Among all tested species in this thesis, the gammaproteobacteria R. planticola was the most sensitive organism regarding the tested nAg material, NM-300K. The environmental risk assessment (ERA), based on an assumed predicted environmental concentration derived from modeled concentrations of other types of nAg, revealed no risk for the activated sludge. This result should be interpreted with care, considering the tolerantly chosen safety factor for calculation of the predicted no effect concentration and the assumptions which were made concerning environmental concentrations. Differences in acute toxic effects of nAg on the ciliate P. tetraurelia were observed depending on the type of medium and the exposure pathway (via medium or via bacterial food). More detailed investigations are required to analyze the distribution, availability and uptake of nAg into ciliates in the respective tests. In chronic experiments concentration response was very steep in the range between the effect concentration determined in acute toxicity testing (resulting in 100% mortality) and a tenfold lower concentration (no effect observed) for both exposure pathways. Community experiments with activated sludge exposed to realistic and high concentrations of nAg revealed acute effects on the protozoan community at high nAg concentration using multivariate statistics for data analysis. In contrast, the sludge biotic index was not meaningful for data interpretation, as no differences were observed between the samples of different treatments. For chronic testing, more preliminary work is required to develop a protocol for artificial wastewater which serves the needs of activated sludge organisms over longer time periods and which retains a typical composition of the activated sludge community.

Les règlements plus stricts pour les rejets d'eaux usées présentent de nouveaux défis technologiques pour le traitement d'eaux usées urbaines et industrielles. Le besoin notamment d‘améliorer la qualité hygiénique de l'eau traitée se fait ressentir en cas de sites sensibles ou de réutilisation. Le bioréacteur à membranes (BRMs) représente une des approches les plus innovatrices pour éviter la présence d'agents pathogènes dans l‘eau en sortie de station. En utilisant des membranes avec un seuil de coupure dans la gamme 0.04~0.2 μm, les bactéries mais aussi les virus sont pratiquement complètement retenus. Si l'encrassement membranaire reste un problème déterminant pour le développement des BRMs, le manque d‘outils de caractérisation en ligne de la qualité et la quantité de biomasse active dans les réacteurs reste un point important pour favoriser le contrôle et l‘optimisation des BRMs. Dans cette étude une méthode originale a été développée pour évaluer la viabilité des boues activées présentes dans un réacteur biologique d‘épuration en complémentarité des informations données par la mesure d'activité respirométrique. Cette méthode permet la distinction entre cellule morte et vivante, la respirométrie pouvant alors distinguée la part active de la biomasse vivante. Le travail expérimental a été conduit dans deux réacteurs biologiques de type chenal d‘oxydation équipés de membranes immergées "airlift oxidation ditch membrane bioreactor" (AOXMBR). Les modules membranaires sont immergés dans un zone aérée où l‘apport d‘air permet à la fois la circulation d‘eau par air-lift, l‘aération du milieu et le nettoyage des membranes par aération. Les essais ont été conduits en mode fermé (batch reactor), alterné (fed batch reactor) et continu. La première partie de l‘étude concerne la caractérisation hydrodynamique du réacteur déterminante en terme de conformité du système pour la circulation des fluides, l‘intensité des transferts et des réactions d‘épuration. Les résultats mettent en avant le rôle de la géométrie de l‘airlift sur la circulation des fluides mais aussi la rétention gazeuse déterminante en terme de transfert d‘oxygène et capacité de nettoyage des membranes. La viabilité et l'activité respirométrique de boues activée ont alors été étudiées sous différentes conditions opératoires. Les résultats ont montré une évolution semblable des deux paramètres en fonction des conditions imposées. Ceci confirme l‘intérêt de la mesure de viabilité qui peut être conduite en ligne sur le système, à la différence de la mesure par respirométrie qui nécessite une procédure spécifique plus ou moins complexe. Toutefois, les essais ont montré aussi qu‘une concentration en biomasse importante était nécessaire dans le bioréacteur pour que la viabilité soit mesurable. Les résultats ont aussi montré que la viabilité et l'activité augmentent avec la charge organique (Cv). Cette variation était conforme à l'augmentation des matières volatiles en suspension MVS et de la vitesse de consommation d‘oxygène OUR. Lors de diminution de charge organique, la concentration de protéine dans le milieu a changé inversement avec la viabilité de la biomasse. De possibles améliorations de l'instrument de mesure en ligne de la viabilité et de l'activité de boues activées dans les bioréacteurs sont également discutées. Les performances épuratives mesurées ont confirmé la grande capacité épuratoire d‘un BRM, toutefois, travailler à très forte charge engendre une dynamique de colmatage intense qu‘il faut maîtriser. / In this study a novel method was developed to assess the viability of activated sludge present in a biological treatment process and signify its complementarity from respirometric activity. This method allows the distinction between viable vs. dead and inactive vs. active microbial cells in biomass population and can be used for a better and more efficient control of the biological activity especially in MBR systems.For this purposed two airlift oxidation ditch membrane bioreactors (AOXMBR), were designed and constructed. They were equipped with flat sheet, membranes directly immersed in the airlift section where the air injection induced sludge aeration, water circulation and continuous membrane cleaning.To evaluate the relevance of the batch, fed-batch and AOXMBR) were carried out in order to obtain a better understanding of biomass characteristic for MBR performance.Firstly, for determining the treatment capacity of the proposed AOXMBR is important to understanding of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the system. And impact of design parameter on hydrodynamic characterization of the system was investigated. The results showed the gas holdup and liquid velocity increased with increase in superficial gas velocity and decrease in distance from aeration zone. Furthermore, gas holdup and liquid velocity in downcomer section did not show any significant variations with change in the top to bottom clearance ratio. The riser gas holdup data was related to the superficial gas velocity and the top to bottom clearance ratio data. Also, the downcomer gas holdup was related to superficial gas velocity and distance from airlift section.Secondly, viability and respirometric activity of activated sludge under different activated sludge conditions (batch, fed-batch) at high cell density as the model of membrane bioreactors were investigated. The results showed the same downward trend for both these parameters (viability and respirometric activity) which was due to quantitative and qualitative changes in the microbial culture in the activated sludge. Based on different fed of substrate for each experimental run (batch, fed-batch), operational variables showed significant influence in viability and activity of activated sludge. Also, the effect of changing physicochemical condition.on viability and respirometric activity was investigated. The results showed that respirometric activity was affected more strongly by temperature than viability.Thirdly, biological performance of AOXMBR was carried out.Finally, base on data obtained in the last experiment, in this part the capacitance sensor used as the on-line monitoring of viability of activated sludge in AOXMBR. Results showed that viability and activity were increased with organic loading rate (OLR) increasing until 5 kg COD m-3 d-1. This variation was in accordance with increasing of MLSS, MLVSS and OUR. The results also showed that the viability of biomass decreased when reducing the organic loading rate from 5 to 4 kg COD m-3 d-1. Also, protein concentration in system changed inversely with activated sludge viability.The possible reasons are discussed for future improvements online instrument for measuring viability and activity of activated sludge in biological wastewater. Summary of the principal results and novelty of this thesis obtained in this study: The porposed system would reward improved efficiency across the oxidation ditch, airlift and membrane bioreactor. The AXOMBR is a suitable system for operating at high organic laoding rate. However, the suddenly reduction of OLR affects on viability of activated sludge. The specific characterization of the system is capable of working at three different zone: aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic zone. Also, the time of operating at each zone can be changed with superficial gas velocity top to bottom clearance.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 2017. . / One of the major effects of socio-economic change due to industrialisation is the generation of industrial wastewater, which requires treatment before being released into the environment. Laboratory-scale aerobic sequencing batch reactors under suspended-growth heterotrophic activated sludge were operated in different aeration configurations to study their effect on the treatment of wastewater generated by a local brewery. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the two laboratory-scale aerobic sequencing batch reactors treating brewery wastewater under continuous low-oxygen dosing concentration and cyclic aeration schemes on SBR operation. The characterisation of brewery wastewater was undertaken to assess the physicochemical composition of the wastewater produced from one of the breweries in South Africa (SAB). The data showed distinctive characteristics of brewery wastewater, which coincided with studies previously carried out on characterisation of brewery wastewater. The COD average concentration of the brewery influent was 7100 mg/L, with average pH values of 7. The BOD and the total solids content of the brewery wastewater influent from the facility were both high, implying that the influent was very rich in organic content and its discharge into water-receiving bodies or the municipal treatment plant could have adverse effects. From these results, a need for a competitive treatment technology was clearly highlighted so as to carry out a feasible treatment of the influent for the brewery industry. The aerobic sequencing batch reactors were designed, fabricated and set up for laboratory-scale treatment of wastewater from the brewery for 15 weeks. The performance of the two SBR configurations was determined with reference to COD, BOD, TS, VS and TSS. The experimental results demonstrated that wastewater generated from the breweries can be treated successfully using both aeration configurations. The results obtained indicated that treatment efficiencies in terms of COD and BOD were 94 % and 85 % respectively, for the reactor operated under continuous aeration configuration, while 81 % and 65 % was achieved for the reactor operated in the cyclic aeration scheme. The findings from this study demonstrate that the performance of the reactor operated under the continuous aeration scheme was successful, and showed statistically significant differences from the performance of the reactor operated under cyclic aeration schemes. These findings imply that there is a potential for the equipment, including financial benefit as a result of operating aerobic sequencing batch reactors for treating brewery wastewater under continuous low-oxygen concentration dosing schemes. In this study, it was also established that the maximum COD removal could be reached at an optimum hydraulic retention times of 5 days for both reactors. This was based upon viewing the experimental data; it appeared that the most significant difference in percentage COD removal was for HRTs 3 days and 4 days. Although, due to less percentage COD removal observed from HRTs 5 days till 7 days, it was hence established that the optimum removal of high strength organics in the brewery wastewater could be achieved within 5 days of treatment time. The pH adapted at an average of 7 for all batch experimentations of the study. The temperature maintained an average of 23 oC ambient, throughout the experimental period. These physical parameters ensured that the microbial population was kept healthy, without inhibiting its biological degradation activity. Although, sludge build up was observed in both aerobic SBRs on completion of each batch operation due to solids retention and organic pollutants biodegradation from the brewery wastewater. It was perceived that frequently reseeding both aerobic SBRs, as an alternative to 28 days sludge retention time would enhance the recovery of biomass, thus improving the overall removal of TSS consequently minimising sludge bulking in both reactors. / M

Les principaux points de dispersion des composés pharmaceutiques dans l’environnement sont les stations d’épuration des eaux usées. A partir de l’analyse de la base de données constituée au cours de ce travail, les quantités de ces composés trouvées dans ces installations peuvent être directement liées à celles de médicaments consommés. La situation, quant à leur élimination de la phase liquide, est contrastée. Ainsi certaines hormones sont éliminées avec des rendements importants mais d’autres ne le sont pas du tout. Les produits radio-contrastants à base d’halogènes et notamment d’iode, soupçonnés d’être cancérogènes, sont majoritairement non biodégradables. Les effets d’antibiotiques sur les boues activées ont été plus particulièrement étudiés du fait de leur consommation, de leur présence dans les milieux aquatiques et de leur action spécifique sur les bactéries. Des expériences permettant d’évaluer la toxicité de ces principes actifs ont été conduites sur des boues activées en réacteur discontinu, avec un suivi de la morphologie des flocs par analyse d’images de microscopie optique. Il a été ainsi observé que, selon la concentration utilisée, l’érythromycine et la tylosine, macrolides largement utilisés respectivement en médecine humaine et vétérinaire, inhibent l’élimination de la pollution organique et dégradent l’ensemble de la biomasse. Ces antibiotiques ont également un effet néfaste sur le métabolisme de l’azote, qu’il s’agisse de l’ammonification, de la nitritation et de la nitratation / The main sources of dispersion of pharmaceutical substances in environment are wastewater treatment plants. Based on the analysis of the database built during this project, the amounts of pharmaceutical substances found in plants can be directly related to the amount consumed. Regarding their elimination from the liquid phase, the situation is very disparate. The elimination yield of hormones can be null or very large. Halogen-based X-ray contrast media (or AOX) are mainly non biodegradable. The effects of antibiotics on activated sludge have been especially investigated due to their consumption, presence in aquatic environment and specific action on bacteria. Batch tests have been performed to evaluate the toxicity of these active pharmaceutical ingredients on activated sludge. Sludge morphology was monitored by analysis of light microscopy images. Depending upon the applied dose, erythromycin and tylosin, two macrolides widely used for human and animal health care, inhibit the elimination of organic pollution and damage biomass. These antibiotics have a deleterious effect on ammonification, nitritation and nitratation

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 robson_souza_vasconcelos.pdf: 2328772 bytes, checksum: 33965c207f7afa9baa550e0bb0bdff79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-01 / The implantation costs of dissolved air flotation (DAF) pilot units require special strategies due to the lack of correlations between laboratory and industrial scale, as novel flotation methods have been considered strictly from an economic standpoint. In this sense, significant efforts have been made to describe and model a scale-up to the process of FAD, being necessary to design and validate a scale-up forecasting model to promote a change in the required scale. In this study a scale-up correlation for a pilot unit project was determined based on the analysis of dynamic similarity correlations involving the predominant phenomena of a dissolved air flotation (DAF) chamber used in separating and recovering oily water. With the aid of computational fluid dynamics and videos of microbubble and floc flow, inertia and gravity were identified as the predominant phenomena in a DAF chamber by the discrepancy between the average speeds of rise of microbubbles and flakes of 8.73 10-7 m/s and 1.17510-5 m/s, respectively. The simulations were performed using ANSYS software and measurements were made with the aid of a camera. The strategy described herein is simple and reduces the likelihood of future risks in scale-up investments. / Os custos com a implantação de unidades piloto de flotação por ar dissolvido (FAD) requerem estratégias especiais em função da falta de correlações entre a escala laboratorial e a industrial, uma vez que os projetos de FAD têm sido concebidos apenas sob o ponto de vista econômico. Nesse sentido, tem-se realizado esforços significativos para descrever e modelar um scale-up para o processo de FAD, sendo necessário elaborar e validar um modelo de previsão de scale-up para promover a mudança de escala necessária. No presente trabalho foi obtida uma correlação de scale-up como base para o projeto de uma unidade piloto, a partir de um modelo físico em escala de laboratório por meio da análise de correlações de semelhança dinâmica envolvendo grandezas predominantes em uma câmara de FAD usada na separação e recuperação de águas oleosas. Com auxílio da fluidodinâmica computacional e de vídeos dos fluxos de microbolhas e flocos, as forças de inércia e de gravidade foram identificadas como as grandezas predominantes em uma câmara de FAD pela discrepância entre as velocidades médias de ascensão de microbolhas e flocos, de 8,7310-7 m/s e 1,17510-5 m/s, respectivamente. As simulações foram realizadas por meio do software ANSYS e as medidas foram efetuadas com o auxílio de uma câmera fotográfica. A metodologia de trabalho empregada permitiu o desenvolvimento de uma técnica simples e de baixo custo, diminuindo a probabilidade de riscos futuros em um investimento de scale-up.