With the growing demand for smart and luxurious vehicles, the automotive industry has moved toward developing technologies to enhance the in-vehicle user experience. As a result, most vehicles today have a so-called In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI) system, or simply an infotainment system, which provides a combination of information and entertainment in one system. IVI systems are used to control, for instance, the audio, navigation, and air conditioning in vehicles. Increasingly more IVI systems are also connected to the internet which has enabled features such as web browsers and third-party apps on them. This raises questions concerning the cybersecurity of IVI systems. As more vehicles are connected to the internet, it increases the risk of vehicles getting hacked. Previous research has shown that it is possible to take control of an entire vehicle by hacking the IVI system. In this thesis, penetration testing was conducted on an IVI system included on a rig from Volvo Cars to find potential vulnerabilities in the system. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first paper describing penetration tests performed on a greater attack surface of the Android Automotive operating system used by the IVI system than previous research which only focused on the attack surface of third-party apps. Moreover, threat modeling was performed by employing the threat analysis and risk assessment part of the ISO/SAE 21434: Road vehicles — Cybersecurity engineering. This has not yet been done in the research area of security of IVI systems as far as the author knows. The results from the various penetration tests show that no major vulnerabilities were discovered in the IVI system. However, several findings were made in the thesis where the main one was that multiple content providers, managing access to storage (e.g., relational databases) in Android, were found to be exported by Android apps on the IVI system, and that some of these were vulnerable to SQL injection. This vulnerability of some of the content providers was exploited but did not lead to any collection of private information. For future work, penetration testing of the cellular interface of the IVI system is suggested. / Med en ökad efterfrågan för smarta och lyxiga fordon så har fordonsindustrin behövt utveckla teknologier som förbättrar användarupplevelsen i fordon. Ett resultat av detta är att de flesta fordon idag har ett så kallat infotainmentsystem vilket kombinerar information och underhållning i ett system. Infotainmentsystem används till exempel för att styra ljudet, navigationen och luftkonditioneringen i fordon. Fler infotainmentsystem börjar också bli uppkopplade mot internet som möjliggör för användare att surfa på internet och ladda ner tredjepartsappar. Detta väcker frågor beträffande cybersäkerheten hos dessa. I takt med att fler fordon blir uppkopplade mot internet så ökar det risken för att fordon blir hackade. Tidigare forskning har visat att det är möjligt att ta kontroll över ett helt fordon genom att hacka infotainmentsystemet. I detta examensarbete har penetrationstestning utförts på ett infotainmentsystem som var inkluderad på en rigg från Volvo Personvagnar för att hitta potentiella säkerhetsbrister i infotainmentsystemet. Till författarens bästa vetskap är denna rapport den första som beskriver om penetrationstester utförda på en större attackyta av operativsystemet Android Automotive som används av infotainmentsystemet än tidigare forskning som bara har fokuserat på tredjepartsappar som attackyta. Hotmodellering har också utförts i examensarbetet enligt ett avsnitt kallad hotanalys och riskbedömning i ISO/SAE 21434: Vägfordon — Process och metod för cybersäkerhet. Detta har ännu inte gjorts inom forskningsområdet säkerhet för infotainmentsystem så vitt författaren känner till. Resultaten från de olika penetrationstesterna visar att inga allvarliga säkerhetsbrister hittades i infotainmentsystemet. Dock gjordes flera upptäckter under examensarbetet där den mest väsentliga var att ett flertal innehållsleverantörer, som hanterar åtkomst till lagring (t.ex. relationsdatabaser) i Android, var exporterade från Android appar på infotainmentsystemet, och att några av dem var sårbara till SQL-injektioner. Denna sårbarhet hos vissa innehållsleverantörer utnyttjades men ledde inte till någon insamling av privat information. Ett förslag för framtida arbeten är att utföra penetrationstestning på det mobila gränssnittet hos infotainmentsystemet.

This thesis presents significant advancements in the field of driver’s chest localization and breathing detection using FMCW radar. It introduces a neural network model for predicting the 3D location of the driver’s chest and a novel algorithm for detecting breathing patterns and localizing the chest position. These scientific breakthroughs contribute to the development of an adaptive safety system for level 3 and above autonomous driving within the IFAS project (FKZ 19A19009E).

No description available.

Road safety is one of the world’s largest challenges. New technologies have made roads both safer, but also more dangerous as people to a greater extent drive distracted. The Swedish startup Consenz AB aims to solve this by creating a hardware/software system of connected Head Up Displays (HUDs). The purpose of this thesis isto create concepts of aftermarket HUDs that can help Consenz create their first hardware. More specifically this thesis focuses on creating a device that can fit into most vehicles and provide an appropriate image. The work followed a version of the Double diamond design process, with four parts. In the first two parts the challenge was assessed, and a set of requirements made. In the second half of the project concepts were generated and evaluated from the requirements made in the first half. The first part of the project was aimed at gathering knowledge about the topic, the market today and its potential customers, this was done by contacting various stakeholders, documenting car interiors, and reading research and regulations around the topic. The second part of the project evaluated available display technologies and together with the first part, resulted in a set of requirements for the second half of the project. The third part of the project used a number of concept generation methods to create several concepts. These concepts were evaluated and narrowed down to two concepts. In the final part of the project these concepts were refined and evaluated. The work resulted in two concepts, physical models of the concepts and a recommendation for which concept to continue with. / Trafiksäkerhet är en av världens största utmaningar. Ny teknik har gjort vägar både säkrare men också farligare eftersom människor i större utsträckning kör distraherade. Svenska startupen Consenz AB vill lösa detta genom att skapa ett hårdvaru- / mjukvarusystem med anslutna Head Up Displays (HUD). Syftet med denna uppsats är att skapa koncept för eftermarknads-HUD som kan hjälpa Consenz att skapa sin första hårdvara. Mer specifikt fokuserar projektet på att skapa en enhet som passar in i de flesta fordon och som ger en lämplig bild. Arbetet följde en version av Double Diamond design processen, med fyra delar. I de två första delarna utvärderades problemet och en uppsättning krav ställdes. Under andra halvan av projektet genererades och utvärderades koncept utifrån de krav som ställts under första två delarna. Den första delen av projektet samlade kunskap om utmaningen, marknaden idag och dess potentiella kunder, detta gjordes genom att kontakta olika stakeholders, dokumentera bilinteriörer och genom att studera texter kring området. Den andra delen av projektet utvärderade olika displayteknologier och tillsammans med den första delen resulterade det i flera krav. Den tredje delen av projektet använde olika konceptgenereringsmetoder för att skapa flera koncept. Dessa koncept utvärderades och begränsades till två koncept. I den sista delen av projektet förfinades och jämfördes dessa koncept. Arbetet resulterade i två koncept, fysiska modeller av koncepten och en rekommendation för vilket koncept att fortsätta med.

El respeto al medioambiente está calando en la sociedad moderna a todos los niveles. Los ciudadanos, las instituciones públicas y también las empresas son conscientes del papel que desempeñan en la protección del entorno. Este trabajo busca profundizar en los conceptos relacionados con el medioambiente que afectan a las decisiones que las empresas toman en el día a día. Por la relación de la autora con el sector del automóvil, en el que he desarrollado mi actividad profesional desde el año 1999, la aplicación empírica se ha realizado en esta industria, con el objetivo principal de identificar los aspectos sobre los que se debe indicir para potenciar las actuaciones mediomentalmente proactivas. Como actividades clave para el sector se ha analizado en profundidad el diseño y la innovación, que, al incluir el enfoque sostenible, se estudian en la tesis como ecodiseño y ecoinnovación. Así, en primer lugar se realiza una revision bibliográfica sobre el ecodiseño, los beneficios que se derivan para las empresas al considerar la mejora medioambiental a través del mismo, los que se derivan de la actitud proactiva y de su implementación también se identifican, como, por ejemplo, la mejora de la posición competitiva, la reducción de costes, la mejora de la imagen de la empresa o el desarrollo de nuevos productos En esta primera parte se identifica también el principal obstáculo que las empresas encuentran, que se resume en la falta de incentivos y de apoyo para que las empresas puedan potenciar e implementar las actuaciones de ecodiseño. En el segundo estudio, se analizaron las acciones concretas que una empresa automotriz líder como Faurecia ha desarrollado en los últimos años. A través del estudio de este caso de manera profunda, se presenta la información recogida mediante entrevistas con expertos en ecodiseño del grupo Faurecia. Los resultados observados a nivel particular en Faurecia se refuerzan por los resultados empíricos realizados sobre empresas pertenecientes al sector que muestran que la orientación ambiental está influenciada, principalmente, por las características de la empresa. Para las empresas de automoción españolas, el estudio detectó que la proactividad ambiental al innovar viene determinada, principalmente, por el tamaño de las empresas, medido por las variables: ingreso total, inversión total, cantidad de inversión en I+D y el número deempleados en I+D y también, aunque menos, por la actividad formal en I+D (número de patentes) y la orientación de exportadora de la empresa. Así, las grandes empresas con mayor número de patentes y con presencia internacional son más propensas a ser medioambientalmente activas en actividades de ecodiseño y ecoinnovación y que son este tipo de empresas las que lideran la actividad y la orientación medioambiental en el sector del automóvil español. Por otra parte, aunque la reducción en el uso de la energía y de material también se han relacionado con la ecoinnovación ambiental, están muy influenciados por otras variables como el rendimiento económico, la estructura de costes o su situación financiera, por lo que no se pudo concluir nada al respecto. La investigación prosiguió explorando las características específicas de la industria automotriz frente al eco diseño y otras cuestiones ambientales relacionadas. Así, el siguiente artículo que conforma esta tesis doctoral, se planteó con el propósito de identificar los impulsores de la orientación ambiental de las empresas del sector del automóvil. En concreto, se analizó la importancia de la tipología de las fuentes de información procedentes del entorno (denominadas ¿de mercado¿; proveedores, clientes, competidores y consultores externos) para orientar eficazmente mejoras de productos y procesos como factores claves para determinar la orientación ambiental de las empresas del sector. Utilizando el paquete de software SmartPLS 2.0, el modelo de medición fue confirmado con suficiente fiabilidad y validez para todas las hipótesis. Además, el modelo estructural demostró que todos los coeficientes de la ruta fueron estadísticamente significativos. Los resultados de nuestro estudio, consistentes con trabajos previos, destacan cómo las actividades de eco-innovación están positivamente relacionadas con la innovación. Las empresas que se centran en productos y procesos cuando innovan son más eco-innovadoras que el resto. La consistencia de los resultados sugiere que las compañías que buscan, por una parte, una mayor flexibilidad operativa, aumentar la capacidad de producción, reducir los costes laborales unitarios o reducir el consumo energético por unidad cuando están buscando innovaciones están también más dispuestas a adoptar una orientación ambiental y, por otra, las empresas que se centran en el desarrollo de nuevos productos, en aumentar o sustituir la gama de productos, en aumentar la calidad del producto o en alcanzar una mayor cuota de mercado o nuevos mercados, son también más propensas a ser medioambientalmente más proactivas. / Paya Martinez, A. (2013). Estudio de la interrelación entre el eco-diseño y la eco-innovación e identificación de aspectos clave en la innovación sostenible en un sector industrial: aplicación al sector del automóvil [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/32830

<p dir="ltr">This article-based research traces the evolution and advancements of vehicular aerodynamic concepts and emphasizes on the significance of vehicle aerodynamics for high-performance vehicles. The thesis further explores the scope of integrating advanced vehicle aerodynamic concepts into consumer vehicles. The thesis aims to point out the significant improvements achieved with the integration of active aerodynamic concepts in terms of both vehicle performance as well as efficiency figures for consumer vehicles. Additionally, exploring the scope for the development of these advanced active aerodynamic systems as third-party modifications is the secondary objective of the presented research. The thesis also highlights the development and integration of unique active aerodynamic systems featured in performance vehicles and analyzes the performance gains achieved using MATLAB program-based simulations supported by a graphical representation of analyzed output data. The study of Active aerodynamic systems for both performance/track-oriented and consumer vehicles remains to be the primary emphasis for the presented thesis.</p>

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1965 J96 / Master of Science

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University 2005. / Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research report takes an in-depth look at the automotive industry and their major participants in the upstream value chain. The different parties involved are the automotive manufacturers (OEMs) and their suppliers. The overall goal of the following report is to identify suitable business models for small to medium sized (SME) automotive suppliers. As the automotive value chain currently undergoes an evolutionary change towards a diminishing vertical integration of the OEMs, it becomes a challenging issue to reconfigure the responsibilities of the suppliers. Thereby OEMs and their suppliers have to cope with a shift from a functional to a process orientated value chain. During this reorganization of the OEM-supplier interface, enterprises realign their strategic intent towards their core competencies as well. Besides the shifting value chain, both suppliers and OEMs have to cope with a consolidation in their industries. This consolidation is impacted by stagnating traditional markets, an ongoing globalization of the value chain, and an increasing productivity pressure in the automotive industry. Looking at the automotive supplier, it becomes obvious that the suppliers are on the one hand challenged by productivity pressures and on the other hand have the opportunity to take over more business of the automotive value chain. The growth potential requires changes in the area of supply chain management and new types of collaboration in the supply network. This prospective development is mainly influenced by a trend towards the outsourcing of entire processes by the OEMs and the increasing need for future innovations in the automotive industry. After discussing the above mentioned issues, the report analyses the role of suppliers with respect to their main customers, the automotive OEMs. Based on the findings business models for suppliers are assessed and key success factors for small to medium sized suppliers are proposed and evaluated. The findings of the evaluation are translated into suggestions for most suitable business models of SMEs. The report concludes with recommendations for the strategy building process indicates problems concerning the shifting value chain, and points out the importance of further research in the field of the small to medium sized automotive supplier industry. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studieverslag ondersoek die motorvoertuig industrie met verwysing na die hoof deelnemers 'n die opwaartse waarde-ketting. Die partye betrokke is die motorvoertuigvervaardigers (OEMs) asook hul verskaffers. Die oorhoofse doel van die verslag is om gepaste sakeplanne vir klein en medium grootte (SME) ondernemings te identifiseer. Die motorvoertuig industrie se waardeketting ervaar tans 'n drastiese veranderingsproses - gekenmerk deur afnemende vertikale integrasie vanaf die OEMs - wat voortdurende nuwe uitdagings veroorsaak vir die innoverende verskaffer. Beide die OEMs en hul verskaffers moet dus aanpas met hierdie verandering - van funksioneel na proses-georienteerd - in die waarde-ketting. Tydens hierdie herstrukturering van OEM-verskaffer interaksie, moet deelnemers verseker dat die strategiese bedoeling in fyn ooreenstemming is met hul basiese bevoegdhede. Behalwe die verskuiwing in die waardeketting, moet OEMs asook verskaffers aanpas met samesmelting in hulle industrieë. Hierdie proses van samesmelting word beinvloed deur kwynende konvensionele markte, voortgesette globalisasie van die waardeketting, asook toenemende druk om produktief te wees in die motorvoertuig-industrie. 'n Ondersoek in motorvoertuig industrie verskaffers toon dat daar enersyds geweldige uitdagings ervaar word soverre dit produktiwiteitverbetering betref, maar andersyds daar ook geleendhede gebied word vir die verskaffer om verder te integreer deur oornames in die waarde-ketting. Om groei potensiaal te verwesenlik noodsaak dit veranderinge in die veld van verskaffingskettingbestuur, asook nuwe metodes van samewerking in die verskaffingsnetwerk. Hierdie moontlike tendens van integrasie word hoofsaaklik beinvloed deur 'n geneigdheid van OEMs om volledige prosesse te sub-kontrakteur asook deur die toenemende aanvraag vir voortdurende innovering in die motorvoertuig industrie. Laastens ondersoek die verslag die rol van die verskaffer vanuit die oogpunt van hul hoof kliënte, die OEMs. Na aanleiding van die verslag se bevindings word verskaffers se sakeplanne en modelle beoordeel en evalueer en word sleutel suksesfaktore vir die SME verskaffer voorgestel. Die uitslae van die evaluasie word verder verwerk tot in voorstelle wat gepas is vir die sakeplanne van meeste SMEs. Die verslag kom tot voltrekking met aanbevelings in die strategie bouproses rakende die veranderende waardeketting, en dui ook op die noodsaaklikheid van verdere navorsing onder die SME motorvoertuig industrie verskaffers.

Vehicle system analysis models are becoming crucial to automotive designers wishing to better understand vehicle-level attributes and how they vary under different operating conditions. Such models require substantial planning and collaboration between multidisciplinary engineering teams. To improve the process used to create a vehicle system analysis model, the broader question of how to plan and develop any model should be addressed. Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is one approach that can be used to make such complex engineering tasks more efficient. MBSE can improve these tasks in several ways. It allows for more formal communication among stakeholders, avoids the ambiguity commonly found in document-based approaches to systems engineering, and allows stakeholders to all contribute to a single, integrated system model. Commonly, the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) is used to integrate existing analysis models with a system-level SysML model. This thesis, on the other hand, focuses on using MBSE to support the planning and development of the analysis models themselves. This thesis proposes an MBSE approach to improve the development of system models for Integrated Vehicle Analysis (IVA). There are several contributions of this approach. A formal process is proposed that can be used to plan and develop system analysis models. A comprehensive SysML model is used to capture both a descriptive model of a Vehicle Reference Architecture (VRA), as well as the requirements, specifications, and documentation needed to plan and develop vehicle system analysis models. The development of both the process and SysML model was performed alongside Ford engineers to investigate how their current practices can be improved. For the process and SysML model to be implemented effectively, a set of software tools is used to create a more intuitive user interface for the stakeholders involved. First, functionality is added to views and viewpoints in SysML so that they may be used to formally capture the concerns of different stakeholders as exportable XML files. Using these stakeholder-specific XML files, a custom template engine can be used to generate unique spreadsheets for each stakeholder. In this way, the concerns and responsibilities of each stakeholder can be defined within the context of a formally defined process. The capability of these two tools is illustrated through the use of examples which mimic current practices at Ford and can demonstrate the utility of such an approach.

A tier 1 automotive components supplier has developed a virtual user interface system for the purpose of replacing currently existing physical buttons mounted on automotive steering wheels. The system is capable of generating acoustic and vibratory feedback to the user for the purpose of mimicking the sound and feel of mechanical buttons. The work performed in this thesis served to investigate what the input waveform should be to the system in order to generate a desired audio output signal. Additionally, subjective testing in the form of a sound jury was conducted in order to identify which types of sounds should be associated with which command functions in order to indicate successful initiation of the intended function. A model for grouping command functions into banks, where each bank is assigned a single sound, was then developed for the purpose of reducing the total number of button sounds used in an automotive environment.